Automated Transfer Vehicle: The first ATV, Jules Verne, named after the French author, was launched on March 9, 2008.

Bruno Peyron: …(1993, 2002, 2005) of the Jules Verne Trophy for the fastest trip around the world under sail.

El Juli is a Spanish matador, who created a sensation in the bullfighting world at the end of the 20th century. López was nine years old when he caped his first calf, and his parents, recognizing his talent, enrolled him in the Madrid Academy of Tauromachy, where he excelled for four years. Because

Julia Child: …the subject of the documentary Julia (2021).

Fred Zinnemann: Last films: Julia (1977), a much warmer film based on a portion of playwright Lillian Hellman’s memoirs, starred Jane Fonda as Hellman and Vanessa Redgrave as the title character, a noble activist who enlists her friend Hellman to aid in her efforts against the Nazis. Jason Robards…

Pompey the Great: The First Triumvirate of Pompey the Great: …who now married Caesar’s daughter, Julia, saw Caesar as his necessary instrument. Caesar, once consul, immediately forced through a land bill and, shortly after, another appropriating public lands in Campania. Once he had secured a five-year command in Illyria and Gaul he could be relied on to take off a…

Julia was the Roman emperor Augustus’ only child, whose scandalous behaviour eventually caused him to exile her. Julia’s mother was Scribonia, who was divorced by Augustus when the child was a few days old. Julia was brought up strictly, her every word and action being watched. After a brief

Television in the United States: The new cultural landscape: The Bill Cosby Show (1969–71), Julia (1968–71), and The Flip Wilson Show (1970–74) were among the first programs to feature African Americans in starring roles since the stereotyped presentations of Amos ’n’ Andy and Beulah (ABC, 1950–53). Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In was proving, as had The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour

Sting: Solo career: (1979), Dune (1984), and Julia and Julia (1987). During the 1980s Sting also became recognized for his interest in social causes. He performed at Live Aid, a benefit concert for famine relief in Ethiopia, in 1985, and in 1986 and 1988 he performed at the Amnesty International concerts for…

Livia Drusilla was Caesar Augustus’s devoted and influential wife who counseled him on affairs of state and who, in her efforts to secure the imperial succession for her son Tiberius, was reputed to have caused the deaths of many of his rivals, including Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Gaius and Lucius

Julia Domna was the second wife of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus (reigned 193–211) and a powerful figure in the regime of his successor, the emperor Caracalla. Julia was a Syrian (Domna being her Syrian name) and was the daughter of the hereditary high priest Bassianus at Emesa (present-day

Llívia, town and enclave of Spanish territory in the French département (department) of Pyrénées-Orientales, administratively part of the provincia (province) of Girona, Spain. The area was named Julia Libyca by the Romans, and the name evolved into Julia Livia and, finally, Llívia. It lay within

Llívia, town and enclave of Spanish territory in the French département (department) of Pyrénées-Orientales, administratively part of the provincia (province) of Girona, Spain. The area was named Julia Libyca by the Romans, and the name evolved into Julia Livia and, finally, Llívia. It lay within

Julia Maesa was the sister-in-law of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus and an influential power in the government of the empire who managed to make two of her grandsons emperors. Julia was the daughter of the hereditary high priest Bassianus at Emesa in Syria (Maesa was her Syrian name), and she

Julia Mamaea was the mother of the Roman emperor Severus Alexander and the dominant power in his regime. Mamaea was the daughter of Julia Maesa and niece of the former emperor Septimius Severus. Maesa persuaded her grandson Elagabalus (emperor 218–222) to adopt Mamaea’s son Alexander and make him

Jack Conway: The 1940s: Finally, there was Julia Misbehaves (1948), a playful comedy with Pidgeon and Greer Garson as the bickering parents of a bride-to-be (Elizabeth Taylor). Conway, who suffered from illness in the last years of his life, subsequently retired from directing.

Nagua, city, northern Dominican Republic, located just north of the mouth of the Nagua River, facing Escocesa Bay, on the Atlantic Ocean. Nagua is located on the main coastal road connecting the main cities of the region. The major functions of the city are administrative and agricultural,

epigraphy: Ancient Rome: …found at Rome; Julius Caesar’s Lex Julia Municipalis of 45 bce was found near Heraclea in Lucania. On the whole, however, the transmission of Roman law, from the earliest fragments to the mature codifications, is nonepigraphic. In later times the flood of administrative decrees increases with the growth of centralized…

Nablus, city in the West Bank. It lies in an enclosed fertile valley and is the market centre of a natural oasis that is watered by numerous springs. Founded under the auspices of the Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 ce and originally named Flavia Neapolis, the city prospered in particular because of

Gaston Maurice Julia: …and the latter to the Julia set of the iteration. Julia showed that, except in the simplest cases, the Julia set is infinite, and he described how it is related to the periodic points of the iteration (those that return to themselves after a certain number of iterations). In some…

Turin, city, capital of Torino provincia and of Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy. It is located on the Po River near its junction with the Sangone, Dora Riparia, and Stura di Lanzo rivers. The original settlement of Taurisia, founded by the Taurini, was partly destroyed by the

Raul Julia was a Puerto Rican-born American actor who was a prolific and versatile stage and film star with talents that stretched from drama to farcical comedy. His compelling film performance as Valentín, a straight South American political prisoner incarcerated with a gay window dresser (William

Gaston Maurice Julia was one of the two main inventors of iteration theory and the modern theory of fractals. Julia emerged as a leading expert in the theory of complex number functions in the years before World War I. In 1915 he exhibited great bravery in the face of a German attack in which he

Raul Julia was a Puerto Rican-born American actor who was a prolific and versatile stage and film star with talents that stretched from drama to farcical comedy. His compelling film performance as Valentín, a straight South American political prisoner incarcerated with a gay window dresser (William

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Aphthartodocetism: …extreme; it was proclaimed by Julian, bishop of Halicarnassus, who asserted that the body of Christ was divine and therefore naturally incorruptible and impassible; Christ, however, was free to will his sufferings and death voluntarily. Severus, patriarch of Antioch, himself a condemned Monophysite, vigorously challenged Julian on the ground that…

Gore Vidal: …returned to writing novels with Julian (1964), a sympathetic fictional portrait of Julian the Apostate, the 4th-century pagan Roman emperor who opposed Christianity. He published a revised version of The City and the Pillar in 1965. Washington, D.C. (1967), an ironic examination of political morality in the U.S. capital, was…

Sudan: Medieval Christian kingdoms: …Christianity by the work of Julian, a missionary who proselytized in Nobatia (543–545), and his successor Longinus, who between 569 and 575 consolidated the work of Julian in Nobatia and even carried Christianity to ʿAlwah in the south. The new religion appears to have been adopted with considerable enthusiasm. Christian…

Julian Alps, range of the Eastern Alps, extending southeastward from the Carnic Alps and the town of Tarvisio in northeastern Italy to near the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia. Composed mainly of limestone, the mountains are bounded by the Fella River and Sella di (Pass of) Camporosso (northwest) and

Julian Assange: Early WikiLeaks activity and legal issues: ” Assange’s memoir, Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography, was published against his wishes in September 2011. Assange had received a sizable advance payment for the book, but he withdrew his support for the project after sitting for some 50 hours of interviews, and the resulting manuscript, although at…

Julian Bream: In 1961 he organized the Julian Bream Consort, one of the first groups to specialize in early ensemble music. The Consort is composed of violin, alto flute, bass viol, pandora, cittern, and lute. Composers who wrote music for Bream include Benjamin Britten, William Walton, and Malcolm Arnold. Another great influence…

Julian calendar, dating system established by Julius Caesar as a reform of the Roman republican calendar. By the 40s bce the Roman civic calendar was three months ahead of the solar calendar. Caesar, advised by the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, introduced the Egyptian solar calendar, taking the

Julian period, chronological system now used chiefly by astronomers and based on the consecutive numbering of days from Jan. 1, 4713 bc. Not to be confused with the Julian calendar, the Julian period was proposed by the scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger in 1583 and named by him for his father, Julius

Julian Of Eclanum was the bishop of Eclanum who is considered to be the most intellectual leader of the Pelagians (see Pelagianism). Julian was married c. 402, but upon the death of his wife he was ordained and c. 417 succeeded his father, Memorius, as bishop by appointment of Pope St. Innocent I.

Julian of Norwich was a celebrated mystic whose Revelations of Divine Love (or Showings) is generally considered one of the most remarkable documents of medieval religious experience. She spent the latter part of her life as a recluse at St. Julian’s Church, Norwich. On May 13, 1373, Julian was

Julian period, chronological system now used chiefly by astronomers and based on the consecutive numbering of days from Jan. 1, 4713 bc. Not to be confused with the Julian calendar, the Julian period was proposed by the scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger in 1583 and named by him for his father, Julius

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Henri Matisse: Formative years: …enrolled in the privately run Académie Julian, where the master was the strictly academic William-Adolphe Bouguereau. That Matisse should have begun his studies in such a conservative school may seem surprising, and he once explained the fact by saying that he was acting on the recommendation of a Saint-Quentin painter…

George W. Julian was an American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, and later championed woman suffrage and other liberal measures. After a public school education and a brief stint as a

George W. Julian was an American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, and later championed woman suffrage and other liberal measures. After a public school education and a brief stint as a

Percy Julian was an American chemist, known for his synthesis of cortisone, hormones, and other products from soybeans. Percy Julian attended De Pauw University (A.B., 1920) and Harvard University (M.A., 1923) and studied under Ernst Späth, who synthesized nicotine and ephedrine, at the University

Percy Julian was an American chemist, known for his synthesis of cortisone, hormones, and other products from soybeans. Percy Julian attended De Pauw University (A.B., 1920) and Harvard University (M.A., 1923) and studied under Ernst Späth, who synthesized nicotine and ephedrine, at the University

Cynewulf: …also called Christ II) and Juliana are in the Exeter Book. An epilogue to each poem, asking for prayers for the author, contains runic characters representing the letters c, y, n, (e), w, u, l, f, which are thought to spell his name. A rhymed passage in the Elene shows…

Julian of Norwich was a celebrated mystic whose Revelations of Divine Love (or Showings) is generally considered one of the most remarkable documents of medieval religious experience. She spent the latter part of her life as a recluse at St. Julian’s Church, Norwich. On May 13, 1373, Julian was

Juliana was the queen of The Netherlands from 1948 to 1980. Juliana, the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, studied law at the University of Leiden (1927–30) and in 1931 helped form the Nationaal Crisis Comité to foster measures by private enterprise to

canals and inland waterways: Major inland waterways of Europe: …between Roermond and Maastricht, the Juliana Canal was built in 1935 and improved after World War II. The Twente Canal, opened in 1936, improved communication with the industrial east. Most important of the postwar projects was the building of the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal to enhance the capital’s value as a transshipment…

Juliana was the queen of The Netherlands from 1948 to 1980. Juliana, the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, studied law at the University of Leiden (1927–30) and in 1931 helped form the Nationaal Crisis Comité to foster measures by private enterprise to

Suriname: Relief: …4,035 feet (1,230 metres), is Juliana Top, in the Wilhelmina Mountains. In the southwest near the Brazilian border is the Sipaliwini Plain, another savanna area.

Cynewulf: Juliana, a poem of 731 lines, is a retelling of a Latin prose life of St. Juliana, a maiden who rejected the suit of a Roman prefect, Eleusius, because of her faith and consequently was made to suffer numerous torments.

Feast of Corpus Christi: …to initiate the feast by St. Juliana, prioress of Mont Cornillon near Liège (1222–58), who had experienced a vision. It did not spread until 1261, when Jacques Pantaléon, formerly archdeacon of Liège, became pope as Urban IV. In 1264 he ordered the whole church to observe the feast. Urban’s order…

Qaqortoq, principal town in southwestern Greenland, on Julianehåb Bugt, an inlet in the Davis Strait. Founded in 1755 by Anders Olsen, a Norwegian merchant, and named for Queen Juliana Maria of Denmark, it is a seaport and trading station supported by an airport. Fish and shrimp processing,

John XXI was the pope from 1276 to 1277, and he was one of the most scholarly pontiffs in papal history. Educated at the University of Paris (c.. 1228–35), where he received his master’s degree c. 1240, John taught medicine at the new University of Siena, Italy. In 1272 Pope Gregory X, who made

Anacardiaceae, the sumac family of flowering plants (order Sapindales), with about 80 genera and about 870 species of evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and woody vines. Most members of Anacardiaceae are native to tropical and subtropical areas of the world. A few species occur in temperate

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

mystery religion: Literature: …verse that was composed by Julianus the Theurgist and his son late in the 2nd century ad and had great influence on the Neoplatonists. The work combined Platonic elements with Persian or Babylonian creeds and was regarded by the later Neoplatonists as their basic religious book, something of a heathen…

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Marcus Didius Severus Julianus was a wealthy Roman senator who became emperor (March 28–June 1, 193) by being the highest bidder in an auction for the support of the Praetorian Guard. A member of one of the most prominent families of Mediolanum (now Milan), Didius Severus Julianus had a long and

John XXI was the pope from 1276 to 1277, and he was one of the most scholarly pontiffs in papal history. Educated at the University of Paris (c.. 1228–35), where he received his master’s degree c. 1240, John taught medicine at the new University of Siena, Italy. In 1272 Pope Gregory X, who made

Jülich, former duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the town of Jülich, located now in the Aachen district of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The counts of Jülich inherited or were enfeoffed with most of the lands of the Rhenish Palatinate north of the Eifel Mountains,

Germany: Religion and politics, 1555–1618: …out in 1609–10 over the Jülich-Cleves succession crisis. When the Roman Catholic ruler of these counties, which formed the strategically most important block of territories on the lower Rhine, died without an heir, two Protestant claimants occupied his lands, aided not only by the German Protestant Union but also by…

Amy Adams: Breakthrough and stardom: …Smithsonian (2009), Adams starred in Julie & Julia (2009), portraying a frustrated secretary who turns to Julia Child (played by Meryl Streep) for inspiration. She then starred in the romantic comedy Leap Year (2010) and in The Fighter (2010), a drama in which she played against type as the street-smart…

Julie Andrews: …won a Grammy Award for Julie Andrews’ Collection of Poems, Songs, and Lullabies, a spoken-word album for children, and she was honoured with a special Grammy for lifetime achievement.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: …ou, la nouvelle Héloïse (1761; Julie; or, The New Eloise) came out within 12 months, all three works of seminal importance. The New Eloise, being a novel, escaped the censorship to which the other two works were subject; indeed, of all his books it proved to be the most widely…

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: …ou, la nouvelle Héloïse (1761; Julie; or, The New Eloise) came out within 12 months, all three works of seminal importance. The New Eloise, being a novel, escaped the censorship to which the other two works were subject; indeed, of all his books it proved to be the most widely…

Werner Herzog: …father in the experimental drama Julien Donkey-Boy (1999) and a criminal mastermind in the big-budget action movie Jack Reacher (2012). He also lent his voice to various movies, notably the animated comedy Penguins of Madagascar (2014).

Julien Levy: …in 1924, Levy opened the Julien Levy Gallery in late 1931 at 602 Madison Avenue, the first of the gallery’s three locations over the course of its 18-year existence. He intended to use his gallery as a forum for promoting photography as a fine art—a hotly debated topic in those…

History of film: Great Britain: …the black British Sankofa workshop, Isaac Julien made documentary and fiction films including Looking for Langston (1989), Young Soul Rebels (1991), Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Mask (1996), and BaadAsssss Cinema (2002), the latter a documentary on 1970s American blaxploitation films. Bullet Boy (2004), directed by Saul Dibb, John Akomfrah’s…

Neoclassical art: France: Augustin Pajou; and Pierre Julien. Pigalle’s pupil Jean-Antoine Houdon was the most famous 18th-century French sculptor, producing many Classical figures and contemporary portraits in the manner of antique busts. Other contemporary sculptors included Louis-Simon Boizot and Étienne-Maurice Falconet, who was director of sculpture at the Sèvres

salad: The julienne salad popular in the United States is a green salad garnished with narrow strips of cheese, chicken, ham, beef, and vegetables. The salade niçoise of France combines lettuce with potatoes, green beans, olives, tuna, tomatoes, and anchovies, all dressed with olive oil and vinegar.…

Jülich, former duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the town of Jülich, located now in the Aachen district of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The counts of Jülich inherited or were enfeoffed with most of the lands of the Rhenish Palatinate north of the Eifel Mountains,

Juliet, daughter of the Capulets who is one of the two “star-crossed” lovers in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Juliet’s musing on the balcony— —is overheard by Romeo and sets in motion one of the most famous love stories in Western

Joliet, city, seat (1845) of Will county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Des Plaines River, about 40 miles (65 km) southwest of downtown Chicago. Settled in 1833, it was initially named Juliet by James B. Campbell, a settler from Ottawa and an official with the Board of Canal

Federico Fellini: Major works: …in Giulietta degli spiriti (1965: Juliet of the Spirits), with Masina as a simple bourgeois haunted by the supernatural.

Henry Peach Robinson: He created photographs such as Juliet with the Poison Bottle (1857), his earliest-known work, by combining separate negatives into a composite picture, utilizing a process known as combination printing. Although he sometimes used natural settings, he more often imitated the out-of-doors inside his studio. Costumed actors or society ladies modeled…

Ethan Hawke: …star in the romantic comedy Juliet, Naked, based on a novel by Nick Hornby, and played an eccentric bank robber in Stockholm, a farce about the 1973 hostage situation that gave rise to the term Stockholm syndrome. That year he also cowrote and directed Blaze, a biopic about a little-known…

Nick Hornby: Other novels: …Slam (2007; film 2016), and Juliet, Naked (2009; film 2018). The latter revisits extreme fandom in the Internet age, centering on an insular online community of music fans and the reclusive rock musician whom they idolize. Funny Girl (2014) focuses on the star of a 1960s TV sitcom that becomes…

History of film: European cinema: …The Skin I Live In), Julieta (2016), and Dolor y gloria (2019; Pain and Glory). Other Spanish filmmakers included Fernando León de Aranoa, director of Los lunes al sol (2002; Mondays in the Sun) and A Perfect Day (2015).

Western sculpture: The last century of the Republic: …republic is exemplified in a monument of the Julii, at Saint-Rémy (Glanum), France. The base of this structure carries four great reliefs with battle and hunt scenes that allude not only to the mundane prowess of the family but also to the otherworldly victory of the souls of the departed…

Julian Alps, range of the Eastern Alps, extending southeastward from the Carnic Alps and the town of Tarvisio in northeastern Italy to near the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia. Composed mainly of limestone, the mountains are bounded by the Fella River and Sella di (Pass of) Camporosso (northwest) and

Julio-Claudian dynasty, (ad 14–68), the four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius (reigned 14–37), Caligula (37–41), Claudius I (41–54), and Nero (54–68). It was not a direct bloodline. Augustus had been the great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar (of the Julia gens),

Lillebonne, town, Seine-Maritime département, Normandy région, northwestern France, lying north of the Seine River and east of Le Havre. The Romans called it Juliobona. Under Roman rule in the 2nd century it had baths and a great theatre; materials from the theatre were used to build fortifications

Bragança, city and concelho (municipality), northeastern Portugal. It lies on a branch of the Sabor River in the Culebra Mountains, 105 miles (170 km) northeast of Porto on the border with Spain. Originally, Bragança was a Celtic city known as Brigantia; it later became the Juliobriga of the

Angers, city, capital of Maine-et-Loire département, Pays de la Loire région, western France. Angers is the former capital of Anjou and lies along the Maine River 5 miles (8 km) above the latter’s junction with the Loire River, northeast of Nantes. The old city is on the river’s left bank, with

ancient Rome: The succession: …hatreds; the prefect of Egypt, Julius Alexander, prevented involvement of the Jews of the Diaspora. An army was sent to Judaea under Titus Flavius Vespasianus to restore order; but it had not completed its task when two provincial governors in the west rebelled against Nero—Julius Vindex in Gallia Lugdunensis and…

Charlton Heston: …twice played Mark Antony, in Julius Caesar (1970) and in Antony and Cleopatra (1973), which he also directed.

Julius Caesar, tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, produced in 1599–1600 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from a transcript of a promptbook. Based on Sir Thomas North’s 1579 translation (via a French version) of Plutarch’s Bioi parallēloi (Parallel Lives), the drama takes place in

Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Films of the 1950s: For MGM he made Julius Caesar (1953), a stellar adaptation of Shakespeare’s play. In addition to deft direction, the drama featured fine performances from an all-star cast that included Marlon Brando (Oscar-nominated for his Mark Antony), John Gielgud, Mason, Deborah Kerr, Louis Calhern, and Greer

Marc-Antoine de Muret: During the 1540s his play Julius Caesar, written in Latin, was performed; it is the first tragedy on a secular theme known to have been written in France. In the early 1550s he lectured on philosophy and civil law in Paris. He became intimate with the poets of La Pléiade,…

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: …Erasmus’s anonymously published satiric dialogue, Julius exclusus e coelis (written 1513–14). In Venice Erasmus was welcomed at the celebrated printing house of Aldus Manutius, where Byzantine émigrés enriched the intellectual life of a numerous scholarly company. For the Aldine press Erasmus expanded his Adagia, or annotated collection of Greek and…

Saint Julius I ; feast day April 12) was the pope from 337 to 352. The papacy had been vacant four months when he was elected as St. Mark’s successor on Feb. 6, 337. Julius then became the chief support of orthodoxy and the Nicene Creed against Arianism, a heresy that held Christ to have been

Julius II was the greatest art patron of the papal line (reigned 1503–13) and one of the most powerful rulers of his age. Although he led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy, Julius is most important for his close friendship with Michelangelo and for his patronage of other

Julius III was the pope from 1550 to 1555. As a cardinal, he served as co-president of the Council of Trent in 1545, with cardinals Cervini (later Pope Marcellus II) and Pole. Elected pope on Feb. 7, 1550, he realized that a reform of the church was urgent, and he appointed a commission that

Julius Rosenwald: In 1917 he established the Julius Rosenwald Fund (to be expended within 25 years after his death and liquidated in 1948), the chief purpose of which was the improvement of education for African American students. Augmented by local taxes and private gifts and working in partnership with Washington, the fund…

Johann Anton Leisewitz: …dramatist whose most important work, Julius von Tarent (1776), was the forerunner of Friedrich Schiller’s famous Sturm und Drang masterpiece Die Räuber (1781; The Robbers).

David Julius is an American physiologist known for his discovery of heat- and cold-sensing receptors in the nerve endings of the skin. His elucidation of a receptor known as TRPV1, along with his subsequent contributions to the discovery of additional temperature-sensitive receptor molecules, gave

David Julius is an American physiologist known for his discovery of heat- and cold-sensing receptors in the nerve endings of the skin. His elucidation of a receptor known as TRPV1, along with his subsequent contributions to the discovery of additional temperature-sensitive receptor molecules, gave

Italy: The Italian republics of 1796–99: …well as to the commissioner Marc-Antoine Jullien. Previously a follower of Babeuf, Jullien defied the wishes of the Directory in Paris for a moderate government. The Parthenopean Republic had the enthusiastic support of a number of southern intellectuals and notables (members of the social or economic elite).

Jalandhar, city, north-central Punjab state, northwestern India. It lies on a level plain about 20 miles (32 km) east of the Beas River. Jalandhar is an ancient city. In the 7th century ce it was the capital of a Rajput kingdom. The third largest city in the state, it is an important rail and road

Johnny Clegg: …they assembled a band called Juluka (Zulu: “Sweat”). In 1979 Juluka released Universal Men, an album that spoke to the divided lives of the migrant workers who reside and work in the city, separated from their families and homes. Stylistically, the album was a fusion of Zulu music and various…