zakat: …an additional one-fifth tax, the khums, to the Hidden Imam and his deputies. It is intended to be spent for the benefit of the imams in addition to orphans, the poor, and travelers.

Al-Khums, town, northwestern Libya. It is located on the Mediterranean coast about 60 miles (97 km) southeast of Tripoli. The town was founded by the Turks and gained importance after 1870 by exporting esparto grass (used for cordage, shoes, and paper). Modern economic activities in Al-Khums

South Asian arts: Parsi theatre: …modelled on King Lear, and Khūn-e Nāḥaq (“The Innocent Murder”) on Hamlet. His last play, Rustam-o-Sohrab, the tragic story of two legendary Persian heroes, Rustam and his son Sohrab, is a drama of passion and fatal irony.

alchemy: Modern alchemy: Neither did the German alchemist Heinrich Khunrath (c. 1560–1601), whose works have long been esteemed for their illustrations, make such a claim.

Khorāsān, historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya (Oxus River) westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of

Avesta: The Khūrda Avesta (or Little Avesta) is a group of minor texts, hymns, and prayers for specific occasions.

Mongolia: Political developments: …contested by former prime minister Ukhnaa Khürelsükh of the MPP and Dangaasüren Enkhbat of the National Labor Party, representing the Right Person Electorate Coalition. Khürelsükh won by an overwhelming margin and was sworn in on June 25, 2021.

Iranian art and architecture: Seleucid period: …“Greek” temples, at Kangāvar and Khurha, in Iran, in which classical orders (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) are handled with so little understanding that they can hardly be called Hellenistic. There are, however, isolated examples of contemporary sculpture from eastern sites to which this term could be more justifiably applied. Bronze…

Bishara al-Khuri was a Lebanese statesman, president of Lebanon from 1943 to 1952. The son of a prominent Lebanese Christian civil official, Khuri studied law in Paris and there learned to speak French fluently. In 1920 Khuri became secretary-general to the government of Mount Lebanon (the

Khurīyā Murīyā, island group of Oman, in the Arabian Sea, situated 25 miles (40 km) off the country’s southeastern coast. The five islands, which have a total land area of 28 square miles (73 square km), are composed largely of granite and represent the peaks of a submarine ridge. From west to east

Arabia: Northern Arabia: …these are Wadi ʿArʿar and Wadi Al-Khurr.

Shah Jahān was the Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) who built the Taj Mahal. He was the third son of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and the Rajput princess Manmati. In 1612 he married Arjūmand Bānū Begum, niece of Jahāngīr’s wife Nūr Jahān, and became, as Prince Khurram, a member of the influential

Shah Jahān was the Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) who built the Taj Mahal. He was the third son of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and the Rajput princess Manmati. In 1612 he married Arjūmand Bānū Begum, niece of Jahāngīr’s wife Nūr Jahān, and became, as Prince Khurram, a member of the influential

Khorramābād, city, capital of Lorestān province, western Iran. It commands a river gap in the Lorestān mountains used by the main road from Khūzestān to the highland plateau. A summer market for the nomadic Lur tribes, it has lively bazaars and a strong garrison. On a ridge between town and river

Khartoum North, city, east-central Sudan. It lies on the north bank of the Blue Nile and on the east bank of the Nile proper, with bridge connections to its sister cities of Khartoum and Omdurman. The main industrial centre of the region and the country, the city contains dockyards, marine and rail

Khartoum, city, executive capital of Sudan, just south of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers. It has bridge connections with its sister towns, Khartoum North and Omdurman, with which it forms Sudan’s largest conurbation. Originally an Egyptian army camp (pitched 1821), Khartoum grew

vetiver, (Chrysopogon zizanioides), perennial grass of the family Poaceae, the roots of which contain an oil used in perfumes. Vetiver is native to tropical Asia and has been introduced into the tropics of both hemispheres; it has escaped cultivation and become a weed in some regions. The plant is

Murshidabad: …south, with Muradbagh Palace; and Khushbagh Cemetery, containing the tombs of ʿAlī Vardī Khan, the last great nawab, and Sirāj-al-Dawlah, his grandnephew, who was defeated by the British at the Battle of Plassey (Palashi). Constituted a municipality in 1869, Murshidabad has several colleges affiliated with the University of Calcutta. The…

Pashto language: Grammar and literature: The national poet of Afghanistan, Khushhal Khan Khatak (1613–94), wrote spontaneous and forceful poetry of great charm. His grandson Afzal Khan was the author of an early history of the Pashtun.

India: Jahāngīr of India: …led by his eldest son, Khusraw, who was reportedly supported by, among others, the Sikh Guru Arjun. Khusraw was defeated at Lahore and was brought in chains before the emperor. The subsequent execution of the Sikh Guru permanently estranged the Sikhs from the Mughals.

India: The Tughluqs of India: …general, a Hindu convert named Khusraw Khan, who had built substantial support among a group of Hindus outside the traditional nobility. Opposition to Khusraw’s rule arose immediately, led by Ghāzī Malik, the warden of the western marches at Deopalpur, and Khusraw was defeated and slain after four months.

Khust, city, western Ukraine, near the confluence of the Rika and Tisza rivers. It arose in the 10th century as a fortified Rus town. Subsequently it was under the rule of Hungary, the principality of Galicia-Volhynia, and Transylvania before coming under Austrian control in the 18th century.

Arabic literature: The 20th century and beyond: …concern, that of particularity (khuṣūṣiyyah), is a telling reflection of the realization among writers and critics throughout the Arabic-speaking world that the region they inhabited was both vast and variegated (with Europe to the north and west as a living example). Debate over this issue, while acknowledging notions of…

khutbah, in Islam, the sermon, delivered especially at a Friday service (ṣalāt al-jumʿah), at the two major Islamic festivals (ʿīds), at celebrations of saintly birthdays (mawlids), and on extraordinary occasions. The khutbah probably derived, though without a religious context, from the

khutbah, in Islam, the sermon, delivered especially at a Friday service (ṣalāt al-jumʿah), at the two major Islamic festivals (ʿīds), at celebrations of saintly birthdays (mawlids), and on extraordinary occasions. The khutbah probably derived, though without a religious context, from the

khutbah, in Islam, the sermon, delivered especially at a Friday service (ṣalāt al-jumʿah), at the two major Islamic festivals (ʿīds), at celebrations of saintly birthdays (mawlids), and on extraordinary occasions. The khutbah probably derived, though without a religious context, from the

Georgian language: Asomtavruli evolved into Khutsuri, an ecclesiastical script of 38 letters, including 6 vowels. Neither script is currently in use. Mkhedruli, a lay alphabet originally of 40 letters (7 are now obsolete), 6 of them vowels, is the script commonly used at present in printing and handwriting. All scripts…

Alhucemas, Spanish exclave on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, comprising a bay, three islets, and a small port. The bay, a semicircular inlet (9 miles [14 km] wide and 5 miles [8 km] long), is protected by Cap Nuevo; its sandy bottom is an extension of the Nekor River alluvial plain. The

Khuzdār, town, Balochistān province, southwestern Pakistan. The town lies along the Kolāchi River at the apex of a narrow valley in the Pab (Pubb) Range and lies at an elevation of 4,060 feet (1,237 m) above sea level. It is located on an old caravan route to the Arabian Sea and is surrounded by

Khūzestān, geographic region in southwestern Iran, lying at the head of the Persian Gulf and bordering Iraq on the west. It is notable for its oil resources. Khūzestān comprises a southeastern extension of the Mesopotamian plain and includes part of the forested Zagros Mountains to the northeast.

Ahvāz: …the Arabic name for the Hūzī (or Khūzī), a local warlike tribe that gave its name to the historical region of Khūzestān. Arab historians of the 12th century described Ahwāz as the centre of a large sugarcane- and rice-growing area irrigated by a system of great canals from a dam…

Khūzestān, geographic region in southwestern Iran, lying at the head of the Persian Gulf and bordering Iraq on the west. It is notable for its oil resources. Khūzestān comprises a southeastern extension of the Mesopotamian plain and includes part of the forested Zagros Mountains to the northeast.

Abolqasem al-Khoei was an Iranian-born cleric who, as a grand ayatollah based in the holy city of Al-Najaf, Iraq, was the spiritual leader of millions of Shīʿite Muslims. Khoei studied Persian poetry and religion as a child. At age 13 he was sent to study Islamic law (Sharīʿah) at Al-Najaf, where

Khoja, caste of Indian Muslims converted from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century by the Persian pīr (religious leader or teacher) Saḍr-al-Dīn and adopted as members of the Nizārī Ismāʿīliyyah sect of the Shīʿites. Forced to feign either Hinduism, Sunni Islam, or Ithnā ʿAshariyyah in order to

Balkh: The shrine of Khvājeh Abū Naṣr Pārsā is a remnant of its historic past. Pop. (2006 est.) 12,700; (2020 est.) 18,000.

Afghanistan: Resources and power: The Khvājeh Gūgerdak and Yatīm Tāq fields were major producers, with storage and refining facilities. Until the 1990s, pipelines delivered natural gas to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and to a thermal power plant and chemical fertilizer plant in Mazār-e Sharīf. Petroleum resources, on the other hand, have…

Caspian Sea: Geology of the Caspian Sea: …known as Baku, Khazar, and Khvalyn—alternately shrank and expanded. That process left a legacy in the form of peripheral terraces that mark old shorelines and can also be traced in the geologically recent underlying sedimentary layers.

Caspian Sea, world’s largest inland body of water. It lies to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia. The sea’s name derives from the ancient Kaspi peoples, who once lived in Transcaucasia to the west. Among its other historical names, Khazarsk and

Khosrow I: Patron of culture.: …Iran were gathered into a Khwatāy-nāmak (“Book of Kings”) in the time of Khosrow and thus provided the source for Ferdowsī’s immortal epic much later. Some of the names found in Ferdowsī’s Shāh-nāmeh appear among the royal family of Khosrow, which indicates at the least an interest on the part…

Khoy, city, northwestern Iran. The city is well laid out, with cool streams and lines of willows along broad, regular streets. There are several mosques, an extensive brick bazaar, a fine caravansary, and gardens. Khoy is a trade centre and has been of considerable strategic importance. Fortified

Ukraine: The New Economic Policy and Ukrainization: …literature, in which the writer Mykola Khvylovy employed the slogan “Away from Moscow!” and urged a cultural orientation toward Europe. An important factor in the national revival, despite antireligious propaganda and harassment, was the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, which had gained a wide following among the Ukrainian intelligentsia and peasantry…

al-Khiḍr, a legendary Islamic figure endowed with immortal life who became a popular saint, especially among sailors and Sufis (Muslim mystics). The cycle of myths and stories surrounding al-Khiḍr originated in a vague narrative in the Qurʾān (18:60–82) that describes the long and arduous journey

Khwae Noi River, tributary of the Mae Klong River, flowing wholly in western Thailand. It rises near Three Pagodas Pass (Phra Chedi Sam Ong) on the mountainous Myanmar-Thailand border and runs southeast, parallel to the border, to its confluence near Kanchanaburi town with the Mae Klong, which

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …Muslim Sufi (mystic) saints, including Khwāja Muʾin-ud-Din Ḥasan, who emphasized asceticism and taught a philosophy that included both love of God and love of humanity.

Islamic arts: Painting: …began about 1396 with the Khwāju Kermānī manuscript and culminated between 1420 and 1440 in the paintings produced by the Herāt school, an academy created by Timur’s son Shāh Rokh and developed by Shāh Rokh’s son Baysunqur Mīrzā to codify, copy, and illustrate classical Iranian literature. Although several Shāh-nāmehs are…

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad Khwāndamīr was a Persian historian, considered one of the greatest historians of the Timurid period. Grandson of the Persian historian Mirkhwānd, Khwāndamīr entered the service of Badīʿ al-Zamān, the eldest son of the Timurid ruler of Herāt, Ḥusayn Bāyqarā. Khwāndamīr was an

Khwārezm-Shāh dynasty, (c. 1077–1231), dynasty that ruled in Central Asia and Iran, first as vassals of the Seljuqs and later as independent rulers. The founder of the dynasty was Anūştegin Gharachaʾī, a slave who was appointed governor of Khwārezm about 1077 by the Seljuq ruler Malik-Shāh.

Khwārezm, historic region along the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) of Turkistan, in the territories of present-day Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Khwārezm formed part of the empire of Achaemenian Persia (6th–4th century bce). The Arabs conquered it and introduced Islam to the area in the 7th century

Khwārezm-Shāh dynasty, (c. 1077–1231), dynasty that ruled in Central Asia and Iran, first as vassals of the Seljuqs and later as independent rulers. The founder of the dynasty was Anūştegin Gharachaʾī, a slave who was appointed governor of Khwārezm about 1077 by the Seljuq ruler Malik-Shāh.

Iranian languages: Middle Iranian: …languages of this group are Khwārezmian (Chorasmian), Sogdian, and Saka. Less well-known are Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) and Bactrian, but from what is known it would seem likely that those languages were equally distinctive. There was probably more than one dialect of each of the languages of the eastern group,

Turkic languages: Literary languages: …embraces several regional written languages: Khwārezmian Turkic, Volga Bolgarian, Old Kipchak, Old Ottoman, and Early Chagatai. Khwārezmian, used in the 13th–14th centuries in the empire of the Golden Horde, is based on the old language, but mixed with Oghuz and Kipchak elements. Volga Bolgarian is preserved in inscriptions on tombstones…

al-Khwārizmī was a Muslim mathematician and astronomer whose major works introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra into European mathematics. Latinized versions of his name and of his most famous book title live on in the terms algorithm and algebra. Al-Khwārizmī lived in

al-Khwārizmī was a Muslim mathematician and astronomer whose major works introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra into European mathematics. Latinized versions of his name and of his most famous book title live on in the terms algorithm and algebra. Al-Khwārizmī lived in

Khosrow I: Patron of culture.: …Iran were gathered into a Khwatāy-nāmak (“Book of Kings”) in the time of Khosrow and thus provided the source for Ferdowsī’s immortal epic much later. Some of the names found in Ferdowsī’s Shāh-nāmeh appear among the royal family of Khosrow, which indicates at the least an interest on the part…

khayal, in Hindustani music, a musical form based on a Hindi song in two parts that recur between expanding cycles of melodic and rhythmic improvisation. In a standard performance a slow (vilambit) khayal is followed by a shorter, fast (drut) khayal in the same raga (melodic framework). The khayal

khyāl, any of several Hindustani folk-dance dramas of Rājasthān, northwestern India. Khyāl dances date from the 16th century and use themes taken from folklore and legend. They are performed exclusively by men, are characterized by the powerful body movements of the performers, and include mime and

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northernmost province of Pakistan. It is bounded by Afghanistan to the west and north, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (the Pakistani-administered areas of the Kashmir region) to the east and northeast, Punjab province to the southeast, and Balochistan province to the

Khyber Pass, mountain pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, on the border with Nangarhar province, Afghanistan. The pass connects Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, with Peshawar, Pakistan. The name Khyber is also applied to the range through which the pass runs—a series of arid broken

Pakistan: Security: …groups, such as the fabled Khyber Rifles, are officially part of the army but frequently engage in security work, such as combating terrorists. The Inter-Service Intelligence directorate is the country’s largest intelligence collection body, and it has often been extremely successful in influencing government policy.

Fudō Myō-ō, in Japanese Buddhist mythology, the fierce form of the Buddha Vairocana, and the most important of the Myō-ō class of deities. See

Ki no Tsurayuki was a court noble, government official, and noted man of letters in Japan during the Heian period (794–1185). While serving as chief of the Imperial Documents Division, Tsurayuki took a prominent part in the compilation of the first Imperial poetry anthology, Kokinshū (905). In a

Ki Seto ware, yellow-toned ceramic ware made from fine, white clay covered with iron-ash glazes in the Mino area in central Honshu, Japan, from the late Muromachi period (1338–1573) onward. Ki Seto (“Yellow Seto”) is divided into two main types: a glossy chartreuse yellow (guinomi-de, or

Confucianism: The age of Confucianism: Chosŏn-dynasty Korea, Tokugawa Japan, and Qing China: His exchange of letters with Ki Taesŭng (1527–72) in the famous Four-Seven debate, which discussed the relationship between Mencius’s four basic human feelings—commiseration, shame, modesty, and right and wrong—and seven emotions, such as anger and joy, raised the level of Confucian dialogue to a new height of intellectual sophistication.

automotive industry: South Korea: Kia, South Korea’s second largest automaker, was acquired by Hyundai in 1999. Daewoo, owned by the Daewoo Group conglomerate, entered the automobile field on a large scale in the 1980s and had won nearly a fifth of the market before entering into financial receivership and…

East Asian arts: Common traditions: Called kiak in Korea and gigaku in Japan, the Aryan features of some of its masks clearly indicate Indian (or Central Asian) influence. Such complicated genealogies are common in East Asian performing arts.

China: Foreign relations: The Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) extended agreement on the borders to the west and opened markets for trade. When Chinese ambassadors went to Moscow (1731) and St. Petersburg (1732) to request that Russia remain neutral during the Chinese campaigns against the Oirat in Central Asia, they…

Kiama, town, Illawara district, eastern New South Wales, Australia. It is situated near the Minamurra River along the Princes Highway, 55 miles (88 km) south of Sydney. Kiama’s harbour was visited in 1797 by the British explorer George Bass. Its name is Aboriginal for either “good fishing ground”

Karachi: City site: …is protected from storms by Kiamāri Island, Manora Island, and Oyster Rocks, which together block the greater part of the harbour entrance in the west.

Kiamichi River, river in Oklahoma, U.S., rising in Le Flore county, near the Arkansas state line in the Ouachita Mountains. It flows southwest, past Pine Valley and Clayton to Antlers, where after a course of 165 miles (266 km) it turns southeast and joins the Red River south of Fort Towson in

Swahili language: …other areas of Kenya; and kiAmu (or Kiamu), spoken on the island of Lamu and adjoining parts of the coast. Standard Swahili is based on the kiUnguja dialect.

Swahili language: …other areas of Kenya; and kiAmu (or Kiamu), spoken on the island of Lamu and adjoining parts of the coast. Standard Swahili is based on the kiUnguja dialect.

Ji’an, city, west-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. Ji’an is situated on the west bank of the Gan River, at the head of navigation for small steamboats from Nanchang. The city is a highway centre located on the north-south route up the Gan valley at the point where it is joined

Chinese pottery: Late Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties: These Ji’an, or Kian, wares appear to be imitations of Ding, and there may be truth in the tradition that the kilns were set up by refugees from the north. The Yonghe kilns were unable to compete with Jingdezhen, however, and had ceased production by the…

kiang, (Equus kiang), species of Asian wild ass found in the cold, arid highlands of Nepal, India, and Pakistan and in Qinghai and Gansu provinces and the western Tibet Autonomous Region in China at elevations above 4,000 metres (13,000 feet). The kiang’s coat is reddish in summer and brown, and it

Kingaroy: …3,727 feet (1,136 metres) at Mount Kiangarow, were important to Aboriginal people as a source of bunya pine nuts and have now been included within Bunya Mountains National Park. Pop. (2006) local government area, 12,222; (2011) urban centre, 9,587.

Jiangnan Arsenal, in Shanghai, major Chinese centre during the 1860s and 1870s for the manufacture of modern arms and the study of Western technical literature and Western languages. It was opened in 1865 as part of China’s Self-Strengthening movement. Begun as an ironworks base with machinery

Jiangxi, sheng (province) of southeast-central China. It is bounded by the provinces of Hubei and Anhui to the north, Zhejiang and Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, and Hunan to the west. On the map its shape resembles an inverted pear. The port of Jiujiang, some 430 miles (690 km)

Jiangxi: Education: …in higher education was the Jiangxi Labour University, founded in 1958 and renamed Jiangxi Agricultural University in 1980. It has its main campus in Nanchang but operates a network of branch campuses, in addition to affiliated technical schools, throughout the province. Aiming at the development of productive work through the…

Jiangxi Soviet, (1931–34), independent government established by the communist leader Mao Zedong and his comrade Zhu De in Jiangxi province in southeastern China. It was from this small state within a state that Mao gained the experience in guerrilla warfare and peasant organization that he later

Jiangsu, sheng (province) on the east coast of China. It is bounded by the Yellow Sea to the east, Shanghai municipality to the southeast, and by the provinces of Zhejiang to the south, Anhui to the west, and Shandong to the north. The provincial capital is Nanjing, which was the southern capital

Kiangsu Provincial Museum, in Nanking, China, one of the outstanding provincial museums of China. It contains objects reflecting 5,000 years of Chinese culture. The prehistoric section contains objects found during excavations in 1954 and 1956 in Kiangsu Province, including polished stone tools,

Abbas Kiarostami was an Iranian filmmaker who was known for experimenting with the boundaries between reality and fiction throughout a four-decade career. Kiarostami studied painting and graphic arts at the University of Tehrān and spent a period designing posters, illustrating children’s books,

Kiawah Island, barrier island in Charleston county, South Carolina. Located 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Charleston. It is one of the Sea Islands off the Atlantic coast and is bordered by the Kiawah River. The island is primarily a private gated community known for its 10 miles (16 km) of beach,

Mwai Kibaki was a Kenyan politician who served as president of Kenya (2002–13). Kibaki, a member of the Kikuyu people, attended Makerere University (B.A., 1955) in Uganda and the London School of Economics (B.Sc., 1959). He then worked as a teacher before becoming active in the Kenyan struggle for

Mwai Kibaki was a Kenyan politician who served as president of Kenya (2002–13). Kibaki, a member of the Kikuyu people, attended Makerere University (B.A., 1955) in Uganda and the London School of Economics (B.Sc., 1959). He then worked as a teacher before becoming active in the Kenyan struggle for

Kazembe: His grandson, Kazembe IV, known as Kibangu Keleka (reigned 1805–50), encouraged contacts with Portuguese traders from Angola, and Kazembe became an important centre of trade between the peoples in the central African interior and the Portuguese and Arabs on the eastern coast.

Upemba National Park: The forested Kibara Mountains rise to 6,070 feet (1,850 m) in the northeast. The park’s wildlife includes zebras, antelopes, elephants, buffalo, lions, and aquatic birds.

Africa: The Precambrian: …deformation and metamorphism during the Kibaran event. That important thermotectonic episode gave rise to the Kibaran-Burundian fold belt in east-central Africa, the Ruwenzori belt in Uganda, and the Namaqua-Natal belt in South Africa and Namibia.

bulgur: …tomatoes, onions, and herbs) and kibbeh (ground meat patties with onions and spices). Since the early 1900s, bulgur has grown in popularity as a health and gourmet food in the United States and western Europe.

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington: Cast:

bulgur: …tomatoes, onions, and herbs) and kibbeh (ground meat patties with onions and spices). Since the early 1900s, bulgur has grown in popularity as a health and gourmet food in the United States and western Europe.

kibbutz, Israeli collective settlement, usually agricultural and often also industrial, in which all wealth is held in common. Profits are reinvested in the settlement after members have been provided with food, clothing, and shelter and with social and medical services. Adults have private

Kibi Makibi was an early envoy to China who did much to introduce Chinese culture to the comparatively primitive Japanese state. In 717, when Chinese culture under the great T’ang dynasty (618–907) was at its height, Kibi traveled there as a student. Upon his return to Japan, he received an

Chūgoku Range: …a steep escarpment to the Kibi Plateau. The plateau, at an elevation between 660 and 1,970 feet (200 and 600 m), is composed of eroded hilly land surfaces, separated by steep, younger gorges. Between the Kibi Plateau and the range, a row of intermontane basins is followed by the east-west…

qiblah, the direction of the sacred shrine of the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, toward which Muslims turn five times each day when performing the salat (daily ritual prayer). Soon after Muhammad’s migration (Hijrah, or Hegira) to Medina in 622, he indicated Jerusalem as the qiblah, probably

Kilimanjaro: Kibo, the youngest and highest, retains the form of a typical volcanic cone and crater and is linked by a 7-mile (11-km) saddle at about 15,000 feet (4,500 metres) with Mawensi (16,893 feet [5,149 metres]), which is the older core of a former summit. Shira…

space station: The International Space Station: …Columbus, and a Japanese laboratory, Kibo. In February 2008 Columbus was mounted on Harmony’s starboard side. Columbus was Europe’s first long-duration crewed space laboratory and contained experiments in such fields as biology and fluid dynamics. In the following month an improved variant of the Ariane V rocket launched Europe’s heaviest…

African music: Polyphonic vocal styles: …in a song type called kibota.

Cyprus, island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea renowned since ancient times for its mineral wealth, superb wines and produce, and natural beauty. A “golden-green leaf thrown into the Sea” and a land of “wild weather and volcanoes,” in the words of the Greek Cypriot poet Leonidas Malenis, Cyprus

Martyrs of Uganda: …alive on June 3, 1886: Ambrose Kibuka, Anatole Kiriggwajjo, Achilles Kiwanuka, Mugagga, Mukasa Kiriwawanvu, Adolphus Mukasa Ludigo, Gyavira, and Kizito. The soldiers and officials Bruno Serunkuma, James Buzabaliawo, and