Vincent D’Onofrio: …a misguided security guard in Jurassic World (2015), a coach in the biopic Pele: Birth of a Legend (2016), and Jack Horne in the 2016 remake of The Magnificent Seven. In addition, he played a supervillain in the Marvel Cinematic Universe streaming series Daredevil (2015–18) and had the same part…

Laura Dern: …role of Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion.

Jurassic Park: …was followed by two sequels: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), starring Pratt, Howard, and Goldblum; and Jurassic World Dominion (2022), in which Dern and Neill also resumed their earlier roles. Although both sequels were panned by critics, the franchise continued to rake in ticket sales.

Europe: Culture groups: … of southern Belgium and the Jurassiens of the Jura in Switzerland both speak French, yet they see themselves as quite different from the French because their groups have developed almost completely outside the boundaries of France. Even when coexisting within the same state, some groups may have similar languages and…

Jin dynasty, (1115–1234), dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen (or Jurchen) tribes of Manchuria. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China. Originally subjects of the Liao, an Inner Asian dynasty created in the 10th century by the Khitan tribes,

Jin dynasty, (1115–1234), dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen (or Jurchen) tribes of Manchuria. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China. Originally subjects of the Liao, an Inner Asian dynasty created in the 10th century by the Khitan tribes,

Manchu-Tungus languages: Linguistic history: …of the Manchu-Tungus family is Juchen (Jurchen), which was spoken by the founders of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern China. Almost nothing is known about this now-extinct language because few examples of written Juchen remain, these being inscriptions on stelae found in Manchuria and Korea. Juchen script was borrowed…

Jin dynasty, (1115–1234), dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen (or Jurchen) tribes of Manchuria. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China. Originally subjects of the Liao, an Inner Asian dynasty created in the 10th century by the Khitan tribes,

John Paul Stevens: …coauthored the majority opinion in Jurek v. Texas (1976), which reinstated the death penalty in the United States, he remained suspicious of capital punishment, opposing it for convicted rapists and for those under age 18 at the time their crimes were committed. Eventually he concluded that adequate protections against bias…

drug cult: Other psychedelic substances: …the ajuca ceremony of the Jurema cult in eastern Brazil.

China: Later innovations: Those who passed the provincial examinations (juren) could be appointed directly to posts in the lower echelons of the civil service. They were also eligible to compete in triennial metropolitan examinations conducted at the national capital. Those who passed were given degrees often called doctorates (jinshi) and promptly took…

Jurgen, novel by James Branch Cabell, published in 1919. The New York Society for the Prevention of Vice declared Jurgen obscene and banned all displays and sales of the book. Both Jurgen and Cabell achieved considerable notoriety during the two years the book could not be sold legally; when the

Jurgen, novel by James Branch Cabell, published in 1919. The New York Society for the Prevention of Vice declared Jurgen obscene and banned all displays and sales of the book. Both Jurgen and Cabell achieved considerable notoriety during the two years the book could not be sold legally; when the

Curt Jurgens was a German stage and motion-picture actor. He was a journalist who entered the theatre at the urging of an actress whom he was interviewing, and thereafter he worked steadily in the German theatre and in German and English films, making more than 150 of them. International

Curt Jurgens was a German stage and motion-picture actor. He was a journalist who entered the theatre at the urging of an actress whom he was interviewing, and thereafter he worked steadily in the German theatre and in German and English films, making more than 150 of them. International

Washington Commanders: …of this era were quarterback Sonny Jurgensen and wide receiver Bobby Mitchell, who starred for the Redskins in the 1960s and were inducted together into the Hall of Fame in 1983.

George Berkeley: His American venture and ensuing years: James Jurin, a Cambridge physician and scientist, John Walton of Dublin, and Colin Maclaurin, a Scottish mathematician, took part. Berkeley answered Jurin in his lively satire A Defence of Free-Thinking in Mathematics (1735) and answered Walton in an appendix to that work and again in…

Richard Zouche: …his treatise on international law, Juris et Judicii Fecialis (1650), the first scientific manual covering the entire field. As custom and contemporary precedents loomed larger in his work than in the work of earlier writers, Zouche is thought by some scholars to have been the first positivist. Though he did…

jurisdiction, in law, the authority of a court to hear and determine cases. This authority is constitutionally based. Examples of judicial jurisdiction are: appellate jurisdiction, in which a superior court has power to correct legal errors made in a lower court; concurrent jurisdiction, in which a

jurisprudence, Science or philosophy of law. Jurisprudence may be divided into three branches: analytical, sociological, and theoretical. The analytical branch articulates axioms, defines terms, and prescribes the methods that best enable one to view the legal order as an internally consistent,

legal education: History: …instruction, and a class of jurisprudentes (nonpriestly legal consultants) emerged. A student, in addition to reading the few law books that were available, might attach himself to a particular jurisprudens and learn the law by attending consultations and by discussing points with his master. Over the ensuing centuries a body…

Friedrich Karl von Savigny: Legal philosophy: …1802–03 (published in 1951 as Juristische Methodenlehre, nach der Ausarbeitung des Jakob Grimm; “Legal Methodology as Elaborated by Jakob Grimm”). He held that legal science should be both historical and systematic, meaning that it should endeavour to show the inner coherence of the material handed down in the historical sources…

al-Jurjānī was a leading traditionalist theologian of 15th-century Iran. Jurjānī received a varied education, first in Harāt and then in Egypt. He visited Constantinople in 1374, and, upon his return in 1377, he was given a teaching appointment in Shīrāz. In 1387 Shīrāz fell to Timur, the famous

Arabic literature: Emerging poetics: However, with ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, a paramount figure of the 11th century in Arabic and world criticism, the comparison of the tropes of the Qurʾānic text with other types of text became a highly sophisticated exploration of the nature of meaning. His Dalāʾil al-Iʿjāz (“Proofs of Iʿjāz”)…

history of medicine: Translators and saints: …where the chief physician was Jurjīs ibn Bukhtīshūʿ, the first of a dynasty of translators and physicians that lasted for six generations. A later translator of great renown was Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, or Johannitus (born 809), whose translations were said to be worth their weight in gold.

Mardaïte, member of a Christian people of northern Syria, employed as soldiers by Byzantine emperors. The Mardaïtes inhabited the Amanus (Gāvur) Mountains, in the modern Turkish province of Hatay, the 7th-century borderland between Byzantine and Muslim territory. In the period 660–680, allied with

Genghis Khan: Rise to power of Genghis Khan: …treated the nobility of the Jürkin clan in the same way. These princes, supposedly his allies, had profited by his absence on a raid against the Tatars to plunder his property. Temüjin exterminated the clan nobility and took the common people as his own soldiery and servants. When his power…

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Jurodidae 1 species, Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae. Family Micromalthidae Rare; 1 to 2 species; most complex life cycle among coleopterans. Family Ommatidae 2 extant genera (Omma and Tetraphalerus), containing 6

Jurōjin, in Japanese mythology, one of the Shichi-fuku-jin (“Seven Gods of Luck”), particularly associated with longevity. He is supposed, like Fukurokuju, another of the seven with whom he is often confused, to have once lived on earth as a Chinese Taoist sage. He is often depicted as an old man

Jurong, district and industrial complex of southwestern Singapore. Jurong estate, one of the largest industrial sites (9,600 acres [3,900 hectares]) in Southeast Asia, occupies drained swampland near the mouth of the Jurong River. It has heavy and light industries and is served by access roads, a

Jurong Bird Park, specialty zoo in Singapore noted for its extensive aviaries. The park, managed by a government-owned company, opened in 1971. It occupies a 20-hectare (48-acre) site on the slopes of Jurong Hill, which is located about 24 km (15 miles) from downtown Singapore. The park’s most

Jurong: Jurong estate, one of the largest industrial sites (9,600 acres [3,900 hectares]) in Southeast Asia, occupies drained swampland near the mouth of the Jurong River. It has heavy and light industries and is served by access roads, a spur railway, and its own harbor.

Jurong Bird Park: …site on the slopes of Jurong Hill, which is located about 24 km (15 miles) from downtown Singapore. The park’s most spectacular exhibit is a 2-hectare (5-acre) free-flight aviary, and there are numerous other aviaries in the park. The park houses some 3,000 birds of more than 300 species. It…

Clint Eastwood: 2000 and beyond: In 2024 Eastwood directed Juror #2. In the courtroom drama, a man recovering from alcoholism (Nicholas Hoult) is selected to serve on the jury for a murder case, and he begins to think that he might be the killer. The cast included J.K. Simmons as a former detective also…

Juruá River, river that rises in the highlands east of the Ucayali River in east-central Peru. It flows northward through Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, it meanders eastward and then east-northeastward, emptying into the stretch of the Amazon River known as the Solimões River,

Juruá River, river that rises in the highlands east of the Ucayali River in east-central Peru. It flows northward through Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, it meanders eastward and then east-northeastward, emptying into the stretch of the Amazon River known as the Solimões River,

Juruena River, river, west-central Brazil, rising in the Serra dos Parecis and descending northward from the Mato Grosso Plateau for 770 miles (1,240 km), receiving the Arinos River and joining the Teles Pires, or São Manuel, to form the Tapajós River, a major affluent of the Amazon. A

jury, historic legal institution in which a group of laypersons participate in deciding cases brought to trial. Its exact characteristics and powers depend on the laws and practices of the countries, provinces, or states in which it is found, and there is considerable variation. Basically, however,

voir dire, in law, process of questioning by which members of a jury are selected from a large panel, or venire, of prospective jurors. The veniremen are questioned by the judge or by the attorneys for the respective parties. The voir dire attempts to detect bias or preconceived notions of guilt or

jury: The controversy over the jury: …(which is sometimes known as jury nullification), and hence will administer justice unevenly. They also allege that juries produce a government by individuals and not by the rule of law, against which Anglo-American political tradition is so steadfastly set. Supporters of the jury system offer this very flexibility as its…

grand jury: Although the jury works closely with the prosecutor, it is not formally under his control.

personal-liberty laws: …which did not provide for trial by jury, Indiana (1824) and Connecticut (1828) enacted laws making jury trials for escaped slaves possible upon appeal. In 1840 Vermont and New York granted fugitives the right of jury trial and provided them with attorneys. After 1842, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled…

just war: …resort to armed force (jus ad bellum) is justified under certain conditions; also, the notion that the use of such force (jus in bello) should be limited in certain ways. Just war is a Western concept and should be distinguished from the Islamic concept of jihad (Arabic: “striving”), or…

canon law, body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government both of the whole church and parts thereof and of the behavior and

Roman law: Development of the jus civile and jus gentium: …the republic (753–31 bce), the jus civile (civil law) developed. Based on custom or legislation, it applied exclusively to Roman citizens. By the middle of the 3rd century bce, however, another type of law, jus gentium (law of nations), was developed by the Romans to be applied both to themselves…

international law: Hierarchies of sources and norms: Jus cogens (Latin: “compelling law”) rules are peremptory norms that cannot be deviated from by states; they possess a higher status than jus dispositivum (Latin: “law subject to the dispensation of the parties”), or normal international rules, and can be altered only by subsequent norms…

civil law: The historical rise of civil law: …thus emerged was called the jus commune. In actual practice it varied from place to place, but it was nevertheless a unit that was held together by a common tradition and a common stock of learning. Although the law of the Corpus Juris Civilis (especially its main part, the Digest—the…

international law: Hierarchies of sources and norms: …possess a higher status than jus dispositivum (Latin: “law subject to the dispensation of the parties”), or normal international rules, and can be altered only by subsequent norms of the same status. Rules in the former category include the prohibitions against genocide, slavery, and piracy and the outlawing of aggression.…

pontifex: …with the administration of the jus divinum (i.e., that part of the civil law that regulated the relations of the community with the deities recognized by the state), together with a general superintendence of the worship of gens and family. Whether the literal meaning of the name indicates any special…

Samuel, baron von Pufendorf: Career in Sweden: A posthumous work, Jus Feciale Sive de Consensu et Dissensu Protestantium (“Law of Diplomacy, or Agreement and Disagreement of Protestants”), was published in 1695 and expounded more of his ideas on ecclesiastical law, arguing in favour of the formation of a united Protestant church from the Reformed and…

Gnaeus Flavius: …work later known as the Jus Flavianum. From this work the Roman people for the first time could learn the legis actiones, or verbal formulas required to maintain legal proceedings, and the dies fasti, or specified days on which proceedings could be instituted.

Emmerich de Vattel: …he acknowledged, a popularization of Jus gentium (1749; “The Law of Nations”), by the German philosopher Christian Wolff. Vattel, however, rejected Wolff’s conception of a regulatory world state, substituting national rights and duties proceeding from his own view of the law of nature.

jus gentium, (Latin: “law of nations”), in legal theory, that law which natural reason establishes for all men, as distinguished from jus civile, or the civil law peculiar to one state or people. Roman lawyers and magistrates originally devised jus gentium as a system of equity applying to cases

jus gentium: …there is a distinction between jus gentium privatum, which denotes private international law, otherwise known as conflict of laws, and jus gentium publicum, which denotes the system of rules governing the intercourse of nations.

jus gentium: …as conflict of laws, and jus gentium publicum, which denotes the system of rules governing the intercourse of nations.

just war: …debate often has centred on jus in bello issues—especially the question of whether the use of nuclear weapons is ever just. The Hague Convention (1899 and 1907) and the Geneva Conventions attempted to regulate conflict and the treatment of prisoners of war and civilians by imposing international standards. Three principles…

jus Latii, in the Roman Republic and the Empire, certain rights and privileges, amounting to qualified citizenship, of a person who was not a Roman citizen. The rights were originally held only by the Latins, or inhabitants of Latium (the region around Rome), but they were later granted to other

natural law, in philosophy, system of right or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society, or positive law. There have been several disagreements over the meaning of natural law and its relation to positive law. Aristotle (384–322 bce) held

Roman law: Written and unwritten law: …jus scriptum (written law) and jus non scriptum (unwritten law). By “unwritten law” they meant custom; by “written law” they meant not only the laws derived from legislation but, literally, laws based on any written source.

droit du seigneur, (French: “right of the lord”), a feudal right said to have existed in medieval Europe giving the lord to whom it belonged the right to sleep the first night with the bride of any one of his vassals. The custom is paralleled in various primitive societies, but the evidence of its

Sir George Mackenzie: In Jus Regium (1684) and other works, he advocated doctrines of royal prerogative and the support of hereditary monarchy; yet he criticized intolerance and inhumanity. Mackenzie’s Vindication of the Government of Scotland During the Reign of Charles II (1691) is a valuable primary source for that…

Golden Bull of 1222: …the right to resist ( jus resistendi) without being subject to punishment for treason. After 1222 all Hungarian kings had to swear to uphold the Golden Bull.

citizenship: …regardless of parental citizenship; and jus sanguinis, whereby a person, wherever born, is a citizen of the state if, at the time of his or her birth, his or her parent is one. The United States and the countries of the British Commonwealth adopt the jus soli as their basic…

Roman law: Written and unwritten law: …Romans divided their law into jus scriptum (written law) and jus non scriptum (unwritten law). By “unwritten law” they meant custom; by “written law” they meant not only the laws derived from legislation but, literally, laws based on any written source.

jus soli, in legal theory, the rule or law that provides that citizenship is acquired by birth within the territory of the state, regardless of parental citizenship. Originating in English common law, jus soli serves as the basis for citizenship in nearly every nation-state in the Western

jusimpo style, Korean adaptation of the Chinese architecture of the Tang period (618–907 ce). Tang architecture was first introduced into Korea in the middle of the Goryeo period (935–1392). In southern China, particularly in Fujian province, the Tang architectural style underwent certain changes

Jean- Jules Jusserand was a French scholar and diplomat who, as French ambassador to Washington, D.C. (1902–25), helped secure the entry of the United States into World War I. He was a noted Middle English literature scholar. En Amérique jadis et maintenant (1916; With Americans of Past and Present

Jean- Jules Jusserand was a French scholar and diplomat who, as French ambassador to Washington, D.C. (1902–25), helped secure the entry of the United States into World War I. He was a noted Middle English literature scholar. En Amérique jadis et maintenant (1916; With Americans of Past and Present

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu: His son, Adrien-Laurent-Henri de Jussieu (1797–1853), is best known for his Embryons Monocotylédones (1844), on which he worked for more than 13 years, and Cours élémentaire de botanique (1842–44), which was translated into many languages.

Antoine de Jussieu was a French physician and botanist who wrote many papers on human anatomy, zoology, and botany, including one on the flower and fruit of the coffee shrub. After studying medicine at the University of Montpellier, he travelled through Spain, Portugal, and southern France, making

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu was a French botanist who developed the principles that served as the foundation of a natural system of plant classification. Antoine-Laurent was brought in 1770 by his uncle Bernard to the Jardin du Roi, where he became demonstrator in botany. In 1773 his paper,

Bernard de Jussieu was a French botanist who founded a method of plant classification based on the anatomical characters of the plant embryo. After studying medicine at Montpellier, he became in 1722 subdemonstrator of plants in the Jardin du Roi, Paris. In 1759 he was invited to develop a

Joseph de Jussieu was a French botanist who accompanied the French physicist Charles-Marie de la Condamine’s expedition to Peru to measure an arc of meridian. He remained in South America for 35 years, returning to Paris in 1771. He introduced the common garden heliotrope (Heliotropium peruvianum)

Parlement: …to order it in a letter or appear in person before the Parlement in a special session called the lit de justice (literally “bed of justice,” a term originally used to describe the seat occupied by the king in these proceedings), where his presence would suspend any delegation of authority…

Danny Glover: …his feature-film directorial debut with Just a Dream in 2002.

Marlene Dietrich: …she appeared in the film Just a Gigolo (1978). The documentary film Marlene, a review of her life and career, which included a voice-over interview of the star by Maximilian Schell, was released in 1986. Her autobiography, Ich bin, Gott sei Dank, Berlinerin (“I Am, Thank God, a Berliner”; Eng.…

James Baldwin: Later career and honors: …Street Could Talk (1974), and Just Above My Head (1979) as well as a collection of autobiographical writings, The Price of the Ticket (1985). Yet none of his later works achieved the popular and critical success of his early work, and he struggled to drum up publishers’ interest in some…

Jimmy Webb: Later hits and works: …Twilight of the Renegades (2005), Just Across the River (2010), and Still Within the Sound of My Voice (2013).

Stephen King: Short fiction: …in Atlantis (1999; film 2001), Just After Sunset (2008), and The Bazaar of Bad Dreams (2015). His collection You Like It Darker was released in 2024. Among its stories is “The Answer Man,” which King began writing in the 1970s but did not finish because he did not think the…

Irving Cummings: …then made the Depression-era comedy Just Around the Corner (1938), which also starred Bill Robinson. It marked the last collaboration between Cummings and Temple, whose popularity subsequently waned.

Tarana Burke: …grew into the nonprofit organization Just Be, Inc. It provides workshops and training dedicated to the health and well-being of young women of colour. During this time Burke first used the phrase “me too” while talking with a survivor of sexual assault. To further the Me Too movement, she created…

just compensation, Compensation for property taken under eminent domain that places a property owner in the same position as before the property was taken. It is usually the fair market value of the property taken. Attorney’s fees or expenses are usually

Lady Gaga: Success: The Fame and The Fame Monster: Her first single, “Just Dance,” became popular in clubs throughout the United States and Europe and eventually landed at number one on the Billboard Pop Songs chart (also called the radio chart). Three other singles off The Fame—“Poker Face,” “LoveGame,” and “Paparazzi”—also reached number one on the radio…

Robert Nozick: The entitlement theory of justice of Robert Nozick: …justice: they wrongly define a just distribution in terms of the pattern it exhibits at a given time (e.g., an equal distribution or a distribution that is unequal to a certain extent) or in terms of the historical circumstances surrounding its development (e.g., those who worked the hardest have more)…

Morgan Freeman: …plan a bank heist, and Just Getting Started (2017), in which two rivals at a retirement community team up to save the woman of both their affections from her kidnappers.

Jennifer Aniston: Rom-coms: …Hunter (2010), The Switch (2010), Just Go with It (2011), and Wanderlust (2012).

David Butler: …Gaynor and Charles Farrell, and Just Imagine (1930), an ambitious futuristic comedy starring comedian El Brendel as a man who awakes after 50 years and finds himself in 1980s New York City. Butler also directed Will Rogers in several movies, including A Connecticut Yankee (1931), an adaptation of Mark Twain’s…

just intonation, in music, system of tuning in which the correct size of all the intervals of the scale is calculated by different additions and subtractions of pure natural thirds and fifths (the intervals that occur between the fourth and fifth, and second and third tones, respectively, of the

Patti Smith: …2010 Smith published the memoir Just Kids, which focused on her relationship with Mapplethorpe. The critically acclaimed work won the National Book Award for nonfiction. Her other memoirs are M Train (2015), about her travels and other experiences, and Year of the Monkey (2019), which includes some of her photographs.…

Roberta Flack: Career: …singer Buffy Sainte-Marie, and “Just Like a Woman” by singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. Chapter Two was produced by Dorn and R&B pioneer King Curtis and arranged by Hathaway. On her 1971 album Quiet Fire, Flack explores the slower, softer side of soul music with renditions of “Bridge over Troubled Water,”…

Bonnie Raitt: Her 18th studio album, Just Like That… (2022), featured several Grammy-winning tracks, most notably the eponymous single, which was named song of the year. Raitt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.

Nick Hornby: Other novels: In Just Like You (2020), a white middle-aged woman in the midst of a divorce falls in love with a much younger Black man.

Ashton Kutcher: Stardom: …in the popular romantic comedy Just Married. Also in 2003 he cocreated and began hosting the MTV reality show Punk’d, in which he and his fellow cast members played practical jokes on celebrities. The program ran until 2007, though it was later revived several times with different hosts.

Horace: Life: …principles taken from Hellenistic philosophy: metriotes (the just mean) and autarkeia (the wise man’s self-sufficiency). The ideal of the just mean allows Horace, who is philosophically an Epicurean, to reconcile traditional morality with hedonism. Self-sufficiency is the basis for his aspiration for a quiet life, far from political passions and…

al-Ghazālī: …Spanish), al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād (The Just Mean in Belief ), was probably written before he became a mystic, but there is nothing in the authentic writings to show that he rejected these doctrines, even though he came to hold that theology—the rational, systematic presentation of religious truths—was inferior to…

Jamie Foxx: Later credits: …Jefferson, and the film drama Just Mercy. The following year he starred in the Netflix action movie Project Power, which centers on a drug that temporarily gives users special powers. Foxx then voiced a jazz musician in the Pixar animated film Soul (2020). In the TV sitcom Dad Stop Embarrassing…

Chris Pine: Stardom: Star Trek series and Unstoppable: …the critically panned romantic comedy Just My Luck. His other films from 2006 include another rom-com, Blind Dating, and the mob drama Smokin’ Aces, in which he appeared in his first action role.

Elizabeth George: … (2005), Careless in Red (2008), Just One Evil Act (2013), The Punishment She Deserves (2018), and Something to Hide (2022). Between 2001 and 2008 the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the public television station WGBH in Boston coproduced a television series based on the Lynley novels.

War on Drugs: …on Drugs with her “Just Say No” campaign, which was a privately funded effort to educate schoolchildren on the dangers of drug use. The expansion of the War on Drugs was in many ways driven by increased media coverage of—and resulting public nervousness over—the crack epidemic that arose in…

Just So Stories, collection of children’s animal fables linked by poems by Rudyard Kipling, published in 1902. Most of the stories include far-fetched descriptions of how certain animals developed their peculiar physical characteristics, as in “How the Leopard Got His Spots.” In the stories,