Austronesian languages: Early classification work: …1880s the Dutch Sanskrit scholar Hendrik Kern began a series of studies that in principle encompassed the entire Austronesian family, drawing on data from both island Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The first true systematizer in the Austronesian field was the Swiss scholar Renward Brandstetter, whose work in the period…

Jerome Kern was one of the major U.S. composers of musical comedy, whose Show Boat (with libretto by Oscar Hammerstein II) inaugurated the serious musical play in U.S. theatre. Kern studied music in New York City and in 1903 in Heidelberg, Ger., later gaining theatrical experience in London. After

Jerome Kern was one of the major U.S. composers of musical comedy, whose Show Boat (with libretto by Oscar Hammerstein II) inaugurated the serious musical play in U.S. theatre. Kern studied music in New York City and in 1903 in Heidelberg, Ger., later gaining theatrical experience in London. After

Johann Conrad Kern was a longtime Swiss minister to France and one of the authors of the Swiss federal constitution of 1848. A lawyer and doctor of jurisprudence, Kern was, after 1837, the guiding spirit of Thurgau’s cantonal government, especially in the administration of justice. As deputy to the

United States presidential election of 1908: The candidates: Future senator John Worth Kern was chosen for the vice presidential slot.

Western sculpture: Central Europe: …mainly in his ivories, and Leonard Kern in Franconia developed a similar Rubensian style for his small statuettes.

Lee Kernaghan is an Australian popular singer who reinvigorated Australian country music in the 1990s, synthesizing traditional country themes with energetic styles of contemporary rock and roll and images of an evolving Australian rural culture. Kernaghan was the eldest child of Ray Kernaghan, who

Lee Kernaghan is an Australian popular singer who reinvigorated Australian country music in the 1990s, synthesizing traditional country themes with energetic styles of contemporary rock and roll and images of an evolving Australian rural culture. Kernaghan was the eldest child of Ray Kernaghan, who

Lee Kernaghan: …was the eldest child of Ray Kernaghan, who rose to great popularity as a country music singer during Lee’s teen years. In the mid-1970s Lee formed his first band with his brother Greg and his sister Tania—the latter of whom also went on to become a successful country singer—and he…

narcissism: Origins: …Austrian psychoanalysts Heinz Kohut and Otto Kernberg, posit that adult narcissism has its roots in early childhood experiences. Both Kohut and Kernberg focus on disturbances in early social (parental) relationships as the genesis of adult narcissistic personality disorder. Also, both view narcissism at its core as a defect in the…

kernel, in mathematics, known function that appears in the integrand of an integral equation. Thus, in the equation (for symbol, see integration), both the kernel function, K(x, y), and g(x) are given, and f(x) is the function sought. As an example, in Abel’s equation for the curve followed by a

linguistics: Harris’s grammar: …example, English) two complementary subsets: kernel sentences (the set of kernel sentences being described as the kernel of the grammar) and nonkernel sentences. The difference between these two subsets lies in nonkernel sentences being derived from kernel sentences by means of transformational rules. For example, “The workers rejected the ultimatum”…

Central Asian arts: Instrumental and vocal styles: …development of short melodies called kernel tunes. In the komuz piece shown below, the kernel tune is stated in the first two measures and is varied and developed elaborately as the piece progresses. Another Kyrgyz-Kazakh specialty is program music, in which instrumentalists suggest situations or tell specific stories without words,…

American civil rights movement: From Black power to the assassination of Martin Luther King: In 1968 the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (also known as the Kerner Commission) concluded that the country, despite civil rights reforms, was moving “toward two societies one Black, one white—separate and unequal.” By the time of the commission’s report, claims that Black gains had resulted in…

Justinus Andreas Christian Kerner was a German poet and spiritualist writer. He and the poet Ludwig Uhland founded the so-called Swabian group of late Romantic poets. After the death of his father (1799), Kerner worked in a cloth factory until he was able to study medicine at Tübingen. There he met

kernicterus, severe brain damage caused by an abnormal concentration of the bile pigment bilirubin in brain tissues at or shortly after birth. Kernicterus may occur because of Rh blood-group incompatibility between mother and child, as in erythroblastosis fetalis, where the mother’s immune system

kernite, borate mineral, hydrated sodium borate (Na2B4O7·4H2O), that was formerly the chief source of borax (q.v.). It forms very large crystals, often 60 to 90 centimetres (2 to 3 feet) thick; the largest observed measured 240 by 90 cm. The crystals are colourless and transparent but are usually

Cheryl Kernot is an Australian politician who led the Australian Democrats (AD) from 1993 to 1997. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree and Diploma of Education from the Universities of Sydney and Newcastle, she taught in secondary schools for 10 years and worked in the communications

Donna de Varona: Her sister, Joanna Kerns, was a noted actress.

kerogen, complex waxy mixture of hydrocarbon compounds that is the primary organic component of oil shale. Kerogen consists mainly of paraffin hydrocarbons, though the solid mixture also incorporates nitrogen and sulfur. Kerogen is insoluble in water and in organic solvents such as benzene or

shale oil: …synthetic crude is also called kerogen oil. Under present technology the oil is recovered by either of two processes. One involves mining and crushing oil shale and then transporting the rock to a processing plant where it is heated in special retorts to temperatures of about 500 °C (930 °F).…

oil shale, any sedimentary rock containing various amounts of solid organic material that yields petroleum products, along with a variety of solid by-products, when subjected to pyrolysis—a treatment that consists of heating the rock to above 300 °C (about 575 °F) in the absence of oxygen. The

oil shale, any sedimentary rock containing various amounts of solid organic material that yields petroleum products, along with a variety of solid by-products, when subjected to pyrolysis—a treatment that consists of heating the rock to above 300 °C (about 575 °F) in the absence of oxygen. The

kerosene, flammable hydrocarbon liquid commonly used as a fuel. Kerosene is typically pale yellow or colourless and has a not-unpleasant characteristic odour. It is obtained from petroleum and is used for burning in kerosene lamps and domestic heaters or furnaces, as a fuel or fuel component for

Miranda Lambert: …(2004), Lambert released the album Kerosene in 2005. Although its songs made only a modest impression on country radio, the album eventually found an audience, which consisted largely of young women who admired her artistic self-determination (she had a writing credit on all but one song) and her earthy demeanour.…

kerosene lamp, vessel containing kerosene with a wick for burning to provide light. Such lamps were widely used from the 1860s, when kerosene first became plentiful, until the development of electric lighting. Compared with other oil lamps, they were safe, efficient, and simple to operate. The

kerosene, flammable hydrocarbon liquid commonly used as a fuel. Kerosene is typically pale yellow or colourless and has a not-unpleasant characteristic odour. It is obtained from petroleum and is used for burning in kerosene lamps and domestic heaters or furnaces, as a fuel or fuel component for

Jack Kerouac was an American novelist, poet, and leader of the Beat movement whose most famous book, On the Road (1957), had broad cultural influence before it was recognized for its literary merits. On the Road captured the spirit of its time as no other work of the 20th century had since F. Scott

Jack Kerouac was an American novelist, poet, and leader of the Beat movement whose most famous book, On the Road (1957), had broad cultural influence before it was recognized for its literary merits. On the Road captured the spirit of its time as no other work of the 20th century had since F. Scott

Kérouané, town, southeastern Guinea, West Africa, on the road from Beyla to Kankan. It is the chief trading town (rice, millet, cattle) for savanna lands inhabited mainly by the Muslim Malinke people. Local rivers have been an important source of alluvial diamonds since the 1950s, and the Simandou

Roy Kerr: …black holes are also called Kerr black holes. In later work (written jointly with A. Schild), he introduced a new class of solutions, known as Kerr–Schild solutions, which have had a profound influence on finding exact solutions to Einstein’s equations.

Kerr electro-optic effect: The Kerr cell, also referred to as a Kerr electro-optical shutter, is a device employing the Kerr effect to interrupt a beam of light up to 1010 times per second. Linearly polarized light (light vibrating in one plane, as shown in the Figure) is passed through…

Flathead Lake: …facilities are supplied by the Kerr Dam (completed 1958) near Polson at the south end of the lake. The University of Montana Biological Station is on the eastern shore, and the Swan River National Wildlife Refuge is nearby.

Kerr electro-optic effect, in physics, the inducement of double refraction of light in a transparent substance when a strong electric field is applied in a direction transverse to the beam of light. In double refraction, the index of refraction (a measure of the amount the ray is bent on entering

Kerr electro-optic effect, in physics, the inducement of double refraction of light in a transparent substance when a strong electric field is applied in a direction transverse to the beam of light. In double refraction, the index of refraction (a measure of the amount the ray is bent on entering

Kerr electro-optic effect: The Kerr cell, also referred to as a Kerr electro-optical shutter, is a device employing the Kerr effect to interrupt a beam of light up to 1010 times per second. Linearly polarized light (light vibrating in one plane, as shown in the Figure) is passed through…

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Amelia Kerr: Amelia Kerr is a third-generation New Zealand cricketer who emerged on the international scene with a bang. At age 16, she was the youngest to earn a New Zealand Cricket contract and to debut for the national team in 2017. The next year,…

social change: Economic processes: …thesis by the American scholar Clark Kerr and his colleagues, states that industrialization everywhere, including in the mid-20th-century communist countries, has similar consequences.

Deborah Kerr was a British film and stage actress known for the poise and serenity she exhibited in portraying complex characters. Kerr trained as a dancer in her aunt’s drama school in Bristol, England. She won a scholarship to Sadler’s Wells ballet school and at age 17 made her professional

Jean Kerr was an American writer, remembered for her plays and for her humorous prose on domestic themes. Jean Collins graduated from Marywood College in Scranton in 1943, and in August of that year she married Walter F. Kerr, who was then a professor of drama at Catholic University of America,

Fred Harris: senator Robert S. Kerr. The wealthy Kerr family’s support helped Harris win over two former governors as well as Bud Wilkinson, legendary gridiron football coach for the University of Oklahoma Sooners.

Roy Kerr is a New Zealand mathematician who solved (1963) Einstein’s field equations of general relativity to describe rotating black holes, thus providing a major contribution to the field of astrophysics. Kerr received an M.S. (1954) from New Zealand University (now dissolved) and his Ph.D.

Roy Kerr is a New Zealand mathematician who solved (1963) Einstein’s field equations of general relativity to describe rotating black holes, thus providing a major contribution to the field of astrophysics. Kerr received an M.S. (1954) from New Zealand University (now dissolved) and his Ph.D.

Sam Kerr is an Australian football (soccer) player who was named captain of the Matildas, the women’s national team, in 2019. The star striker later became the all-time leading scorer for the team. Kerr was also a standout in professional clubs in the United States, England, and Australia. Kerr was

Sam Kerr is an Australian football (soccer) player who was named captain of the Matildas, the women’s national team, in 2019. The star striker later became the all-time leading scorer for the team. Kerr was also a standout in professional clubs in the United States, England, and Australia. Kerr was

Gough Whitlam: …to resolve the parliamentary deadlock, Sir John Kerr, Australia’s governor-general (appointed by the British crown on the advice of the Australian government—in this case of Whitlam’s), dismissed him from office on November 11, 1975, and appointed a caretaker administration led by the political opposition. In the general election that followed,…

Sir John Graham Kerr was an English embryologist and pioneer in naval camouflage who greatly advanced knowledge of the evolution of vertebrates and, in 1914, was among the first to advocate camouflage of ships by means of “dazzle”—countershading and strongly contrasting patches. Kerr’s scientific

Steve Kerr is an American basketball player and coach who was a prominent guard in the NBA, winning championships with the Chicago Bulls (1996–98) and San Antonio Spurs (1999 and 2003). As a coach, he led the Golden State Warriors to four titles (2015, 2017–18, and 2022). In addition, Kerr coached

Steve Kerr is an American basketball player and coach who was a prominent guard in the NBA, winning championships with the Chicago Bulls (1996–98) and San Antonio Spurs (1999 and 2003). As a coach, he led the Golden State Warriors to four titles (2015, 2017–18, and 2022). In addition, Kerr coached

Karen Silkwood: …safety violations and negligence at Kerr-McGee’s Cimarron River nuclear facility. The circumstances of her death brought attention to bear on the dangers and wide-ranging and previously little-known influence of the nuclear power industry. She subsequently became a heroine to antinuclear activists and whistle-blowers alike.

Deborah Kerr was a British film and stage actress known for the poise and serenity she exhibited in portraying complex characters. Kerr trained as a dancer in her aunt’s drama school in Bristol, England. She won a scholarship to Sadler’s Wells ballet school and at age 17 made her professional

Deb Fischer: …primary and then former senator Bob Kerrey in the general election. Fischer took office in 2013, becoming Nebraska’s first female senator since 1954.

Kerrier, former district, Cornwall unitary authority, southwestern England, near the western tip of England and including the southernmost point of the island of Great Britain. The Kerrier district spanned the peninsular Cornwall unitary authority and bordered St. George’s Channel on the north and

Vera Wang: From Vogue to wedding dresses: …and 1994, when figure skater Nancy Kerrigan wore her designs at the Winter Olympics. Wang went on to create costumes for other Olympic skaters, including Michelle Kwan and Nathan Chen. Soon celebrities were wearing her dresses at highly publicized events. In the late 1990s and early 2000s her designs also…

rocket and missile system: Air-to-surface: …among these was the radio-command-guided AS-7 Kerry, the antiradar AS-8 and AS-9, and the television-guided AS-10 Karen and AS-14 Kedge (the last with a range of about 25 miles). These missiles were fired from tactical fighters such as the MiG-27 Flogger and attack helicopters such as the Mi-24 Hind and…

Kerry, county in the province of Munster, southwestern Ireland. Kerry is bounded by Counties Limerick and Cork to the east and by the Atlantic Ocean or its inlets to the south, west, and north. Tralee, in the west, is the county town (seat). Composed of sandstone, the principal highlands of Kerry

Kerry blue terrier, versatile breed of working terrier that is used as a hunter, land and water retriever, and sheep and cattle herder. The Kerry blue originated in County Kerry, Ireland, where it has been bred since the 1820s. It is 17.5 to 19.5 inches (44.5 to 49.5 cm) tall, weighs 29 to 40

Kerry: The four peninsulas are the Kerry Head peninsula, the most northerly, 7 miles (11 km) long; the Dingle Peninsula, which extends for nearly 40 miles (64 km) from Tralee to the Blasket Islands; the Iveragh Peninsula, 30 miles (48 km) long and 15 miles (24 km) wide, which continues the…

Keri Hulme was a New Zealand novelist, poet, and short-story writer, chiefly known for her first novel, The Bone People (1983), which won the Booker Prize in 1985. Much of Hulme’s writing deals with the language and culture of the Maori people of New Zealand. Although Hulme was born of mostly mixed

John Kerry is a U.S. politician who served in the Senate (1985–2013) and who was the Democratic Party’s nominee for president in 2004. He later was secretary of state (2013–17) in the administration of Pres. Barack Obama. Kerry was born in a Denver military hospital, the son of Richard Kerry, a

John Kerry is a U.S. politician who served in the Senate (1985–2013) and who was the Democratic Party’s nominee for president in 2004. He later was secretary of state (2013–17) in the administration of Pres. Barack Obama. Kerry was born in a Denver military hospital, the son of Richard Kerry, a

New York slave rebellion of 1741: …implicated a white prostitute named Peggy Kerry, who had ties to Caesar. Kerry was then forced to testify and implicated many Blacks in the conspiracy, and, on the basis of her testimony, those named were kept in custody. Those held in custody were also forced to provide testimony and name…

Georg Kerschensteiner was a German educational theorist and reformer who was a leader in the growth of vocational education in Germany. Kerschensteiner taught mathematics in Nürnberg and Schweinfurt before being named director of public schools in Munich in 1895. In that post, which he held until

Georg Kerschensteiner was a German educational theorist and reformer who was a leader in the growth of vocational education in Germany. Kerschensteiner taught mathematics in Nürnberg and Schweinfurt before being named director of public schools in Munich in 1895. In that post, which he held until

Florence Griffith Joyner: Flash and Dash: …attention of well-known track coach Bob Kersee, who later recruited her to run for California State University at Northridge and, in 1980, for the University of California at Los Angeles.

Portland Trail Blazers: …guard Terry Porter, and forward Jerome Kersey—won their first three playoff series to capture the Western Conference title. In the NBA Finals the team was defeated by the Detroit Pistons in five games. The Blazers were eliminated by the Lakers in the conference finals the following season after posting a…

dictionary: From 1604 to 1828: …by the first professional lexicographer, John Kersey the Younger. This work, A New English Dictionary, incorporated much from the tradition of spelling books and discarded most of the fantastic words that had beguiled earlier lexicographers. As a result, it served the reasonable needs of ordinary users of the language. Kersey…

Kershaw, county, central South Carolina, U.S., northeast of Columbia. The Lynches River forms the northeastern border. The county is also drained by the Wateree River, which is impounded by Wateree Dam to form Wateree Lake, which in turn provides part of the western border. Most of the county lies

Clayton Kershaw is an American professional baseball player who was among the sport’s best pitchers, winning three Cy Young Awards (2011, 2013, and 2014). Kershaw was drafted out of high school by the Los Angeles Dodgers with the seventh overall pick of the 2006 amateur draft. The powerful

Clayton Kershaw is an American professional baseball player who was among the sport’s best pitchers, winning three Cy Young Awards (2011, 2013, and 2014). Kershaw was drafted out of high school by the Los Angeles Dodgers with the seventh overall pick of the 2006 amateur draft. The powerful

Irvin Kershner was an American television and film director who worked in a variety of genres but was perhaps best known for The Empire Strikes Back (1980) from the Star Wars series. Kershner attended Temple University and later studied design at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA),

Irvin Kershner was an American television and film director who worked in a variety of genres but was perhaps best known for The Empire Strikes Back (1980) from the Star Wars series. Kershner attended Temple University and later studied design at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA),

particle accelerator: Colliding-beam storage rings: Donald W. Kerst, builder of the first betatron, realized in 1956 that, though the beam current in a high-energy accelerator is small, the currents circulating in the magnet rings are effectively much larger because of the high orbital frequency of the particles. Thus, if the…

Biedermeier style: …representative painters include Franz Krüger, Georg Friedrich Kersting, Julius Oldach, Carl Spitzweg, and Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller.

Kaḍiri: …last king of Kaḍiri was Kertajaya, who reduced the power of the Brahmans and hence came into conflict with them. A rebel, Ken Angrok, later the king of Singhasāri, made a secret agreement with the Brahmans and in 1222 defeated Kertajaya at Ganter. In the place of Kaḍiri, the kingdom…

Kertanagara was the last king (1268–92) of Tumapel (or Singhasāri) in Java, still venerated among the Javanese as one of their greatest rulers. He united Java, extended his influence over Sumatra, and resisted Mongol attempts to exact tribute from his kingdom. Kertanagara was the son of princely

Indonesia: The Majapahit era: …Kertanagara’s son-in-law, later known as Kertarajasa, who used the Mongols to his own advantage and then forced them to withdraw in confusion. The capital city of the kingdom was moved to Majapahit. For some years the new ruler and his son, who regarded themselves as successors of Kertanagara, had to…

André Kertész was a Hungarian-born American photographer known for his lyrical and formally rigorous pictures of everyday life. One of the most inventive photographers of the 20th century, Kertész set the standard for the use of the handheld camera, created a highly autobiographical body of work,

Imre Kertész was a Hungarian author best known for his semiautobiographical accounts of the Holocaust. In 2002 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. At age 14 Kertész was deported with other Hungarian Jews during World War II to the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland. He was

Michael Curtiz was a Hungarian-born American motion-picture director whose prolific output as a contract director for Warner Brothers consisted of numerous genre films along with a string of motion picture classics that include Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), Casablanca (1942), and Mildred Pierce

Mongolia: Drainage: …third longest river, the Kherlen (Kerulen), runs south from its source in the Khentii Mountains before turning eastward and flowing across eastern Mongolia and into Lake Hulun (Mongolian: Dalai Nuur) in northeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The largest rivers draining into the Great Lakes region of the Mongolian…

Joseph Kerwin is a U.S. astronaut and physician who served as science pilot on Skylab 2, the first crewed mission to the first U.S. space station. Kerwin received his degree in medicine in 1957 from Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago, Illinois, after which he joined the U.S. Navy

Joseph Kerwin is a U.S. astronaut and physician who served as science pilot on Skylab 2, the first crewed mission to the first U.S. space station. Kerwin received his degree in medicine in 1957 from Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago, Illinois, after which he joined the U.S. Navy

kerygma and catechesis, in Christian theology, respectively, the initial proclamation of the gospel message and the oral instruction given before baptism to those who have accepted the message. Kerygma refers primarily to the preaching of the Apostles as recorded in the New Testament. Their message

Rudolf Bultmann: Bultmann’s theology: …title Kerygma und Mythos (Kerygma and Myth).

biblical literature: Apocalypses: …the Apostolic Constitutions), and the Kerygma of Peter, a favorite at Alexandria, as well as various gnostic works, such as The Dialogue of the Redeemer, Pistis Sophia (“Faith-Wisdom”), and the Sophia Jesu Christi (“Wisdom of Jesus Christ”). From the 5th century there is even a Testamentum Domini (“Testament of the…

Rudolf Bultmann: Bultmann’s theology: …title Kerygma und Mythos (Kerygma and Myth).

caduceus, staff carried by Hermes, the messenger of the gods, as a symbol of peace. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans it became the badge of heralds and ambassadors, signifying their inviolability. Originally the caduceus was a rod or olive branch ending in two shoots and decorated with garlands

kēryx, inviolable ancient Greek messenger. In Homer’s time the kēryx was simply a trusted attendant or retainer of a chieftain. The role of kērykes expanded, however, to include acting as inviolable messengers between states, even in time of war, proclaiming meetings of the council, popular

Sikhism: Guru Gobind Singh and the founding of the Khalsa: …wearing of the “Five Ks”—kes or kesh (uncut hair), kangha (comb), kachha (short trousers), kara (steel bracelet), and kirpan (ceremonial sword)—did not become an obligation of all Sikhs until the establishment of the Singh Sabha, a religious and educational reform movement of

Ken Loach: …was followed by the poignant Kes (1970), about a boy, abused at home and school, who befriends a fledgling kestrel. That film received much acclaim, including a nomination for best picture at the British Academy Film Awards. Loach investigated similar themes of class and society in such films as Which…

Sikhism: Other groups: One group, the Kes-Dhari, is composed of Sikhs who wear the kes, uncut hair, required as one of the Five Ks, and includes all those whom the popular view regards as Sikhs. Not all Kes-Dharis wear all of the Five Ks, but they will at least wear the…

India: Origins of the nationalist movement: …Marathi journalist, whose vernacular newspaper, Kesari (“Lion”), became the leading literary thorn in the side of the British. The Lokamanya (“Revered by the People”), as Tilak came to be called after he was jailed for seditious writings in 1897, looked to orthodox Hinduism and Maratha history as his twin sources…

South Asian arts: Marathi: …in Marathi poetry began with Kesavasut and was influenced by 19th-century British Romanticism and liberalism, European nationalism, and the greatness of the history of Mahārāshtra. Kesavasut declared a revolt against traditional Marathi poetry and started a school, lasting until 1920, that emphasized home and nature, the glorious past, and pure…

Kesennuma, city, northeastern Miyagi ken (prefecture), northern Honshu, Japan. It lies about 70 miles (110 km) northeast of Sendai, the prefectural capital, on the deeply indented Pacific Ocean coast at the head of Kesennuma Bay, which shelters the city’s harbour and commercial fishing port.

Ken Kesey was an American writer who was a hero of the countercultural revolution and the hippie movement of the 1960s. Kesey was educated at the University of Oregon and Stanford University. At a Veterans Administration hospital in Menlo Park, California, he was a paid volunteer experimental

Ken Kesey was an American writer who was a hero of the countercultural revolution and the hippie movement of the 1960s. Kesey was educated at the University of Oregon and Stanford University. At a Veterans Administration hospital in Menlo Park, California, he was a paid volunteer experimental

Auto-Tune: Impact on the music industry: The American singer Kesha’s electro-pop albums Animal (2010) and Warrior (2012) made heavy use of Auto-Tune on vocals and melodies. In particular, her breakthrough single “TiK ToK,” featured on Animal, consists of rapping, obvious Auto-Tune, and ludicrous one-liners.

Indian philosophy: The old school: …century; “The Charm of Nyaya”), Keshava Mishra’s Tarkabhasha ( c. 1275; “The Language of Reasoning”), Annam Bhatta’s Tarkasamgraha (c. 1623; “Compendium of Logic”), and Vishvanatha’s Bhashapariccheda (1634; “Determination of the Meaning of the Verses”).