James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), U.S.–European Space Agency–Canadian satellite observatory designed as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and launched by an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana, on December 25, 2021. The JWST has a mirror 6.5 metres (21.3 feet) in diameter,

flamingo: …andinus) and the puna, or James’s, flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi). The former has a pink band on each of its yellow legs, and the latter was thought extinct until a remote population was discovered in 1956.

curly mesquite: …curly mesquite (Hilaria belangeri) and James’s galleta (H. jamesii) are particularly palatable to livestock when fresh and green.

Jesse James and Frank James: …a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family’s sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Frank joined William C. Quantrill’s Confederate guerrillas, becoming friends with Cole Younger, a fellow member. Jesse followed suit by joining “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrilla band. At the…

A.J.P. Martin: In 1953 Martin and A.T. James helped perfect gas chromatography, the separation of chemical vapours by differential absorption on a porous solid.

sabermetrics: Bill James and the advent of sabermetrics: The first of those amateurs to make a real name for himself was a young Kansan named Bill James. In 1977 James self-published his first Baseball Abstract, which was filled with original studies based on information James had…

C.L.R. James was a West Indian-born cultural historian, cricket writer, and political activist who was a leading figure in the Pan-African movement. James was certified as a teacher at Queen’s Royal College in Port of Spain, Trinidad (1918). In 1932 he moved to England, where he published The Life

C.L.R. James was a West Indian-born cultural historian, cricket writer, and political activist who was a leading figure in the Pan-African movement. James was certified as a teacher at Queen’s Royal College in Port of Spain, Trinidad (1918). In 1932 he moved to England, where he published The Life

E.L. James is a British author best known for the Fifty Shades series of erotic novels. James is the daughter of a Chilean mother and a Scottish father. She studied history at the University of Kent before taking a job as a studio manager’s assistant at the National Film and Television School in

Elmore James was an American blues singer-guitarist noted for the urgent intensity of his singing and guitar playing. Known as the “King of the Slide Guitar,” he was a significant influence on the development of rock music. Born into a sharecropping family, James played guitar in his teens and

Etta James was a popular American rhythm-and-blues entertainer who in time became a successful ballad singer. James was reared by foster parents until her mother (who was 14 when James was born) took her 12-year-old daughter to San Francisco. There James formed a girl doo-wop trio called the

Jesse James and Frank James: …a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family’s sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Frank joined William C. Quantrill’s Confederate guerrillas, becoming friends with Cole Younger, a fellow member. Jesse followed suit by joining “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrilla band. At the…

Fred Allen was an American humorist whose laconic style, dry wit, and superb timing influenced a generation of radio and television performers. While working as a stack boy in the Boston Public Library, the young Sullivan came across a book on juggling from which he picked up that craft. He began

Harry James was an American jazz musician and bandleader, and one of the most popular and dynamic trumpet players of the big band era. The son of circus performers, James learned to play drums at age 4 and the trumpet at 8; when he was 12 he led one of the circus bands. As a young man he played

Harry James was an American jazz musician and bandleader, and one of the most popular and dynamic trumpet players of the big band era. The son of circus performers, James learned to play drums at age 4 and the trumpet at 8; when he was 12 he led one of the circus bands. As a young man he played

Henry James was an American philosophical theologian, the father of the novelist Henry James and the philosopher William James. A graduate of Union College, Schenectady, N.Y. (1830), James worked in business and law and then studied at Princeton Theological Seminary (1835–37). Although he was

Henry James was an American novelist and, as a naturalized English citizen from 1915, a great figure in the transatlantic culture. His fundamental theme was the innocence and exuberance of the New World in clash with the corruption and wisdom of the Old, as illustrated in such works as Daisy Miller

Jesse James and Frank James: Reared on a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family’s sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Frank joined William C. Quantrill’s Confederate guerrillas, becoming friends with Cole Younger, a fellow member. Jesse followed suit by joining “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrilla band.…

Jesse James and Frank James: Reared on a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared their family’s sympathy with the Southern cause when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Frank joined William C. Quantrill’s Confederate guerrillas, becoming friends with Cole Younger, a fellow member. Jesse followed suit by joining “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrilla band.…

Jesse James and Frank James were two brothers who were among the most notorious outlaws of the American West, engaging in robberies that came to typify the hazards of the 19th-century frontier as it has been portrayed in motion-picture westerns. Reared on a Missouri farm, Jesse and Frank shared

Kevin James is an American comedian and actor best known for playing affable working-class characters, most notably Doug Heffernan in the CBS sitcom The King of Queens (1998–2007) and the title character in the box-office hit movie Paul Blart: Mall Cop and its sequel (2009 and 2015). James’s real

LeBron James is an American professional basketball player who is widely considered one of the greatest all-around players of all time and who won National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Miami Heat (2012 and 2013), the Cleveland Cavaliers (2016), and the Los Angeles Lakers

LeBron James is an American professional basketball player who is widely considered one of the greatest all-around players of all time and who won National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Miami Heat (2012 and 2013), the Cleveland Cavaliers (2016), and the Los Angeles Lakers

Ivanka Trump: …in New York Attorney General Letitia James’s investigation into the Trump Organization’s business practices; the inquiry, which had begun in 2019, was especially focused on allegations that the company had misstated the value of its properties. In September 2022 James filed a lawsuit against the Trump Organization, Donald Trump, Ivanka…

Letter of James, New Testament writing addressed to the early Christian churches (“to the twelve tribes in the dispersion”) and attributed to James, a Christian Jew, whose identity is disputed. There is also wide disagreement as to the date of composition, though many scholars hold that it was

Lily James is an English screen and stage actress whose supporting role (2012–15) in the television series Downton Abbey launched her career. She was soon garnering lead parts in such big-screen movies as Disney’s live-action Cinderella (2015) as well as the Jane Austen parody Pride and Prejudice

Liturgy of St. James, a eucharistic service based on the Antiochene Liturgy, said to be the most ancient Christian liturgy. Modified forms of the Liturgy of St. James are used by Catholic Syrians, Miaphysite Syrians (Jacobites), Maronites, and the Orthodox of Zakynthos and Jerusalem. In most

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: Marlon James: In 2015 James became the first writer from Jamaica to win Britain’s prestigious Man Booker Prize. He won for his novel

P.D. James was a British mystery novelist best known for her fictional detective Adam Dalgliesh of Scotland Yard. The daughter of a middle-grade civil servant, James grew up in the university town of Cambridge. Her formal education, however, ended at age 16 because of lack of funds, and she was

geography: Geography in the United States: …published major texts, such as Preston E. James in his renowned Latin America (1942). Many introductory texts, such as James’s An Outline of Geography (1935), used regional divisions of the world as organizing templates, though the regions were usually defined at much larger scales than the Vidalian pays.

Dave Chappelle: …of anecdotes about outlandish musician Rick James, in which Chappelle reenacted the events as James while the real James provided occasional commentary. The first season of the show was released on DVD in 2004 and quickly became the best-selling television program in that format’s history. That year Chappelle also released…

Saint James ; Western feast day May 3) was a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles. He was leader of the Jerusalem Christians, who with Saints Peter and John the Evangelist is one of “the pillars of the church.” Confusion has arisen over his

St. James the Less ; Western feast day May 3; Eastern feast day October 9) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. James may be he whose mother, Mary (not the mother of Jesus), is mentioned among the women at Jesus’ crucifixion and tomb (Mark 15:40, 16:1; Matthew 27:56). He is not to be confused

St. James ; Roman Catholic feast day July 25; Eastern Orthodox feast day April 30) was one of the Twelve Apostles, distinguished as being in Jesus’ innermost circle and being the only apostle whose martyrdom is recorded in the New Testament (Acts 12:2). In Roman Catholicism, St. James is the patron

St. James ; Roman Catholic feast day July 25; Eastern Orthodox feast day April 30) was one of the Twelve Apostles, distinguished as being in Jesus’ innermost circle and being the only apostle whose martyrdom is recorded in the New Testament (Acts 12:2). In Roman Catholicism, St. James is the patron

Saint James ; Western feast day May 3) was a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles. He was leader of the Jerusalem Christians, who with Saints Peter and John the Evangelist is one of “the pillars of the church.” Confusion has arisen over his

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …the best of them are Will James, with his horse story Smoky (1926); Rachel Field, whose Hitty (1929) is one of the best doll stories in the language; Elizabeth Coatsworth, with her fine New England tale Away Goes Sally (1934); and the well-loved story of a New York tomboy in…

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …the best of them are Will James, with his horse story Smoky (1926); Rachel Field, whose Hitty (1929) is one of the best doll stories in the language; Elizabeth Coatsworth, with her fine New England tale Away Goes Sally (1934); and the well-loved story of a New York tomboy in…

William James was an American philosopher and psychologist, a leader of the philosophical movement of pragmatism and a founder of the psychological movement of functionalism. James was the eldest son of Henry James, an idiosyncratic and voluble man whose philosophical interests attracted him to the

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …the best of them are Will James, with his horse story Smoky (1926); Rachel Field, whose Hitty (1929) is one of the best doll stories in the language; Elizabeth Coatsworth, with her fine New England tale Away Goes Sally (1934); and the well-loved story of a New York tomboy in…

motivation: The James-Lange theory: A second biological approach to the study of human motivation has been the study of mechanisms that change the arousal level of the organism. Early research on this topic emphasized the essential equivalency of changes in arousal, changes in emotion, and changes in…

Jameson Raid, unsuccessful attempt by British officials and mining industry leaders to overthrow the government of the Transvaal—more formally known as the South African Republic (SAR)—that began on December 29, 1895, and ended in a stunning collapse on January 2, 1896. Considered to be the

mamba: …of East and South Africa, Jameson’s mamba (D. jamesoni) of Central Africa, and the West African green mamba (D. viridis) are all more timid than the black mamba and have not been reported to attack humans. Like the black mamba, they will flatten their necks into a narrow hood as…

Canada: …expressed by the Dublin-born writer Anna Brownell Jameson, who explored central Ontario in 1837 and remarked exultantly on “the seemingly interminable line of trees before you; the boundless wilderness around you; the mysterious depths amid the multitudinous foliage, where foot of man hath never penetrated…the solitude in which we proceeded…

golf: The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA): …including Patty Berg, Louise Suggs, Betty Jameson, and, especially, the multisport legend Mildred (“Babe”) Didrikson Zaharias. Even Zaharias’s popularity, however, could not ensure success for the WPGA, which folded in 1949. Nevertheless, it proved within its brief existence the need for a professional women’s organization.

golf: The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA): …including Patty Berg, Louise Suggs, Betty Jameson, and, especially, the multisport legend Mildred (“Babe”) Didrikson Zaharias. Even Zaharias’s popularity, however, could not ensure success for the WPGA, which folded in 1949. Nevertheless, it proved within its brief existence the need for a professional women’s organization.

Ami Boué: …of the noted Scottish geologist Robert Jameson. Boué studied the volcanic rocks in various parts of Scotland and the Hebrides and later published his findings in Essai géologique sur l’Écosse (1820; “Geological Essay on Scotland”).

Sir Leander Starr Jameson, Baronet was a Southern African statesman who, as a friend and collaborator of Cecil Rhodes, was notorious for his abortive raid into the Transvaal (also known as the South African Republic) to overthrow the Boer government of Paul Kruger in 1895; the failed incursion

Pteridaceae: Pteridoid clade: …Eriosorus are now placed in Jamesonia. They occur at high elevations, such as the Andean paramos, and some of the species have leaves that drape over other vegetation and continue to uncurl from an indeterminate apex. Anopteris, Ochropteris, and Neurocallis each have a single species and highly restricted distributions in…

Jamestown, city, seat (1874) of Stutsman county, southeast-central North Dakota, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the James River and Pipestem Creek, halfway between Bismarck (west) and Fargo (east). The site was settled in 1871 by construction crews of the Northern Pacific Railway. The garrison

United States: Classic patterns of siting and growth: … New Amsterdam (New York City); Jamestown, Virginia; Charleston, South Carolina; and Philadelphia were founded at the same time as the colonies they served. Like nearly all other North American colonial towns of consequence, they were ocean ports. Until at least the beginning of the 20th century the historical geography of…

Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since the voyages of

Jamestown, seaport town and capital of the British overseas territory of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. The town was founded in 1659, when the British East India Company built a fort and established a garrison at the site on James Bay, naming it for the duke of York (later James II).

Jamestown, city, Chautauqua county, southwestern New York, U.S. It lies at the south end of Chautauqua Lake, 70 miles (113 km) southwest of Buffalo. It was named for James Prendergast, a settler from Pittstown, who in 1811 purchased 1,000 acres (400 hectares) of land there and built a mill; a

Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since the voyages of

William Kelso: …American archaeologist who directed the Jamestown Rediscovery Project, an organized effort to uncover and preserve artifacts from the Jamestown Colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America.

Azad Kashmir: …of the Himalayas rising to Jamgarh Peak (15,531 feet [4,734 metres]); south of this are the northwestern reaches of the Pir Panjal Range, which has an average crest line of 12,500 feet (3,800 metres). The region is in the subduction zone at the most northerly extension of the Indian-Australian tectonic…

Ibn Durayd: …wrote a large Arabic dictionary, Jamharat al-lughah (“Collection of Language”).

Hishām ibn al-Kalbī: …horses and poems on horses; Jamharat al-nasab (“Genealogical Collection”), a work of great importance about the politics, religion, and literature of the pre-Islamic and early Muslim Arabs; and Kitāb al-aṣnām (The Book of Idols), in which he discusses the gods of the pre-Islamic Arabs. The discussions in Kitāb al-aṣnām are…

Jamhuri Day, one of the most important national holidays in Kenya, observed on December 12. The holiday formally marks the date of the country’s admittance in 1964 into the Commonwealth as a republic and takes its name from the Swahili word jamhuri (“republic”); December 12 is also the date when

Kenya, country in East Africa famed for its scenic landscapes and vast wildlife preserves. Its Indian Ocean coast provided historically important ports by which goods from Arabian and Asian traders have entered the continent for many centuries. Along that coast, which holds some of the finest

Tanzania, East African country situated just south of the Equator. Tanzania was formed as a sovereign state in 1964 through the union of the theretofore separate states of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Mainland Tanganyika covers more than 99 percent of the combined territories’ total area. Mafia Island

Uganda, landlocked country in east-central Africa. About the size of Great Britain, Uganda is populated by dozens of ethnic groups. The English language and Christianity help unite these diverse peoples, who come together in the cosmopolitan capital of Kampala, a verdant city whose plan includes

Somalia, easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward to the Gulf of Aden and occupies an important geopolitical position between sub-Saharan Africa and the countries of Arabia and southwestern Asia. The capital, Mogadishu, is located

Jāmī was a Persian scholar, mystic, and poet who is often regarded as the last great mystical poet of Iran. Jāmī spent his life in Herāt, except for two brief pilgrimages to Meshed (Iran) and the Hejaz. During his lifetime his fame as a scholar resulted in numerous offers of patronage by many of

Agra: The Jāmiʿ Masjid, or Great Mosque, and the elegant tomb of Iʿtimād al-Dawlah (1628), of white marble, are located near the Taj Mahal. To the northwest, at Sikandra, is the tomb of Akbar.

Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari: …of the Foundation Committee of Jamia Millia Islamia, a prominent Islamic university established in 1920 in Delhi. The institution’s formation, in which Ansari was heavily involved, was based on nationalist rejection of British colonial rule.

University of the Punjab, residential and affiliating university located in Lahore, Pakistan. Punjab was founded in 1882 to take on some of the colleges then affiliated with the University of Calcutta (Kolkata), whose jurisdiction included most of northern India and parts of Burma (Myanmar). After

James “Jamie” Dimon (born March 13, 1956, New York City, U.S.) is a billionaire businessman and the chair and chief executive officer of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM). He has been called one of the most powerful leaders in corporate America. One of three children to parents Theodore and Themis Dimon,

Jamie Oliver: Three years later Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution aired in the United States. The six-episode program, which chronicled his efforts to improve the eating habits of people in Huntington, West Virginia, won an Emmy Award for outstanding reality program. The show returned for a second season in 2011, set…

dictionary: Since 1828: …1808 in the work of John Jamieson on the language of Scotland. Because he did not need to consider the “classical purity” of the language, he included quotations of humble origin; in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, his use of “mean” sources marked a turning point in the…

Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia: …1990 in Dunedin, New Zealand, Penelope Jamieson became the first female Anglican bishop to head a diocese. The seat of the primate is in Christchurch.

Islamic arts: Umayyad dynasty: …its invention is attributed to Jamīl (died 701), of the tribe ʿUdhrah, “whose members die when they love.” The names of some of these “martyrs of love,” together with the names of their beloveds, were preserved and eventually became proverbial expressions of the tremendous force of true love. Such was…

Islamic arts: The beginning of Islam and the first four caliphs: …famed were the female musician Jamīlah, around whom clustered musicians, poets, and dignitaries; the male musician Ṭuways, who imitated the melodies he heard from captive Persians; and Ṣāʾib Khāthir, a Persian merchant. Songs were generally accompanied by the lute (ʿūd), the frame drum (duff), or the percussion stick (qaḍīb).

disco: Nu-disco: …British pop-funk and acid-jazz band Jamiroquai, and British-Albanian singer Dua Lipa. The genre’s biggest hit came in 2013 with French duo Daft Punk’s “Get Lucky,” which features rhythm guitar by Chic’s Nile Rodgers and vocals by American singer and producer Pharrell Williams

Washington Wizards: …play of All-Stars Gilbert Arenas, Antawn Jamison, and Caron Butler, but fell back to the lower echelons of the league in the 2008–09 season and traded most of their star players over the following years.

Judith Jamison was an American modern dancer whose elegant, striking presence helped make her an immediate success with Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Jamison served as the company’s artistic director from 1989 to 2011. Jamison began taking dance lessons at age six at the Judimar School of

genius: The American psychiatrist Kay Jamison suggested that, although most people who have this disorder are debilitated by it, there may be ways in which the extreme energy and expansiveness of a moderate manic state may contribute to the extraordinary feats of productivity that characterize many geniuses. Even moderate…

Council of Arab Economic Unity, Arab economic organization established in June 1957 by a resolution of the Arab Economic Council of the Arab League. Its first meeting was held in 1964. Members include Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),

mosque, any house or open area of prayer in Islam. The Arabic word masjid means “a place of prostration” to God, and the same word is used in Persian, Urdu, and Turkish. Two main types of mosques can be distinguished: the masjid jāmiʿ, or “collective mosque,” a large state-controlled mosque that is

Ramla: …fortifications, and, above all, the White Mosque (Al-Jāmiʿ al-Abyaḍ). Only ruins of these remain, but the minaret of the White Mosque, the so-called White Tower, 89 feet (27 m) tall, added by the Mamlūk sultan Baybars (reigned 1260–77), still stands. During the First Crusade (1096–99), the city was captured and…

Nāṣer-e Khusraw: …the Ismāʿīlīs, among them the Jāmiʿ al-ḥikmatayn (“Union of the Two Wisdoms”), in which he attempted to harmonize Ismāʿīlī theology and Greek philosophy. Nāṣer-e Khusraw’s literary style is straightforward and vigorous. In his verse he displays great technical virtuosity, while his prose is remarkable for the richness of its philosophical…

Mosul: …destroyed by ISIL, including the Great Mosque of al-Nūrī (with its leaning minaret, called al-Ḥadbāʾ), the Red Mosque, the mosque of Nabī Jarjīs (St. George), the Tomb of Nabī Yūnus (Jonah), several Christian churches, and various Muslim shrines and mausoleums. Pop. (2018 est.) 1,361,819; (2019 est.) 1,476,218.

al-Tirmidhī: His canonical collection Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ (“The Sound Collections”) includes every spoken tradition that had ever been used to support a legal decision, as well as material relating to theological questions, to religious practice, and to popular belief and custom. Of special interest in this work are the author’s…

Arabic literature: Belles lettres and narrative prose: …became part of two collections, both called the Ṣaḥīḥ, compiled by al-Bukhārī and Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj, which together are the second most important source of Islamic law and practice after the Qurʾān itself. These reports also became part of the collections of maghāzī (accounts of the Prophet’s raids during his

Rashīd al-Dīn: …author of a universal history, Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (“Collector of Chronicles”).

Ahmadabad: The contemporary city: …richly carved columns within the Jāmiʿ Masjid (Great Mosque), which was completed in 1423, recalls the hall of a Hindu temple. At the mosque’s entrance is the domed tomb of Aḥmad Shah (1441), and on the road leading to it is the Tin Darwaza (c. 1425), a triumphal triple-arch gateway…

Akbar period architecture: …is the Great Mosque, the Jāmiʿ Masjid, which served as a model for later congregational mosques built by the Mughals. The mosque’s southern entrance, a massive gateway called the Buland Darwaza (Victory Gate), gives a feeling of immense strength and height, an impression emphasized by the steepness of the flight…

Shrirangapattana: …as a large mosque (Jāmiʿ Masjid) built by Tipu Sultan. Daria Daulat Bagh (1784)—Tipu’s elaborate summer palace, with murals of processions and battle scenes—is just east of the town centre. Nearby Lal Bagh (“Red Garden”) contains the mausoleum where two sultans are interred. Several islands in the Kaveri just…

Etawah: Etawah contains the 16th-century Jāmiʿ Masjid (Great Mosque), built on high ground from the ruins of old Hindu buildings. There is also a ruined 15th-century fort, surrounded by Hindu temples. The city has important cotton- and silk-weaving industries, contains oilseed mills, and is a distribution center for ghee (clarified…

Jama Masjid of Delhi, mosque in Old Delhi, India, constructed in 1650–56 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān, a noted patron of Islamic architecture whose most famous work is the Taj Mahal, in Agra. Jama Masjid, now the second largest mosque on the Indian subcontinent, is also an impressive example of

Mandu: …marble-domed tomb and the nearby Great Mosque (Jāmiʿ Masjid; completed 1454) of Hoshang Shah, both notable examples of Pashtun architecture. Another group of buildings just to the north includes the Jahaz Mahal. The glory of Mandu has been immortalized in the writings of Akbar’s court historian Abu al-Faḍl ʿAllāmī, writer…

Mandu: …marble-domed tomb and the nearby Great Mosque (Jāmiʿ Masjid; completed 1454) of Hoshang Shah, both notable examples of Pashtun architecture. Another group of buildings just to the north includes the Jahaz Mahal. The glory of Mandu has been immortalized in the writings of Akbar’s court historian Abu al-Faḍl ʿAllāmī, writer…

Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Other members are Libya

Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Other members are Libya

Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Other members are Libya

Al-Azhar University, chief center of Islamic and Arabic learning in the world, built around the mosque of that name in the medieval quarter of Cairo. Founded about 972 ce, it is considered the foremost institute of Sunni scholarship. Its name may allude to Fāṭimah, the Prophet Muhammad’s daughter,

Pakistan: Political process: Two other religious parties, the Assembly of Islamic Clergy (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Islām) and the Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Pakistan), have strong centres of support, the former in Karachi and the latter in the rural areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Pakistan: Political process: … (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Islām) and the Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamīʿat ʿUlamāʾ-e Pakistan), have strong centres of support, the former in Karachi and the latter in the rural areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

The Gambia: 1994 coup, 1996 presidential election, and new constitution: ) Yahya Jammeh staged a bloodless coup, justifying it by citing the corruption and mismanagement of Jawara and the PPP. The Senegalese government did not intervene as it had done in 1981, and Jawara went into exile. The military leaders promised a return to civilian rule…