Harriet Lane was the acting American first lady (1857–61) and the niece of bachelor James Buchanan, 15th president of the United States. For both her popularity and her advocacy work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies. Harriet Lane was the youngest child of Elliott Tole

Henrietta Johnston was an early American portrait artist who was quite possibly the earliest woman artist in America. Henrietta Deering was married to the Reverend Gideon Johnston in Dublin in April 1705. Nothing is known of her early life. In 1707 she and her husband immigrated to America and

San Quentin State Prison: Reforms and renovations: Other notable wardens include James A. Johnston, whose tenure (1913–25) brought improved medical treatment and the creation of educational and vocational training. He also replaced corporal punishment with solitary confinement. During this time, the inmates also began publishing Wall City News, called “the only newspaper in the world published…

Jennifer Johnston was an Irish novelist whose works deal with political and cultural tensions in Ireland, with an emphasis on the problems of the Anglo-Irish. Rich in dialogue, Johnston’s novels often concern interpersonal relationships and the difficult transition from childhood to adulthood.

Jennifer Johnston was an Irish novelist whose works deal with political and cultural tensions in Ireland, with an emphasis on the problems of the Anglo-Irish. Rich in dialogue, Johnston’s novels often concern interpersonal relationships and the difficult transition from childhood to adulthood.

Captain America: The modern era: Director Joe Johnston’s Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) marked the character’s first appearance on the big screen in almost 70 years. Chris Evans played the star-spangled hero in a film that expanded on Marvel’s cinematic universe in a manner that delighted both comics fans and…

Joseph E. Johnston was a Confederate general who never suffered a direct defeat during the American Civil War (1861–65). His military effectiveness, though, was hindered by a long-standing feud with Jefferson Davis. A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York (1829), Johnston

Joseph E. Johnston was a Confederate general who never suffered a direct defeat during the American Civil War (1861–65). His military effectiveness, though, was hindered by a long-standing feud with Jefferson Davis. A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York (1829), Johnston

The Thief of Bagdad: Cast: Assorted Referencescontribution by Leisendiscussed in biography

comic strip: Women and minorities: from minor characters to creators: Canadian Lynn Johnston’s loosely autobiographical For Better or For Worse (begun 1979) treats a typical contemporary nuclear family. In 1997 Johnston became the first woman to be inducted into the William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame, a part of the National Cartoon Museum (formerly the…

Golden State Warriors: …forward Paul Arizin and center Neil Johnston, posted the best record in the league and captured their first NBA title.

Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston was a British explorer, botanist, zoologist, artist, and pioneer colonial administrator. Widely traveled in Africa and speaking many African languages, he was closely involved in what has been called the Scramble for Africa by 19th-century colonial powers. He published

Scotland: World War II and after: In 1943 Tom Johnston, a Labour member of Parliament who acted as secretary of state for Scotland in the wartime national government, helped to create the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, which was one of the most successful government agencies of the period.

Johnstown, city, seat (1838) of Fulton county, east-central New York, U.S. It lies near the Mohawk River, adjoining Gloversville, 43 miles (69 km) northwest of Albany. It was founded in 1762 by pioneer and colonial administrator Sir William Johnson, whose baronial home, Johnson Hall (1762), is

Johnstown, city, Cambria county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Conemaugh River and Stony Creek, 76 miles (122 km) east of Pittsburgh. Johnstown is the centre of a metropolitan area comprising more than 60 townships and boroughs. The area was the site of a Shawnee

William Woodward: In 1939 Woodward’s horse Johnstown won the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes. Woodward also entered horses in the English classic races. Every year he sent some of his yearling foals to his English trainer Cecil Boyd-Rochfort. Among his winners in the English classic races were Boswell, 1936, the…

Johnstown flood, disastrous flood that occurred in 1889 in the town of Johnstown, Pa. Johnstown lies at the confluence of the Conemaugh River and Stony Creek; at the time of the flood it was a leading U.S. steelmaking centre. At 3:10 pm on May 31, the South Fork Dam, a poorly maintained earthfill

Johor, state of Malaysia, southernmost state of Peninsular (West) Malaysia. Its 250-mile (400-km) coastline along the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea also winds around the Republic of Singapore’s northern border and is dotted with small islands. Johor is generally flat and jungle covered,

Johor Bahru, city, southern West Malaysia. It lies at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula and is separated from Singapore Island by the Johor Strait. At this point, a short rail and road causeway (0.75 mile [1.2 km]) crosses the strait to link the mainland with Singapore. Founded by Temenggong

Johore Strait, northern arm of the Singapore Strait, 30 miles (50 km) long and 3 4 –3 miles wide, between the Republic of Singapore and the region of Johor at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It is crossed by a rail and road causeway linking Johor Baharu, Malaysia, with Woodlands,

Johor, state of Malaysia, southernmost state of Peninsular (West) Malaysia. Its 250-mile (400-km) coastline along the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea also winds around the Republic of Singapore’s northern border and is dotted with small islands. Johor is generally flat and jungle covered,

Johor Bahru, city, southern West Malaysia. It lies at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula and is separated from Singapore Island by the Johor Strait. At this point, a short rail and road causeway (0.75 mile [1.2 km]) crosses the strait to link the mainland with Singapore. Founded by Temenggong

Johore Strait, northern arm of the Singapore Strait, 30 miles (50 km) long and 3 4 –3 miles wide, between the Republic of Singapore and the region of Johor at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It is crossed by a rail and road causeway linking Johor Baharu, Malaysia, with Woodlands,

Jehoiachin, in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the Chaldean invasion of Judah and reigned three months. He was forced to surrender to Nebuchadrezzar II and was taken to Babylon (597 bc), along with

Earth exploration: Conclusions about the deep Earth: …into the seafloor under the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) program has established a relatively simple picture of the crust beneath the oceans (see also undersea exploration). In the rift zones where the plates comprising the Earth’s thin crust separate, material from the mantle wells upward, cools,…

Glomar Challenger: …Challenger was continued by the JOIDES Resolution, a larger and more advanced drilling ship of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling.

Pablo Picasso: World War II and after: …at the Château Grimaldi (Joie de Vivre [1946]). The paintings of that time and the ceramics he decorated at the studio in nearby Vallauris, beginning in 1947, vividly express Picasso’s sense of identification with the classical tradition and with his Mediterranean origins. They also celebrate his new found happiness…

feldspar: Chemical composition: …are along the alkali-feldspar (Or-Ab) join (the boundary line between the phases). As indicated, sanidine and anorthoclase are high-temperature alkali feldspars, and perthite is their low-temperature analogue. Sanidine is a single-phase alkali feldspar; although frequently described chemically by the formula (K, Na)AlSi3O8, most analyzed specimens of sanidine range between Or50…

computer science: Information management: …tables by means of a “join” operation that combines records with identical values of common attributes. Payroll data, for example, can be stored in one table and personnel benefits data in another; complete information on an employee could be obtained by joining the two tables using the employee’s unique identification…

joinder and impleader, in law, processes whereby additional parties or additional claims are brought into suits because addressing them is necessary or desirable for the successful adjudication of the issues. Joinder of claims is the assertion by a party of two or more claims based on different

wainscot chair, chair, usually made of oak, and named for the fine grade of oak usually used for wainscot paneling. Like many terms used in reference to furniture, it has a general and a particular meaning. The general sense is any heavy wooden chair of fairly simple construction. The more specific

Dallas: History: (“Dad”) Joiner discovered the great East Texas oil field, which attracted investment and made the city a major centre of the petroleum industry. Dallas’s Central Centennial Exposition (1936), the state’s official observance of the Texas revolution centennial, was a boon to the city’s Depression-era economy, and…

tin processing: Tin-based solders: …tin is in solders for joining metals. The most common solders are basically alloys of lead and tin. Since these metals can be alloyed across the whole range of proportions, an infinite number of compositions is possible; in practice, though, most solders contain from 30 to 70 percent tin, with…

joint, in geology, a brittle-fracture surface in rocks along which little or no displacement has occurred. Present in nearly all surface rocks, joints extend in various directions, generally more toward the vertical than to the horizontal. Joints may have smooth, clean surfaces, or they may be

joint, in carpentry, junction of two or more members of a framed structure. Joinery, or the making of wooden joints, is one of the principal functions of the carpenter and cabinetmaker. Wood, being a natural material, is not uniform in quality, and moisture, present in the tree during growth, is

joint, in anatomy, a structure that separates two or more adjacent elements of the skeletal system. Depending on the type of joint, such separated elements may or may not move on one another. This article discusses the joints of the human body—particularly their structure but also their ligaments,

automation: The robot manipulator: …a sequence of link and joint combinations. The links are the rigid members connecting the joints. The joints (also called axes) are the movable components of the robot that cause relative motion between adjacent links. As shown in Figure 3, there are five principal types of mechanical joints used to…

Togo: Early years and coups: …1965 subscribed to the renewed Joint African and Malagasy Organization, which provided for economic, political, and social cooperation among French-speaking African states.

Sherman Minton: …opinion of the court in Adler v. Board of Education of the City of New York, which permitted the termination of public school teachers based upon disloyalty to the country and membership in certain organizations.

information system: Internal information systems development: …developers and users, such as joint applications development (JAD), have been introduced by some firms. Sometimes RAD and life-cycle development are combined: a prototype is produced to determine user requirements during the initial system analysis stage, after which life-cycle development takes over. A version of RAD known as agile development…

Did you just move in with your sweetheart? Recently get married? Congrats! In addition to many other decisions you’ll make about life together, one of them will be whether or not to open a joint bank account. Joint bank accounts have long offered a way for couples to streamline managing household

Joint Chiefs of Staff, panel of high-ranking U.S. military officers who advise the president of the United States and other civilian leaders on military issues. As an advisory body, the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not lead combat forces and has no executive or command authority over troops in its

rules of engagement: …of Staff standing ROE (JCS SROE), which mandate that the use of force must also be consistent with international law.

medical tourism: Social and ethical issues in medical tourism: …for international hospitals are the Joint Commission International (JCI), a branch of the U.S.-based Joint Commission Resources; Accreditation Canada International; and the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards International. Those organizations charge fees to clients who want to have their facilities surveyed for accreditation, and each organization maintains a list of…

Radical Republican: …Committee on Reconstruction (the so-called Joint Committee of Fifteen, made up nine members of the House and six senators, with only three Democrats among them) to ensure congressional rather than presidential control of Reconstruction, and passed a number of measures for the protection of Southern Black people over Johnson’s veto.

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), more commonly known as “the Iran nuclear deal,” is a 2015 agreement between Iran and several world powers to restrict Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for relief of international sanctions on Iran. The deal was negotiated by the Democratic

Sao Tome and Principe: Resources and power: …potential oil fields in the Joint Development Zone (JDZ), an area of overlapping maritime boundaries about 125 miles (200 km) from the Nigerian coast. The agreement was renegotiated in 2003, after which oil companies began bidding for the right to develop sections within the JDZ. The first exploratory drilling in…

joint disease, any of the diseases or injuries that affect human joints. Arthritis is no doubt the best-known joint disease, but there are also many others. Diseases of the joints may be variously short-lived or exceedingly chronic, agonizingly painful or merely nagging and uncomfortable; they may

probability theory: Probability distribution: … = yj} is called the joint distribution of X and Y. Since {X = xi} = ∪j{X = xi, Y = yj}, and this union consists of disjoint events in the sample space,

Judah Leon Magnes: He joined the Joint Distribution Committee, which, unlike the Zionists, emphasized relief to Jews in Palestine rather than political activism there.

plasma: Applications of plasmas: …machine called the JET (Joint European Torus) was able to generate 1.7 million watts of fusion power for almost 2 seconds after researchers injected titrium into the JET’s magnetically confined plasma. It was the first successful controlled production of fusion power in such a confined medium.

joint family, family in which members of a unilineal descent group (a group in which descent through either the female or the male line is emphasized) live together with their spouses and offspring in one homestead and under the authority of one of the members. The joint family is an extension of

carbon offset: Carbon-offsetting process: …offsets through a mechanism called joint implementation (JI), where one party develops an emission-reduction or emission-removal project in another country where emissions are limited. Parties can also obtain offsets through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for projects in developing countries, where emissions are not otherwise limited.

Whitley Council, in Great Britain, any of the bodies made up of representatives of labour and management for the promotion of better industrial relations. An original series of councils, named for J.H. Whitley, chairman of the investigatory committee (1916–19) who recommended their formation, were

Netherlands: Labor and taxation: …unions are represented on the Joint Industrial Labour Council, established in 1945 for collective bargaining, and on the Social and Economic Council, which serves mainly to advise the government. These corporatist arrangements were substantially deregulated in the 1980s as neoliberal, market-oriented policies were carried out. Socioeconomic planning remains extremely important,…

bohrium: …1976 Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, U.S.S.R., announced that they had synthesized element 107, later given the official name bohrium, by bombarding a target of bismuth-209 with ions of chromium-54. The resultant collisions were reported to have produced an isotope of the element…

intelligence: United Kingdom: MI6 is supervised by the Joint Intelligence Committee, a cabinet subcommittee under the permanent undersecretary of the foreign office. The Joint Intelligence Committee, which oversees all British intelligence agencies, controls intelligence policy and approves “national estimates” similar to those carried out by the U.S. National Intelligence Council. The British cabinet…

United Nations Security Council: History: …Security Council—the creation of the Joint Investigative Mechanism (JIM), a body to investigate the use of chemical weapons by the Assad government and other combatants—was ultimately halted by Russia when it vetoed the extension of the JIM’s mandate. After Russia illegally annexed the Ukrainian republic of Crimea in March 2014,…

Israel: Socioeconomic protests and the challenge from the center-left: …meanwhile, ran together as the Joint List. Likud again won a plurality of seats in the Knesset, while the Zionist Union came in second and the Joint List third. Netanyahu formed a new coalition government, this time with only right-wing parties.

Vanuatu: History of Vanuatu: …rudimentary political control with a Joint Naval Commission in 1887.

Earth exploration: Conclusions about the deep Earth: …into the seafloor under the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) program has established a relatively simple picture of the crust beneath the oceans (see also undersea exploration). In the rift zones where the plates comprising the Earth’s thin crust separate, material from the mantle wells upward, cools,…

tactics: Limitations of the tank: …that better knew how to combine armour with other arms such as artillery, antitank artillery, infantry, and, paradoxically, the very engineers whose efforts armour had originally been designed to overcome. From at least 1942, combined-arms warfare became the order of the day, and it remained so for decades to come.

JPEG, computer graphics file format. In 1983 researchers with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) started working on ways to add photo-quality graphics to the text-only computer terminal screens of the day. Three years later, the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) was

ephedra: Major species and uses: The joint pine of the eastern Mediterranean region is E. fragilis.

avascular necrosis: Treatment: Joint replacement, such as total hip replacement for a patient with avascular necrosis of the femoral head, has been used with mixed results. Some patients who undergo joint replacement experience poorer outcomes compared with patients who have joint replacement for other reasons. Total joint replacement…

basketball: The early years: This group was renamed the National Basketball Committee (NBC) of the United States and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as the game’s sole amateur rule-making body. In that year, however, the colleges broke away to form their own rules committee, and during the same year the National Federation…

Golkar, social and political organization in Indonesia that evolved into a political party after it was founded as the Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya (Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups) by a group of army officers in 1964. Golkar, established ostensibly to counterbalance the growing power

Stanley McChrystal: …and he was assigned to Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)—a standing task force that integrates special operations units such as the army’s Delta Force and 160th SOAR (Special Operations Aviation Regiment) and the navy’s SEAL (Sea, Air, and Land) Team Six—at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. With the outbreak of the…

Caryl Churchill: …David Hare and Max Stafford-Clark’s Joint Stock Company and with Monstrous Regiment, a feminist group.

stool: …made obsolete by the standard joint stool, which was produced, in the 17th century, in upholstered sets with chairs and footstools.

Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, conservative Lutheran church in the United States, formed in 1892 as a federation of three conservative synods of German background and then known as the General Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan and Other States. The Wisconsin Synod

inheritance: Probate: …as revocable inter vivos trusts, joint tenancies, or “tentative trusts” of bank accounts (so-called Totten trusts), one can achieve the practical effects of a will without probate and without administration. One can also to some extent escape those safeguards that have been established for the protection of creditors and forced…

Hiroshi Nakajima: …Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), an organization that by some accounts Nakajima actively worked to undermine in order to regain political control of the issue.

joint venture, partnership or alliance among two or more businesses or organizations based on shared expertise or resources to achieve a particular goal. The term joint venture is often used for commercial activities undertaken by multiple firms, which abide by contractually defined rules for

joint-stock company, a forerunner of the modern corporation that was organized for undertakings requiring large amounts of capital. Money was raised by selling shares to investors, who became partners in the venture. One of the earliest joint-stock companies was the Virginia Company, founded in

wild radish, (Raphanus raphanistrum), widespread annual plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Eurasia. Wild radish has naturalized throughout much of the world and is a noxious agricultural weed in many places. The plant is believed by some authorities to be the ancestor of the

hand tool: Plane: …long, a long-bodied trying, or jointing, plane having a length of about 76 cm (30 inches) was needed to remove large curves in the wood. Short planes—a common length was about 23 cm (9 inches)—were called smoothing planes for the final finish they produced.

Joinville, city, northeastern Santa Catarina estado (state), southern Brazil, on the Cachoeira River adjacent to Boa Vista, near the end of São Francisco Bay, at 20 feet (6 metres) above sea level. Established as a city in 1887 from the former colony of Dona Francisca, Joinville has become a modern

Joinville, city, northeastern Santa Catarina estado (state), southern Brazil, on the Cachoeira River adjacent to Boa Vista, near the end of São Francisco Bay, at 20 feet (6 metres) above sea level. Established as a city in 1887 from the former colony of Dona Francisca, Joinville has become a modern

History of film: International cinema: …in the Paris suburb of Joinville in 1930 to mass-produce multilingual films. The other major American studios quickly followed suit, making the region a factory for the round-the-clock production of movies in as many as 15 separate languages. By the end of 1931, however, the technique of dubbing had been…

François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d’Orléans, prince de Joinville was a naval officer and writer on military topics who was prominent in the modernization of the French Navy. The son of Louis-Philippe, duc d’Orléans, later king of the French from 1830 to 1848, Joinville joined the navy in

Jean, sire de Joinville was the author of the famous Histoire de Saint-Louis, a chronicle in French prose, providing a supreme account of the Seventh Crusade (1248–54). A member of the lesser nobility of Champagne, Joinville first attended the court of Louis IX at Saumur (1241), probably as a

Poaceae: Evolution: One family in particular, the Joinvilleaceae, resembles grasses in some anatomical features of the leaves and embryos. Its flowers, however, have a well-developed perianth, and it lacks the other distinctive, easily recognizable features that mark grasses.

joist, ceiling or floor support in building construction. Joists—of timber, steel, or reinforced concrete—are laid in a parallel series across or abutting girders or a bearing wall, to which they are attached, usually by metal supports called joist hangers, or anchors. The ends of the joists are

Jōjitsu, minor school of Buddhist philosophy introduced into Japan from China during the Nara period (710–784). The school holds that neither the self nor the elements that make up the mental and material world have any permanent, changeless reality and that they therefore cannot be said to have

Satyasiddhi-śāstra, (Sanskrit: True Attainment Treatise), treatise in 202 chapters on the doctrine of the void (śūnya). The work stands as a philosophical bridge between Hīnayāna, or Theravāda, Buddhism, the form predominant in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Southeast Asia, and Mahāyāna Buddhism, the

Taika Waititi: Jojo Rabbit and Reservation Dogs: … (2004) by Christine Leunens into Jojo Rabbit (2019). The movie, set in 1940s Germany, is about a boy (Roman Griffin Davis) who is an enthusiastic Nazi and has Adolf Hitler (Waititi) as his imaginary friend but then discovers and befriends a Jewish girl (Thomasin McKenzie) whom his mother (Scarlett Johansson)…

jojoba, (Simmondsia chinensis), leathery-leaved shrub in the box family (Buxaceae), native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, the capsules of which yield jojoba oil. The stiff-branched plant, which grows to a height of up to 2 m (7 feet), is cultivated as hedge material,

Lango: …into a vague entity called jok, a pervasive power, or supreme force. Ancestors, of whom jok was held the universal sublimation, were worshiped along with jok at shrines and sacred trees by prayer and sacrifice. Occurrences or things of unusual or unexplained nature were associated with jok, and jok can…

Japan: Commerce, cities, and culture: …period, mainly represented by the castle towns of the various daimyo. These daimyo, numbering some 250 for most of the period, were allowed by the bakufu to have but one castle, and thus there was a move to pull down other castles and concentrate the samurai of each han in…

Mór Jókai was one of the most important Hungarian novelists of the 19th century. His father, József, was a lawyer; both his mother, Mária, and his father were of noble families. Jókai’s collected works (published 1894–98), which did not include his considerable journalistic writing, filled 100

Borscht Belt: Jokes: …a few more Borscht Belt jokes:

Milan Kundera: …his greatest works, Žert (1967; The Joke), a comic, ironic view of the private lives and destinies of various Czechs during the years of Stalinism; translated into several languages, it achieved great international acclaim. His second novel, Život je jinde (1969; Life Is Elsewhere), about a hapless, romantic-minded hero who…

the Joker: … (2008), and Joaquin Phoenix in Joker (2019) and its sequel Joker: Folie à Deux (2024). Both Ledger and Phoenix won Academy Awards for their portrayals of the character.

euchre: …the choice of the term joker for the extra card introduced into American euchre in the 1860s to act as the “best bower,” or topmost trump; bower is from German Bauer, literally “farmer” but also meaning “jack.” Euchre is therefore the game for which the joker was invented—the joker being,…

Charles Vidor: Later films: …1957 Vidor made another biopic, The Joker Is Wild, which offered Frank Sinatra in good form as alcoholic nightclub comic Joe E. Lewis. Less successful was the 1957 adaptation of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms, starring Rock Hudson and Jennifer Jones. Vidor replaced the original director, John

the Joker, comic-book character and archnemesis of DC Comics’ superhero Batman. The Joker is noted for his clownlike appearance and sick humur. The Joker, initially portrayed as a small-time crook, was disfigured and driven insane by an accident with toxic chemicals. He was depicted with

Nikola Jokić is a Serbian professional basketball player who is one of the most versatile talents of his generation. Widely considered the best-passing center in the sport’s history, Jokić won three National Basketball Association (NBA) Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards (2021–22 and 2024) and led

the Joker: …Joker (2019) and its sequel Joker: Folie à Deux (2024). Both Ledger and Phoenix won Academy Awards for their portrayals of the character.

Sigmund Freud: Further theoretical development: …seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten (Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious). Invoking the idea of “joke-work” as a process comparable to dreamwork, he also acknowledged the double-sided quality of jokes, at once consciously contrived and unconsciously revealing. Seemingly innocent phenomena like puns or jests are as open to interpretation…