Muztagata Range, mountain range in the westernmost part of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. As a far western part of the Kunlun Mountains, it extends some 200 miles (320 km) along a north-northwest and south-southeast axis parallel to the eastern edge of the Pamirs range

Tarim River: …by the confluence of the Kaxgar (Kashgar) and Yarkand (Yarkant) rivers in the far west; flowing northeastward from this confluence, the river is then joined some 230 miles (370 km) downstream by the Aksu and the Hotan (Khotan) rivers. Only the Aksu River flows for the entire year. It is…

Kashgar rug, floor covering handwoven at Kashgar (Kashi) in Chinese Turkistan (now the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang). The Kashgar rugs are difficult to distinguish from the similar ones of Khotan (Hotan) and Yarkand (Yarkant). All three types were formerly called Samarkands in the market.

history of Central Asia: Often referred to as Kashgaria, from its principal urban centre, Kashgar (Kashi), the region is characterized by small oasis settlements lying between the desert and the surrounding ranges, such as Hotan, Yarkand, Kashgar itself, and Aksu (Akosu), which served as way stations on the so-called Silk Road between China…

Kashgar, oasis city, western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far western China. Kashgar lies at the western end of the Tarim Basin, in a fertile oasis of loess (silt deposited by the wind) and alluvial soils watered by the Kaxgar (Kashgar) River and by a series of wells. The climate of the

Varanasi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is located on the left bank of the Ganges (Ganga) River and is one of the seven sacred cities of Hinduism. Pop. (2001) city, 1,091,918; urban agglom., 1,203,961; (2011) city, 1,198,491; urban agglom., 1,432,280. Varanasi is one of

Kashi Vishwanath Temple, temple located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is among the most important Hindu temples in India and is one of the 12 temples where Shiva is believed to have appeared as a column of light. The Kashi Vishwanath Temple stands on the west bank of the Ganges River. It is

al-Kāshī was among the greatest mathematicians and astronomers in the Islamic world. The first event known with certainty in al-Kāshī’s life is his observation of a lunar eclipse on June 2, 1406, from Kāshān. His earliest surviving work is Sullam al-samāʾ (1407; “The Stairway of Heaven”), an

Egypt: Ottoman administration: …were assigned to inspectors (kashifs). Although the Egyptian government was headed by bureaucratic officials sent from Constantinople, and supported by Ottoman troops, the Mamluks were able to penetrate both the bureaucracy and the army. The kashifs were often drawn from Mamluk ranks; three of the seven military corps formed…

Kashihara, city, western Nara ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu, Japan. It is situated in the southern corner of Nara Basin, about 10 miles (16 km) south of Nara city. Kashihara has been of cultural significance since prehistoric times and is now important to Japanese archaeology. The Kashihara

Deg Xinag: …large semisubterranean lodge called a kashim. The kashim served many functions, mostly for men, providing a venue for sweat baths, council meetings, entertainment, funerals, and shamanic rituals. Women’s activities tended to take place in family dwellings and in the open air. Deg Xinag people were much given to games and…

Kashiwa, city, northwestern Chiba ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It is situated on the Tone River on a main rail line running northeast from Tokyo city. The city was formed in 1954 by the merger of the towns of Kashiwa and Kogane and two smaller hamlets. Kashiwa was a small post town

Kashiwazaki, city, southwest-central Niigata ken (prefecture), northeast-central Honshu, Japan. It lies in the Kashiwazaki plain, facing the Sea of Japan (East Sea). During the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867), Kashiwazaki was a post town on the Hokuriku Highway (Hokuriku-kaidō), which was known

Uzbekistan: Drainage: …followed by the Zeravshan and Kashka—contribute little flow, for the last two trickle into nothing in the desert. The Syr Darya, the second largest river in Uzbekistan, forms there by the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers.

Kashkadarya, oblast (province), southern Uzbekistan. Created in 1964, it consists largely of the Karshi Steppe, an extensive foothill plain intersected by the Kashka River. In the east and southeast are spurs of the Zeravshan, Gissar, and Kugitangtau mountains. The climate is continental and dry,

Kashkadarya, oblast (province), southern Uzbekistan. Created in 1964, it consists largely of the Karshi Steppe, an extensive foothill plain intersected by the Kashka River. In the east and southeast are spurs of the Zeravshan, Gissar, and Kugitangtau mountains. The climate is continental and dry,

Kaska, member of an ancient Anatolian people who inhabited the remote valleys between the northern border of the Hittite kingdom and the Black Sea. The Kaskans did not have a written language and did not build cities. They are known only through Hittite accounts, which describe them as weavers of

Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by

Sean Combs: Bad Boy Entertainment, Notorious B.I.G., and Puff Daddy: …Page’s Led Zeppelin song “Kashmir.” That year Combs took home two Grammy Awards, for rap album (No Way Out) and rap performance (“I’ll Be Missing You”), and he also launched the Sean John clothing line.

Jammu and Kashmir, union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent centered on the plains around Jammu to the south and the Vale of Kashmir to the north. The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been

Kashmir earthquake of 2005, disastrous earthquake that occurred on October 8, 2005, in the Pakistan-administered portion of the Kashmir region and in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after 2010) of Pakistan; it also affected adjacent parts of India and Afghanistan.

cashmere goat, a breed of domestic goat valued for its soft wool, used for the manufacture of cashmere shawls. It varies in build and colour but the most highly esteemed has large ears, slender limbs, curved spreading horns not spirally twisted, and a long, straight, silky white coat. Beneath the

kashmir shawl, type of woolen shawl woven in Kashmir. According to tradition, the founder of the industry was Zayn-ul-ʿĀbidīn, a 15th-century ruler of Kashmir who introduced weavers from Turkistan. Although woolen shawls were mentioned in writings of the 3rd century bc and the 11th century ad, it

Azad Kashmir, area of the Pakistani-administered sector of the Kashmir region, in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Azad (“Free”) Kashmir, established in 1947 after the partition of India, is neither a province nor an agency of Pakistan but has a government of its own that is

Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah was a prominent figure in India’s struggle for independence from British rule, who fought for the rights of the Kashmir region. He won a semiautonomous status for Jammu and Kashmir state within independent India, a status which the state continued to enjoy into the 21st

Srinagar: The University of Kashmir (1948) is in the city, as is the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir (1982). Regular flights connect Srinagar with Delhi and Amritsar. Not far from Srinagar is the town of Gulmarg, the “Meadow of Flowers,” at an elevation of…

Vale of Kashmir, intermontane valley, western Jammu and Kashmir union territory, northern India. Lying wholly within the Indian-administered portion of the Kashmir region, it is flanked by the main range of the Himalayas on the northeast and the Pir Panjal Range on the southwest. The Vale of

Himalayas: People of the Himalayas: Among the latter are the Kashmiri people of the Vale of Kashmir and the Gaddi and Gujari, who live in the hilly areas of the Lesser Himalayas. Traditionally, the Gaddi are a hill people; they possess large flocks of sheep and herds of goats and go down with them from…

Kashmiri language, language spoken in the Vale of Kashmir and the surrounding hills. By origin it is a Dardic language, but it has become predominantly Indo-Aryan in character. Reflecting the history of the area, the Kashmiri vocabulary is mixed, containing Dardic, Sanskrit, Punjabi, and Persian

Islamic arts: South Asian: …Islamic lore were elaborated in Kashmiri lyric and epic poetry. To the south an occasional piece of Islamic religious poetry can be found even in Tamil and Malayalam. Some fine Muslim short stories have been produced in modern Malayalam.

Kashmiri Shaivism, religious and philosophical system of India that worships the god Shiva as the supreme reality. The school is idealistic and monistic, as contrasted with the realistic and dualistic school of Shaiva-siddhanta. The principal texts of the school are the Shiva-sutra, said to have

kashruth, in Judaism, regulations that prohibit the eating of certain foods and require that other foods be prepared in a specified manner. The term also denotes the state of being kosher according to Jewish law. Most prescriptions regarding kashruth are found in the biblical Leviticus,

kashruth, in Judaism, regulations that prohibit the eating of certain foods and require that other foods be prepared in a specified manner. The term also denotes the state of being kosher according to Jewish law. Most prescriptions regarding kashruth are found in the biblical Leviticus,

kashruth, in Judaism, regulations that prohibit the eating of certain foods and require that other foods be prepared in a specified manner. The term also denotes the state of being kosher according to Jewish law. Most prescriptions regarding kashruth are found in the biblical Leviticus,

Abu al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar al-Zamakhsharī: His great commentary, Al-Kashshāf ʿan Ḥaqāʾiq at-Tanzīl, was written in Arabic and became the work for which he is best known. A comprehensive study of the Muslim scripture that focused on its grammatical nuance, it was completed in 1134 (published at Calcutta in 1856 in 2 vol.). It…

Kashta was a Kushite king who Egyptianized Nubia and conquered Upper Egypt. He was the brother and successor of Alara and the father of Piye (Piankhi), who conquered the rest of Egypt, and of Shabaka, who succeeded Piye and founded the 25th (Kushite) dynasty of ancient Egypt (see ancient Egypt: The

Phraortes was the king of Media from 675 to 653 bc. Known by that name as a result of the writings of the 5th-century-bc Greek historian Herodotus, he was originally a village chief of Kar Kashi, but he later subjugated the Persians and a number of other Asian peoples, eventually forming an

Tukulti-Ninurta I: …asserted Assyrian supremacy over King Kashtiliashu IV, ruler of Kassite-controlled Babylonia to the southeast, and subjugated the mountainous region to the northeast and, for a time, Babylonia.

Pomorskie: Geography: The Kashubs, a Slavic group that lives southwest of Gdańsk, are one of the province’s distinct ethnic groups. They retain a number of their culture’s customs, and older members still speak a dialect probably derived from the ancient Pomeranian language.

Pomorskie: Geography: The Kashubs, a Slavic group that lives southwest of Gdańsk, are one of the province’s distinct ethnic groups. They retain a number of their culture’s customs, and older members still speak a dialect probably derived from the ancient Pomeranian language.

Poland: Languages of Poland: Mazovian shares some features with Kashubian, whose remaining speakers number only a few thousand, which is a small percentage of the ethnic Kashubians in the country.

Sri Lanka: The Anuradhapura period: His son Kashyapa I (reigned 477–495) moved the capital from Anuradhapura to the rock fortress of Sigiriya. After Kashyapa’s dethronement the capital was returned to Anuradhapura.

Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by

John Kasich is an American Republican politician who served as a representative from Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–2001) and as governor of Ohio (2011–19). In 2000 and 2016 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican U.S. presidential nomination. Kasich, whose paternal

John Kasich is an American Republican politician who served as a representative from Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–2001) and as governor of Ohio (2011–19). In 2000 and 2016 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican U.S. presidential nomination. Kasich, whose paternal

qaṣīdah, poetic form developed in pre-Islamic Arabia and perpetuated throughout Islamic literary history into the present. It is a laudatory, elegiac, or satiric poem that is found in Arabic, Persian, and many related Asian literatures. The classic is an elaborately structured ode of 60 to 100

Sir Richard Burton: Trieste: …published his best original poetry, The Kasidah, written under a pseudonym and patterned after the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám.

qaṣīdah, poetic form developed in pre-Islamic Arabia and perpetuated throughout Islamic literary history into the present. It is a laudatory, elegiac, or satiric poem that is found in Arabic, Persian, and many related Asian literatures. The classic is an elaborately structured ode of 60 to 100

Baharampur: Cossimbazar (Kasimbazar), now an industrial suburb, was an important town in the 18th century with a flourishing silk industry; it contains the palace of the maharaja of Cossimbazar. Nearby is a large thermal power-generating plant. Pop. (2001) 160,143; (2011) 195,223.

history of Central Asia: Mongol rule: The khanate of Kasimov was to be a thorn in Kazan’s flesh until the latter’s extinction in 1552. Kasimov itself survived as a political fiction until about 1681, by which time the last khans had abandoned Islam for Christianity.

Tatar language: …minor eastern or Siberian dialects, Kasimov, Tepter (Teptyar), and Astrakhan and Ural Tatar. Kazan Tatar is the literary language.

Kasimovian Stage, third of four internationally defined stages of the Pennsylvanian Subsystem of the Carboniferous System, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Kasimovian Age (307 million to 303.7 million years ago). The name is taken from the Russian city of Kasimov, which lies east of

cryptology: Vigenère ciphers: Nevertheless, in 1861 Friedrich W. Kasiski, formerly a German army officer and cryptanalyst, published a solution of repeated-key Vigenère ciphers based on the fact that identical pairings of message and key symbols generate the same cipher symbols. Cryptanalysts look for precisely such repetitions. In the example given above,…

Kaska, an Athabaskan-speaking group of First Nations (Indian) peoples living in the forested mountains between the two great ranges, the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains, in northeastern British Columbia and southeastern Yukon. The nomadic Kaska were primarily caribou hunters and lived in

Kaska, member of an ancient Anatolian people who inhabited the remote valleys between the northern border of the Hittite kingdom and the Black Sea. The Kaskans did not have a written language and did not build cities. They are known only through Hittite accounts, which describe them as weavers of

Illinois: …Illinois tribes were the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa.

Kaskaskia, village, Randolph county, southwestern Illinois, U.S. It is situated on Kaskaskia Island in the Mississippi River, just west of Chester. Kaskaskia Island is the only portion of Illinois located west of the Mississippi River. Illinois and Iroquois Indians were early inhabitants of the

Kaskaskia River, partly navigable stream in central and southern Illinois, U.S. It rises in Champaign county near Urbana and flows southwest to enter the Mississippi River north of Chester, in Randolph county, after a course of 320 miles (515 km). About 50 miles (80 km) from its source the

epeirogeny: …400 million years ago), the Kaskaskia Sequence (Early Devonian to mid-Carboniferous; about 408 to 320 million years ago), and the Absaroka Sequence (Late Carboniferous to mid-Jurassic; about 320 to 176 million years ago).

Václav Kašlík was a Czech composer and conductor who produced operas for theatre and television. In Prague Kašlík studied at Charles University (1936–39) and the Prague Conservatory (1936–40), completing his studies there in the Conductors’ Master School (1940–42). He made his conducting debut in

Angela Merkel is a German politician who served as chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021. She was the first woman to hold that office and the second longest-serving chancellor in German history. Merkel’s parents, Horst and Herlind Kasner, met in Hamburg, where her father was a theology student

Japanese art: Jōmon period: The Kasori E type has a salmon-orange surface. During this period a red ochre paint was introduced on some vessel surfaces, as was burnishing, perhaps in an attempt to reduce the porosity of the vessels.

Peter Handke: …is his first full-length play, Kaspar (1968), which depicts the foundling Kaspar Hauser as a near-speechless innocent destroyed by society’s attempts to impose on him its language and its own rational values. Handke’s other plays included Das Mündel will Vormund sein (1969; “The Ward Wants to Be Guardian”; Eng. trans.…

Garry Kasparov: …an acclaimed series of books, Kasparov on My Great Predecessors (2003–06), that covered all the world chess champions from Wilhelm Steinitz through Karpov, as well as many other great players. In Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins (2017), Kasparov offered details of his 1997 match with…

Garry Kasparov is a Soviet-born chess master who became the world chess champion in 1985. Kasparov was the youngest world chess champion (at 22 years of age) and the first world chess champion to be defeated by a supercomputer in a competitive match. (Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess

Garry Kasparov is a Soviet-born chess master who became the world chess champion in 1985. Kasparov was the youngest world chess champion (at 22 years of age) and the first world chess champion to be defeated by a supercomputer in a competitive match. (Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess

Kasperle, most prominent puppet character in Germany and Austria, where Kasperltheater became synonymous with puppet theatre. The character developed in late 17th-century Austria from Hanswurst, the cunning peasant servant of the Viennese popular theatre. Named Kasperle in the early 18th century,

Kasperle, most prominent puppet character in Germany and Austria, where Kasperltheater became synonymous with puppet theatre. The character developed in late 17th-century Austria from Hanswurst, the cunning peasant servant of the Viennese popular theatre. Named Kasperle in the early 18th century,

Caspian Sea: …name derives from the ancient Kaspi peoples, who once lived in Transcaucasia to the west. Among its other historical names, Khazarsk and Khvalynsk derive from former peoples of the region, while Girkansk stems from Girkanos, “Country of the Wolves.”

Caspian Sea, world’s largest inland body of water. It lies to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia. The sea’s name derives from the ancient Kaspi peoples, who once lived in Transcaucasia to the west. Among its other historical names, Khazarsk and

Jan Kasprowicz was a Polish poet and translator who made an enormous range of classical and modern European literature available to Polish readers. Kasprowicz was born to an illiterate peasant’s family, but through his hard work, perseverance, and ambition he was able to study at universities,

Islamic arts: Persian: …such critically minded writers as Seyāvūsh Kasrāʾī also borrow the classical heritage of poetic imagery, transforming it into expressions that win a response from modern readers. After 1979, many writers in the Islamic Republic of Iran felt the pinch of censorship, and much literary activity was curtailed.

Plattsmouth: The Kass Kounty King Korn Karnival, a harvest festival, is held each September. The city lies on the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail; to the west at the bend in the river are Platte River and Eugene T. Mahoney state parks and Schramm Park and…

ethics: Bioethics: …forcefully stated by the bioethicist Leon Kass, who appealed to what he called, in the title of a 1997 essay, “The Wisdom of Repugnance.”

Los Islands: Only Tamara and Kassa have sizable settlements (Fotoba and Cité de Kassa). The group, named for the sacred idols (los idolos) found there by early Portuguese navigators, are of volcanic origin and are covered with palm trees.

Yohannes IV was the emperor of Ethiopia (1872–89). Like his predecessor, Tewodros II (reigned 1855–68), Yohannes IV was a strong, progressive ruler, but he spent most of his time repelling military threats from Egypt, Italy, and the Mahdists of the Sudan. Superior weaponry allowed Yohannes, a

Košice, city, eastern Slovakia. It lies on the Hornád River, south of Prešov. Košice originated in the 9th century and was chartered in 1241. In the late Middle Ages it was one of the 24 trading settlements of the Polish-Slovak frontier, in which immigrant German merchants were prominent. In 1660

Tewodros II was the emperor of Ethiopia (1855–68) who has been called Ethiopia’s first modern ruler. Not only did he reunify the various Ethiopian kingdoms into one empire, but he also attempted to focus loyalty around the government rather than the Ethiopian church, which he sought to bring under

Tewodros II was the emperor of Ethiopia (1855–68) who has been called Ethiopia’s first modern ruler. Not only did he reunify the various Ethiopian kingdoms into one empire, but he also attempted to focus loyalty around the government rather than the Ethiopian church, which he sought to bring under

Pact of Koszyce, agreement made between the Polish nobility and their king, Louis I (ruled 1370–82), in which the nobles promised to accept the King’s choice of successor in exchange for a charter that guaranteed their basic rights and privileges. The last Piast king of Poland, Casimir III the

São Paulo: From metropolis to megametropolis: Serra’s successor, Gilberto Kassab of the right-wing Liberal Front Party (PFL), came into office in the midst of major urban renewal projects, transportation expansions, and massive cost overruns. He remained mayor until 2013, when he was replaced by Fernando Haddad of the Workers’ Party. In 2014 Haddad…

Lajos Kassák was a poet and novelist, the first important Hungarian working-class writer. At the age of 20 Kassák began traveling on foot throughout Europe and so gained a cosmopolitan outlook. A pacifist during World War I, he founded the journal Tett (“Action”) in 1915 to express his views. He

Kassala, town, eastern Sudan, near the Eritrean border. Founded in 1834 as an Egyptian garrison, it was occupied by the Mahdists (1885–94) and briefly by the Italians (1940–41). Kassala is built on the inland delta of the seasonal Gash River at an elevation of 1,624 feet (495 metres) and is

Kassala, traditional region, east-central Sudan. It is bordered on the east by Eritrea. The Atbara River, an important tributary of the Nile, flows northwestward through Kassala and causes seasonal floods during torrential summer rains. Rocky deserts dominate the centre of the region, while in the

Kassándra, promontory, westernmost of the three prongs of the Chalcidice (Modern Greek: Chalkidikí) Peninsula, Macedonia (Makedonía), Greece, projecting into the Aegean Sea. It is a part of the nomós (department) of Khalkidhikí. Upon the narrow isthmus that links Kassándra with Chalcidice stand the

Islamic arts: Arab countries: Others, like that of ʿAlī al-Kassār, specialized in downright farce, expressed in revue form, with a Nubian hero, the “Barbarin,” who made a specialty of ridicule and mimicry. Yet others, like the company of Najīb al-Rīḥānī, oscillating between outright farce and comedy, skillfully depicted contemporary Egyptian manners; in particular,…

Saint Nikolay Kasatkin was a Russian Orthodox missionary and the first Orthodox bishop of Japan. Kasatkin, who adopted the name Nikolay when he took monastic vows, went to Japan in 1861 as chaplain to the Russian consulate in Hakodate. Because Christianity was a prohibited religion in Japan, he

Saint Nikolay Kasatkin was a Russian Orthodox missionary and the first Orthodox bishop of Japan. Kasatkin, who adopted the name Nikolay when he took monastic vows, went to Japan in 1861 as chaplain to the Russian consulate in Hakodate. Because Christianity was a prohibited religion in Japan, he

zouk: …and guitarist Jacob Desvarieux formed Kassav’, the group that integrated the diverse styles of mizik zouk, injected the mixture with a contemporary urban, studio-produced sound, and marketed the new music as zouk. With the overwhelming commercial success in 1984 of the group’s song “Zouk-la sé sèl médikaman nou ni” (“Zouk…

Nancy Kassebaum is an American Republican politician who was the first woman to represent Kansas in the U.S. Senate. Kassebaum served from 1978 to 1997, and during that time, she focused on health care issues and worked to end apartheid in South Africa. Nancy Landon was the daughter of Alfred M.

Nancy Kassebaum is an American Republican politician who was the first woman to represent Kansas in the U.S. Senate. Kassebaum served from 1978 to 1997, and during that time, she focused on health care issues and worked to end apartheid in South Africa. Nancy Landon was the daughter of Alfred M.

Nancy Kassebaum: In 1956 she married Philip Kassebaum and began serving as vice president of Kassebaum Communications, which operated two radio stations. She also served on the Kansas Governmental Ethics Commission and Kansas Committee on the Humanities, as well as the school board in Maize, Kansas (1972–75).

Kassel, city, Hessen Land (state), central Germany. It lies along the Fulda River, which is a navigable tributary of the Weser River, 90 miles (145 km) northeast of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in 913 as Chassala (Chassela), the town derived its name, usually spelled Casle in the late

Romance languages: Romance glosses to Latin texts: …well-known glossary, known as the Kassel (or Cassel) glosses, probably dates from the very early 9th century. It gives Latin equivalents of German (Bavarian) words and phrases and provides evidence of lexical and phonetic differentiation within Latin that permits scholars to localize the work as probably French or Rhaetian (e.g.,…

Cassel porcelain, porcelain produced by a factory at Kassel, Hesse, under the patronage of the Landgrave of Hesse. The factory fired hard-paste porcelain in 1766, though complete tea or coffee services were not produced until 1769. Most surviving examples are painted in underglaze blue. The factory

ʿAbd al-Karīm Qāsim was an army officer who overthrew the Iraqi monarchy in 1958 and became head of the newly formed Republic of Iraq. Qāsim attended the Iraqi military academy and advanced steadily through the ranks until by 1955 he had become a high-ranking officer. Like many Iraqis, he disliked

Treaty of Bardo, (1881), agreement that established France’s protectorate over Tunisia. A French expeditionary force of 36,000 men was sent to Tunisia in 1881 at the urging of the French foreign minister, Jules Ferry, ostensibly to subdue attacks of the Tunisian Kroumer tribe on the Algerian

Kasserine, town in west-central Tunisia. The town is an important market, road, and rail junction and is the centre of an irrigated agricultural area. Kasserine Pass, to the northwest, was the scene of a decisive battle of the Tunisian campaign in World War II, which contributed to the collapse of

World War II: Tunisia, November 1942–May 1943: In the Kasserine Pass, however, the Allies put up some stiffer opposition.

Battle of Kasserine Pass, the first large-scale encounter in World War II between Italian and German land forces and the U.S. army, fought February 14–24, 1943. The Axis offensive along the Kasserine Pass, in a gap in the Atlas Mountains of west-central Tunisia, resulted in a humiliating setback