Junín, city, northern Buenos Aires provincia (province), east-central Argentina. It is located in the Pampa on the Salado River. The town grew up around Fort (Fuerte) Federación, founded in 1827 to protect colonists from Indian incursions; it was given city status in 1906. Junín is an agricultural

viral hemorrhagic fever: …Lassa fever (occurring in Africa), Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, and Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever.

Simón Bolívar: Liberation of Peru: …major battle took place at Junín and was easily won by Bolívar, who then left the successful termination of the campaign to his able chief of staff, Sucre. On December 9, 1824, the Spanish viceroy lost the Battle of Ayacucho to Sucre and surrendered with his entire army.

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: …found on the knots, with Lake Junín (about 20 miles long) being the largest.

Junior Achievement, international nonprofit educational organization that encourages early exposure of young people to business techniques through widely used curricula and after-school programs. By the early 21st century, Junior Achievement had offices in more than 120 countries. In 2004 the JA

Junior Achievement, international nonprofit educational organization that encourages early exposure of young people to business techniques through widely used curricula and after-school programs. By the early 21st century, Junior Achievement had offices in more than 120 countries. In 2004 the JA

Sam Peckinpah: Bloody Sam: …gears with his next film, Junior Bonner (1972), an affecting character study about a rodeo performer (McQueen) past his prime who returns to his hometown, where he hopes to gain respect by competing in a rodeo and to reconcile with his family, especially his separated parents (Ida Lupino and Robert…

junior college, educational institution that provides two years of academic instruction beyond secondary school, as well as technical and vocational training to prepare graduates for careers. Public junior colleges are often called community colleges. Such colleges are in many ways an extension of

junior high school, in some school systems in the United States, the two or three secondary grades (7, 8, 9) of school following elementary school and preceding high school. Children served by junior high school are approximately 12 to 15 years old. The junior high school may be in a separate

levirate: …the custom is called the junior levirate. The levirate often co-occurs with the sororate, a practice in which a widower should or must marry his dead wife’s sister.

primogeniture and ultimogeniture: ultimogeniture, preference in inheritance that is given by law, custom, or usage to the eldest son and his issue (primogeniture) or to the youngest son (ultimogeniture, or junior right). In exceptional cases, primogeniture may prescribe such preferential inheritance to the line of the eldest daughter.…

World Series: …of lesser import, including the Junior World Series, played between champions of the International League and the American Association (both American professional minor leagues), and the Little League World Series, an annual event with international representation for teams of boys and girls 9 to 18 years old.

juniper, (genus Juniperus), genus of about 60 to 70 species of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. A number of species are cultivated as ornamentals and are useful for their timber. The juvenile leaves of a juniper

gin: …grain mash and having the juniper berry as its principal flavouring ingredient. It includes both the malty-flavoured and full-bodied Netherlands types and the drier types, characterized by distinct botanical flavouring, produced in Britain and the United States.

Janette Turner Hospital is an Australian novelist and short-story writer who explored the political, cultural, and interpersonal boundaries that separate different peoples. Hospital graduated from the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia (B.A., 1965), and Queen’s University, Kingston,

juniper, (genus Juniperus), genus of about 60 to 70 species of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. A number of species are cultivated as ornamentals and are useful for their timber. The juvenile leaves of a juniper

juniper: Major species: sabina) of central Europe, Chinese juniper (J. chinensis) of eastern Asia, and creeping juniper (J. horizontalis) of eastern North America are other popular ornamental species with many horticultural varieties.

juniper: Major species: Common juniper (Juniperus communis), a sprawling shrub, is widely distributed on rocky soils throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Many ornamental cultivars have been developed.

juniper: Major species: chinensis) of eastern Asia, and creeping juniper (J. horizontalis) of eastern North America are other popular ornamental species with many horticultural varieties.

juniper: Major species: …Spain and Portugal, and of Phoenician juniper (J. phoenicea) of the Mediterranean region sometimes is burned as incense.

juniper: Major species: The savin (J. sabina) of central Europe, Chinese juniper (J. chinensis) of eastern Asia, and creeping juniper (J. horizontalis) of eastern North America are other popular ornamental species with many horticultural varieties.

juniper: Major species: The wood of incense, or Spanish, juniper (J. thurifera), of Spain and Portugal, and of Phoenician juniper (J. phoenicea) of the Mediterranean region sometimes is burned as incense.

eastern red cedar, (Juniperus virginiana), an evergreen ornamental and timber tree of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to poor or limestone soils of eastern North America. An eastern red cedar can grow to 12 to 15 metres (about 40 to 50 feet) tall and 30 to 60 cm (about 1 to 2 feet) in

Junius, the pseudonym of the still unidentified author of a series of letters contributed to Henry Sampson Woodfall’s Public Advertiser, a popular English newspaper of the day, between Jan. 21, 1769, and Jan. 21, 1772. Junius’ aims were to discredit the ministries of the Duke of Grafton and

Rosa Luxemburg was a Polish-born German revolutionary and agitator who played a key role in the founding of the Polish Social Democratic Party and the Spartacus League, which grew into the Communist Party of Germany. As a political theoretician, Luxemburg developed a humanitarian theory of Marxism,

opus sectile: …from a wall in the Basilica of Junius Bassus, Rome (4th century; Capitoline Museum, Rome). Early Christian churches in Rome and Ravenna were decorated with both types of opus sectile. In medieval Europe the ornamental opus sectile of antiquity evolved into more specialized arts, notably the intricate and severely geometrical…

Caedmon manuscript, Old English scriptural paraphrases copied about 1000, given in 1651 to the scholar Franciscus Junius by Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh and now in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. It contains the poems Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, and Christ and Satan, originally

Franciscus Junius, the Younger was a language and literary scholar whose works stimulated interest in the study of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) and the cognate old Germanic languages. Son of Franciscus Junius, a French Protestant theologian, he was educated in theology and became a pastor in the

cetacean: Sound production and communication: …the “case” and the “junk,” respectively. The junk of the sperm whale is the fatty structure found in the forehead of other toothed whales and known by whalers as the “melon” because of its pale yellow colour and uniform consistency. Baleen whales generate sounds at frequencies that are audible…

junk, classic Chinese sailing vessel of ancient unknown origin, still in wide use. High-sterned, with projecting bow, the junk carries up to five masts on which are set square sails consisting of panels of linen or matting flattened by bamboo strips. Each sail can be spread or closed at a pull,

junk bond, Bond paying a high yield but also presenting greater risk than comparable securities. Junk bonds can be identified through the lower grades assigned by rating services (e.g., BBB instead of AAA for the highest quality bonds). Because the possibility of default is great, junk bonds are

Phuket: island, southern Thailand. The island lies in the Andaman Sea, off the west coast of peninsular Thailand. Phuket city, located in the southeastern portion of the island, is a major port and commercial centre. Its harbour exports tin, rubber, charcoal, lumber, and fish products south…

The Bahamas: Daily life and social customs: Junkanoo parades, or “rush outs,” are held annually on Boxing Day and New Year’s Day in Nassau and on some of the Out Islands. Nassau’s Bay Street is the site of the largest parade, which features thousands of junkanoos, men dressed in colourful costumes fringed…

Junker, (German: “country squire”), member of the landowning aristocracy of Prussia and eastern Germany, which, under the German Empire (1871–1918) and the Weimar Republic (1919–33), exercised substantial political power. Otto von Bismarck himself, the imperial chancellor during 1871–90, was of

Wilhelm Junker was a Russian explorer of the southern Sudan and Central Africa who determined the course of a major Congo River tributary, the Ubangi River, together with one of its branches, the Uele. After journeys to Iceland (1869) and Tunis (1873–74), Junker went to Egypt and the Sudan (1875),

Fiesta Bowl: …alleged that the bowl’s CEO, John Junker, oversaw widespread malfeasance, such as the illegal payment of politicians, an attempted cover-up of those payments, and lavish expenditures that were billed to the bowl, including Junker’s four-day 50th-birthday party at a golf resort and a $1,200 visit to a strip club. Junker…

Wilhelm Junker was a Russian explorer of the southern Sudan and Central Africa who determined the course of a major Congo River tributary, the Ubangi River, together with one of its branches, the Uele. After journeys to Iceland (1869) and Tunis (1873–74), Junker went to Egypt and the Sudan (1875),

Hugo Junkers was a German aircraft designer and early proponent of the monoplane and all-metal construction of aircraft. In 1895 Junkers founded the firm Junkers and Company, which made boilers, radiators, and water heaters. He patented a flying-wing design in 1910, the same year in which he

William S. Burroughs: … in his first published book, Junkie: Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict (1953, reissued as Junky in 1977), an account of the addict’s life. The Naked Lunch (Paris, 1959; U.S. title, Naked Lunch, 1962; film 1991) was completed after his treatment for drug addiction. All forms of addiction, according to…

William S. Burroughs: … in his first published book, Junkie: Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict (1953, reissued as Junky in 1977), an account of the addict’s life. The Naked Lunch (Paris, 1959; U.S. title, Naked Lunch, 1962; film 1991) was completed after his treatment for drug addiction. All forms of addiction, according to…

Kōken: …Oi, who ruled as Emperor Junnin. In 761 she met Dōkyō when he was lecturing at the imperial palace. Her attempts to promote the career of the priest, who was presumably her lover, brought him into conflict with Junnin’s favourite minister, the powerful Oshikatsu.

Jason Bateman: Later life and career: Break-Up (2006), Smokin’ Aces (2006), Juno (2007), Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008), Hancock (2008), Couples Retreat (2009), The Switch (2010), Horrible Bosses (2011), and Bad Words (2013), which he also directed. He has been good friends with American actress

genius: …the Roman housefather and the iuno, or juno, of the housemother were worshiped. These certainly were not the souls of the married pair, as is clear both from their names and from the fact that in no early document is there mention of the genius or iuno of a dead…

Juno, U.S. space probe designed to orbit the planet Jupiter. The probe is named for a Roman goddess, the female counterpart to the god Jupiter. Juno was launched by an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on August 5, 2011. On October 9, 2013, it flew by Earth for a gravity boost on its

asteroid: Early discoveries: …over the next six years—Pallas, Juno, and Vesta—complicated that elegant solution to the missing-planet problem and gave rise to the surprisingly long-lived though no longer accepted idea that the asteroids were remnants of a planet that had exploded.

Juno, in Roman religion, chief goddess and female counterpart of Jupiter, closely resembling the Greek Hera, with whom she was identified. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was a member of the Capitoline triad of deities traditionally introduced by the Etruscan kings. Juno was connected with all

Juno and the Paycock, tragicomedy in three acts by Sean O’Casey, produced in 1924 and published the following year. Set in the grim slums of Dublin during the Irish civil war of 1922–23, the play chronicles the fortunes of the impoverished Boyle family, into which O’Casey pours all of the strengths

Juno Awards, Canada’s music recording industry awards. They have been administered by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) since 1975, when the awards ceremony was first telecast. The popularity of the awards ceremony has grown significantly since 1995 when it was transformed

Juno Beach, the second beach from the east among the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion of World War II. It was assaulted on June 6, 1944 (D-Day of the invasion), by units of the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division, who took heavy casualties in the first wave but by the end of the day succeeded

Henri Alexandre Junod was a Swiss Protestant missionary and anthropologist noted for his ethnography of the Tsonga (Thonga) peoples of southern Africa. During Junod’s first assignment in the Transvaal (1889–96), in addition to carrying out his missionary office, he collected plant, butterfly, and

brush-footed butterfly: The buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia), a member of the Nymphalinae subfamily, is distinguished by two eyespots on the upper side of each of its forewings and hindwings and by two orange cell bars on the upper sides of the anterior portion of the forewings. Its body…

Andoche Junot, duke d’Abrantès was one of Napoleon Bonaparte’s generals and his first aide-de-camp. Junot, the son of a prosperous farmer, joined the volunteers of the Côte d’Or district in Burgundy during the French Revolution in 1792 and served with exemplary courage, being nicknamed La Tempête

Laure Junot, duchess d’Abrantès was a French author of a volume of famous memoirs. After her father died in 1795, Laure lived with her mother, Madame Permon, who established a distinguished Parisian salon that was frequented by Napoleon Bonaparte. It was Napoleon who arranged the marriage in 1800

Al-Sudd: …1970s construction began on the Jonglei (Junqalī) Canal, which was planned to bypass the Sudd and provide a straight, well-defined channel for the Al-Jabal River to flow northward until its junction with the White Nile. But the project, which would have drained the swamplands of the Sudd for agricultural use,…

Abílio Manuel Guerra Junqueiro was a poet whose themes of social protest and reform, expressed in a blend of grandiloquence and satire, have identified him as the poet par excellence of the Portuguese Revolution of 1910. Junqueiro was a leader among the revolutionary group of students at the

junta, (Spanish: “meeting”), committee or administrative council, particularly one that rules a country after a coup d’etat and before a legal government has been established. The word was widely used in the 16th century to refer to numerous government consultative committees. The Spanish

Portugal: The Revolution of the Carnations: …the MFA calling itself the Junta of National Salvation filled the political vacuum, installing Spínola as president and commencing negotiation with the African nationalist movements. Independence was granted to Portuguese Guinea (as Guinea-Bissau) almost immediately after the revolution. The new regime abolished such instruments of repression as censorship, the paramilitary…

Juan de Padilla: …and clergy, set up the Junta Santa (a revolutionary junta) there in July 1520, Padilla was named captain general of its forces, and on August 29 he took Tordesillas, thereby assuring the junta’s control over Charles’s mother, the hereditary queen Joan the Mad, who had been living there since she…

Spain: The War of Independence: A Central Junta at Aranjuez sought to control this nascent federalism and the local levies, and Spanish regular troops defeated a French army of inferior, ill-supplied troops under General Pierre Dupont de l’Étang at Bailén in July 1808. The French retired from Madrid. Napoleon then invaded…

Juan Carlos Onetti: The novel Juntacadáveres (1964; Body Snatcher) deals with Larsen’s earlier career as a brothel keeper and his concomitant loss of innocence.

Falange: …1934) with a like-minded group, Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, and issued a manifesto of 27 points repudiating the republican constitution, party politics, capitalism, Marxism, and clericalism, and proclaiming the necessity of a national-syndicalist state, a strong government and military, and Spanish imperialist expansion.

equal-field system, official institution of land distribution and tax collection in traditional China and Japan. The system originated in China in 485 ce by order of the emperor Xiaowendi of the Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty (386–534/535 ce). It provided for the assignment of agricultural lands to all

Benjamin Franklin: Achievements and inventions of Benjamin Franklin: In 1727 he organized the Junto, or Leather Apron Club, to debate questions of morals, politics, and natural philosophy and to exchange knowledge of business affairs. The need of Junto members for easier access to books led in 1731 to the organization of the Library Company of Philadelphia. Through the…

United Kingdom: The sinews of war: The ascendancy of the so-called Junto Whigs might have been secured had not European events once again intruded into English affairs. In 1697 the War of the Grand Alliance ended with the Treaty of Rijswijk, in which Louis XIV formally recognized William III as king of England.

junzi, in Chinese philosophy, a person whose humane conduct (ren) makes him a moral exemplar. The term junzi was originally applied to princes or aristocratic men. Confucius invested the term with an ethical significance while maintaining its connotation of noble refinement. Unlike the petty person

Lithuania: Relief: …the Ašmena highlands—the latter containing Mount Juozapinė, at 957 feet (292 metres) above sea level the highest point in Lithuania—are located in the extreme east and southeast.

Jupiter, the most massive planet of the solar system and the fifth in distance from the Sun. It is one of the brightest objects in the night sky; only the Moon, Venus, and sometimes Mars are more brilliant. Jupiter is designated by the symbol ♃. When ancient astronomers named the planet Jupiter for

20th-century international relations: The Cuban missile crisis: Those antiquated Jupiters, deployed in the early post-Sputnik scare, were already due for removal, but Kennedy would not do so under Soviet threat. Hence Attorney General Robert Kennedy suggested a ploy: simply reply to Khrushchev’s first note as if the second had never been sent. On the…

Jupiter, the chief ancient Roman and Italian god. Like Zeus, the Greek god with whom he is etymologically identical (root diu, “bright”), Jupiter was a sky god. One of his most ancient epithets is Lucetius (“Light-Bringer”); and later literature has preserved the same idea in such phrases as sub

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: Early life and works: …that characterized the figures in Jupiter and Thetis (1811), the culminating work of Ingres’s student years in Rome.

Western architecture: Stylistic development: The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome, built about this time, resembled Etruscan buildings in central Italy—at Signia, Orvieto, Veii, and elsewhere—in its podium (base or platform on which it rests), its triple cella, its broad low Etruscan porch, and its characteristic terra-cotta adornment. The Capitolium…

Jupiter Dolichenus, god of a Roman mystery cult, originally a local Hittite-Hurrian god of fertility and thunder worshiped at Doliche (modern Dülük), in southeastern Turkey. Later the deity was given a Semitic character, but, under Achaemenid rule (6th–4th century bc), he was identified with the

mystery religion: Roman imperial times: …of several deities, of which Jupiter Heliopolitanus (the local god of Heliopolis; modern Baʿlabakk, Lebanon) and Jupiter Dolichenus (the local god of Doliche in Commagene; modern Dülük, Turkey) were the most important. Adonis (a god of vegetation) of Byblos (in modern Lebanon) had long been familiar to the Greeks and…

Io, innermost of the four large moons (Galilean satellites) discovered around Jupiter by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. It was probably also discovered independently that same year by the German astronomer Simon Marius, who named it after Io of Greek mythology. Io is the most volcanically

Europa, the smallest and second nearest of the four large moons (Galilean satellites) discovered around Jupiter by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. It was probably also discovered independently that same year by the German astronomer Simon Marius, who named it after Europa of Greek

Ganymede, largest of Jupiter’s satellites and of all the satellites in the solar system. One of the Galilean moons, it was discovered by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. It was probably also discovered independently that same year by the German astronomer Simon Marius, who named it after

Callisto, outermost of the four large moons (Galilean satellites) discovered around Jupiter by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. It was probably also discovered independently that same year by the German astronomer Simon Marius, who named it after Callisto of Greek mythology. Callisto is a

Jupiter, the chief ancient Roman and Italian god. Like Zeus, the Greek god with whom he is etymologically identical (root diu, “bright”), Jupiter was a sky god. One of his most ancient epithets is Lucetius (“Light-Bringer”); and later literature has preserved the same idea in such phrases as sub

Jupiter, the chief ancient Roman and Italian god. Like Zeus, the Greek god with whom he is etymologically identical (root diu, “bright”), Jupiter was a sky god. One of his most ancient epithets is Lucetius (“Light-Bringer”); and later literature has preserved the same idea in such phrases as sub

Rome: The Capitoline: …bce the site of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the largest temple in central Italy. The tufa platform on which it was built, now exposed behind and beneath the Palazzo dei Conservatori, measured 203 by 174 feet (62 by 53 metres), probably with three rows of six columns across…

Jupiter Symphony, orchestral work by Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, known for its good humour, exuberant energy, and unusually grand scale for a symphony of the Classical period. These qualities likely earned the symphony its nickname “Jupiter”—for the chief god of the ancient Roman

Valerianoideae: Red valerian, or Jupiter’s-beard (Centranthus ruber), native to the Mediterranean, is widely naturalized in British meadows, on roadsides, and on walls. Its billowy masses of pink, white, or red tiny fragrant blooms are borne on stems sometimes reaching 90 cm (3 feet).

Baalbek: …on the site is the Temple of Jupiter (completed 2nd century ce), only portions of which remain. It was a massive building, entered by a propylaea, or entranceway, leading to a hexagonal forecourt and then to a rectangular main court 343 feet (104.5 meters) long and 338 feet (103 meters)…

Wernher von Braun: Work in the United States: Under his leadership, the Redstone, Jupiter-C, Juno, and Pershing missiles were developed. In 1955 he became a U.S. citizen and, characteristically, accepted citizenship wholeheartedly. During the 1950s Braun became a national and international focal point for the promotion of space flight. He was the author or coauthor of popular articles…

comet: Dynamics: …into two dynamical groups: the short-period comets with orbital periods shorter than 200 years and the long-period comets with orbital periods longer than 200 years. The short-period comets were split into two groups, the Jupiter-family comets with periods shorter than about 20 years and the Halley-type comets with periods longer…

Jacques Chirac: Corruption charges: …2004 his former prime minister Alain Juppé was convicted of misappropriating public funds. Chirac, too, was allegedly involved in corrupt political dealings, but he remained immune from prosecution until his term as president ended. In 2009 a magistrate ordered the former president to face trial on charges dating back to…

Aeneas: …god called, according to Livy, Juppiter indiges.

Franche-Comté: …encompassed the eastern départements of Jura, Doubs, Haute-Saône, and the Territoire de Belfort. In 2016 the Franche-Comté région was joined with the neighbouring région of Burgundy to form the new administrative entity of Bourgogne–Franche-Comté.

Jura Mountains, system of ranges extending for 225 miles (360 km) in an arc on both sides of the Franco-Swiss border from the Rhône River to the Rhine. It lies mostly in Switzerland, but a good part of the western sector lies in France. The highest peaks of the Jura are in the south, in the Geneva

Jura, canton, northwestern Switzerland, comprising the folded Jura Mountains in the south and extending northward to the hilly region of the limestone Jura Plateau, including the districts of the Franches Montagnes and the Ajoie. Bordering France to the north and west, it is bounded on the south by

Jura, fourth largest island of the Inner Hebrides, Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. It is 27 miles (43 km) long, 2–8 miles (3–13 km) wide, and almost bisected by Loch Tarbert (a sea loch). A mountain range culminating in the Paps of Jura—with an elevation of

Jura Mountains, system of ranges extending for 225 miles (360 km) in an arc on both sides of the Franco-Swiss border from the Rhône River to the Rhine. It lies mostly in Switzerland, but a good part of the western sector lies in France. The highest peaks of the Jura are in the south, in the Geneva

One-Eyed Jacks: …a local woman, Maria (Katy Jurado), and he prides himself on being a good stepfather to her daughter, Louisa (Pina Pellicer). Although initially wary of Rio’s motives, Dad accepts his former partner’s lies when he says that he bears Dad no malice. Rio subsequently seduces Louisa, outraging Dad. After…

Juran was a Chinese painter of the Five Dynasties (907–960) period. He was one of the most innovative artists working in the pure landscape tradition. Little is known of Juran other than that he was a Buddhist priest (Juran is a priestly name—his family name is never mentioned) and that he worked

First Men in the Moon: Production notes and credits:

Jurassic Park, science-fiction film series that grapples with the consequences of reintroducing dinosaurs in the present day through laboratory cloning. The series, which now contains six films, was initially based on two novels by the American author Michael Crichton. It is one of the most

Michael Crichton: …the massively successful science-fiction thriller Jurassic Park, which grimly envisions the human resurrection of the dinosaurs through genetic engineering. He wrote the screenplay for the 1993 film adaptation, which was a box-office hit, and for such other works as The Lost World (1995; film 1997), a sequel to Jurassic Park.…

Jurassic Park: …concluded as a trilogy with Jurassic Park III (2001). With director Joe Johnston at the helm, this film saw the return of Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler. Grant is persuaded to visit Isla Sorna, where he and his party must once again confront the dangers of dinosaurs bred in the…

Jurassic Period, second of three periods of the Mesozoic Era. Extending from 201.3 million to 145 million years ago, it immediately followed the Triassic Period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago) and was succeeded by the Cretaceous Period (145 million to 66 million years ago). The Morrison

Nevadan orogeny: …the formation of vast Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous batholiths (large bodies of igneous rock that formed underground) in southern California, the Sierra Nevada, the Coast Ranges, Idaho, and British Columbia. Folding and thrust faulting took place on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and in the Klamath Mountains…