Kęstutis was the grand duke of Lithuania (1381–82) who defended his country’s western borders against the Teutonic Knights. Kęstutis was one of the seven sons of Gediminas, the grand duke of Lithuania (reigned 1316–41), who had built that nation into a powerful east European empire. Kęstutis fought

Kiel, city, capital (1945) of Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northern Germany. Kiel is a port on both sides of the Kiel Fjord, an inlet of the western Baltic Sea, and lies at the eastern end of the Kiel Canal. The name Kyle (meaning “fjord,” or “spring,” possibly derived from the Anglo-Saxon

Kiel Canal, important waterway in northern Germany, extending eastward for 98 km (61 miles) to connect the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The canal constitutes the safest, most convenient, shortest, and cheapest shipping route between the two seas. It runs from Brunsbüttelkoog (on the North Sea, at

World War I: The end of the German war: …with a sailors’ mutiny at Kiel on October 29 in reaction to the naval command’s order for the High Seas Fleet to go out into the North Sea for a conclusive battle. Though the U-boat crews remained loyal, the mutiny of the surface-ship crews spread to other units of the…

Kiel Sun-chu was a Presbyterian minister who was one of the most prominent leaders of the early Korean Christian Church. Prior to his conversion to Christianity in 1897, Kiel had been a follower of Son (Zen) Buddhism. He was a member of the first graduation class of the newly founded Presbyterian

Treaty of Kiel, (Jan. 14, 1814), the peace treaty ending the hostilities between Denmark and Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars. By the treaty, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, thus ending the union initiated in 1380 and further reducing Denmark’s status as a Baltic and European power. By the

kielbasa, sausage of Polish origin traditionally often made of pork. In the version most readily available in North American markets, it is smoked. In Polish, kiełbasa is the generic word for “sausage,” and it is a staple of the national cuisine. Adjectives are added to describe varieties, as in

Kielce, city, capital of Świętokrzyskie województwo (province), southeastern Poland, lying in the Świętokrzyskie (“Holy Cross”) Mountains. Kielce is located on the Warsaw-Kraków rail line and is a major industrial centre that has metallurgical, machine-making, building materials, and

Tynedale: The dam at Kielder Reservoir was built on the North Tyne to supplement water flow to industries along the Tyne and by pipeline to the Rivers Wear and Tees; the reservoir is a major recreational resource in the area.

Alexander Lange Kielland was a novelist, short-story writer, and dramatist, one of the “big four” (with Henrik Ibsen, B.M. Bjørnson, and Jonas Lie) of 19th-century Norwegian literature. The scion of an aristocratic family, Kielland took a law degree in 1871 and purchased a brickyard, which he

Summer Night: …in 1886 by Norwegian artist Kitty Lange Kielland. In the collection of Norway’s National Museum of Art, Architecture, and Design, this painting is regarded by many as Kielland’s masterpiece.

Greenland: History of Greenland: …funds and was replaced by Kim Kielsen. When the parliamentary opposition engineered a snap election at the end of November, Kielsen led Siumut to the polls, where it captured about 34 percent of the vote, compared with about 33 percent for the chief opposition party, Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA). Both parties…

Olympic Games: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S., 1904: Thomas Kiely of Ireland, who paid his own fare to the Games rather than compete under the British flag, won the gold medal in an early version of the decathlon. Kiely and his competitors performed the 100-yard sprint, shot put, high jump, 880-yard walk, hammer…

Edward Kienholz was an American self-taught sculptor known for his elaborate found-object assemblages, which convey a harsh scrutiny of American society. Kienholz grew up in a working-class family on a farm in Washington state and learned auto repair, carpentry, and metalwork skills that served his

Edward Kienholz: …collaborated with his fifth wife, Nancy Reddin. In 1973 he and his wife began splitting their time between Berlin, where they set up a studio, and Hope, Idaho, where in 1977 they established the Faith and Charity in Hope Gallery. In 1981 he declared in writing in an exhibition catalog…

Vladimir Lenin: Challenges of the Revolution of 1905 and World War I: …anti-war conferences in Zimmerwald and Kienthal, Switzerland. Lenin failed at both meetings to persuade his comrades to adopt his slogan: “transform the imperialist war into civil war!” They adopted instead the more moderate formula: “An immediate peace without annexations or indemnities and the right of the peoples to self-determination.” Lenin…

Nicholas Ray was an American motion-picture writer and director whose reputation as one of the most expressive and distinctive filmmakers of the late 1940s and the ’50s is grounded on a clutch of stylish heartfelt films that frequently focused on alienated outcasts, including They Live by Night

Saint Ciaran of Clonmacnoise ; feast day September 9) was an abbot who was one of the most illustrious founders of monasticism in Ireland. With Saints Columba and Brendan, Ciaran was educated by Abbot St. Finnian at the celebrated Monastery of Clonard. From there he went to the island of Aranmore,

KieranTimberlake, American architecture firm based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that became known for projects emphasizing sustainability, energy efficiency, and the reuse and conservation of existing structures and materials. The firm was founded in 1984 by Stephen Kieran and James Timberlake,

Søren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic who was a major influence on existentialism and Protestant theology in the 20th century. He attacked the literary, philosophical, and ecclesiastical establishments of his day for misrepresenting the highest task of human

Søren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic who was a major influence on existentialism and Protestant theology in the 20th century. He attacked the literary, philosophical, and ecclesiastical establishments of his day for misrepresenting the highest task of human

diatomaceous earth, light-coloured, porous, and friable sedimentary rock that is composed of the siliceous shells of diatoms, unicellular aquatic plants of microscopic size. It occurs in earthy beds that somewhat resemble chalk, but it is much lighter than chalk and will not effervesce in acid.

kieserite, a sulfate mineral, hydrated magnesium sulfate (MgSO4·H2O), that is abundant in evaporite deposits. It often occurs as intergrowths with halite or associated with carnallite and other potassium salts. Sites of occurrence include Stassfurt, Ger.; Ozinki, Russia; western Texas; and New

Kurt Georg Kiesinger was a conservative politician and chancellor (1966–69) of the Federal Republic of Germany whose “grand coalition” brought the Social Democratic Party (SPD) into the government for the first time since 1930. Kiesinger was educated at Berlin and Tübingen, after which he began to

Frederick John Kiesler was an Austrian-born American architect, sculptor, and stage designer, best known for his “Endless House,” a womblike, free-form structure. After study at the Technical Academy and the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, Kiesler worked on a slum clearance and rebuilding project

Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian-born American film star who was often typecast as a provocative femme fatale. Years after her screen career ended, she achieved recognition as a noted inventor of a radio communications device. The daughter of a prosperous Viennese banker, Lamarr was privately tutored

Krzysztof Kieślowski was a leading Polish director of documentaries, feature films, and television films of the 1970s, ’80s, and ’90s that explore the social and moral themes of contemporary times. Kieślowski studied theatre technology in Warsaw, and in 1968 he graduated from the State Theatrical

Kieta, town, southeast coast of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The former administrative centre of Bougainville Island, it is situated on Arawa Bay (Rawa Harbour) and is a port of call with a long wharf for coastal and Australian shipping. The town trades chiefly

Dynamo Kyiv, Ukrainian professional football (soccer) team located in Kyiv. Dynamo Kyiv was one of the strongest teams in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) and is, along with Shakhtar Donetsk, one of the dominant teams in the Ukrainian league. In 1923 a system of sports

Kyiv, chief city and capital of Ukraine. A port on the Dnieper (Dnipro) River and a large railroad junction, it is a city with an ancient and proud history. As the centre of Kyivan (Kievan) Rus, the first eastern Slavic state, 1,000 years ago, it acquired the title “Mother of Rus Cities.” It was

Eastern Orthodoxy: Origin of the Muscovite patriarchate: …the modern period, the famous Academy of Kiev. Modelled after the Latin seminaries of Poland, with instruction given in Latin, this school served as the theological training centre for almost the entire Russian high clergy in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1686 Ukraine was finally reunited with Muscovy, and…

The Russian Primary Chronicle, medieval Kievan Rus historical work that gives a detailed account of the early history of the eastern Slavs to the second decade of the 12th century. The chronicle, compiled in Kiev about 1113, was based on materials taken from Byzantine chronicles, west and south

Kyiv: Kyiv under the tsars: …University of Kyiv (now the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), which had been established in 1834.

Kyiv: Kyiv under the tsars: …University of Kyiv (now the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), which had been established in 1834.

Kyivan Rus, the first East Slavic state. It reached its peak in the early to mid-11th century. Both the origin of the Kyivan state and that of the name Rus, which came to be applied to it, remain matters of debate among historians. According to the traditional account presented in The Primary

Anthony of Kiev: …for the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), an institution that later acquired a reputation as the cradle of Russian monasticism. Reverting to his Athonite training, he sent to Constantinople (modern Istanbul) for architects to construct the new monastery complex at the mountain.

Russian literature: The Kievan period: The Kievo-Pechersky paterik (The Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery), closely related to hagiography, collects stories from the lives of monks, along with other religious writings. A saint’s life of quite a different sort, Zhitiye Aleksandra Nevskogo (“Life of Alexandr Nevsky”) (d. 1263), celebrates a pious warrior prince.…

Daniel Of Kiev was the earliest known Russian travel writer, whose account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land is the earliest surviving record in Russian of such a trip. As the abbot of a Russian monastery, he visited Palestine probably during 1106–07. His narrative begins at Constantinople; from

hashish, hallucinogenic drug preparation derived from the resin secreted by the flowering tops of cultivated female plants of the genus Cannabis. More loosely, in Arabic-speaking countries the term may denote a preparation made from any of various parts of cannabis plants—such as the leaves or

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Diagnosis and treatment: …variation in a gene called KIFAP3 that appears to slow the rate of progression of the disease. In fact, in those persons with ALS who carry this genetic variant, survival may be extended by as much as 40–50 percent.

World War I: The Turkish fronts, 1918: …meanwhile, the British had taken Kifrī, north of the Diyālā left-bank tributary of the Tigris, in January 1918, and Khān al-Baghdāẖī, up the Euphrates, in March. Pressing northward from Kifrī, they took Kirkūk in May but soon evacuated it.

African art: Luba cultural area: …group is known for its kifwebe masks, which combine human and animal features painted in red, black, and white.

Kigali, city and capital of Rwanda. It is located in the centre of the country on the Ruganwa River. Kigali was a trade centre (after 1895) during the German colonial administration and became a regional centre during the Belgian colonial period (1919–62). It became the capital upon Rwanda’s

sausage tree, (Kigelia africana), tropical tree, the only species of its genus (family Bignoniaceae). It grows 6 to 12 metres (20 to 40 feet) tall and bears sausagelike fruits, 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 feet) long, which hang down on long, cordlike stalks. It is native to Africa. The tree’s flowers,

Dōgen was a leading Japanese Buddhist during the Kamakura period (1192–1333), who introduced Zen to Japan in the form of the Sōtō school (Chinese: Ts’ao-tung). A creative personality, he combined meditative practice and philosophical speculation. Dōgen was born into a family of the court nobility

eastern Africa: Rwanda and Buganda: …under its mwami, or ruler, Kigeri IV (who reorganized its military forces) it extended its control by raiding to the north.

eastern Africa: Rwanda and Buganda: …under its mwami, or ruler, Kigeri IV (who reorganized its military forces) it extended its control by raiding to the north.

eastern Africa: Rwanda and Buganda: …under its mwami, or ruler, Kigeri IV (who reorganized its military forces) it extended its control by raiding to the north.

East African mountains: Tourism: …of the Virunga Mountains, the Kigezi Gorilla Game Reserve is situated on the northern slopes of Mounts Muhavura and Mgahinga (Gahinga). In the Rwanda and Congo portions of the Virunga Mountains, gorillas are protected, respectively, in the Volcanoes National Park and the Virunga National Park.

Seward Peninsula: …point is found in the Kigluaik Mountains, which reach 4,714 feet (1,437 metres) in the southwestern part of the peninsula. The peninsula’s western tip, Cape Prince of Wales on the Bering Strait, is the westernmost point of the North American continent; it lies some 15 miles (25 km) from the…

zaibatsu: …into what became known as enterprise groups (kigyō shūdan). Those created with companies that were formerly part of the big zaibatsu—Mitsubishi group, Mitsui group, and Sumitomo group (qq.v.)—were more loosely organized around leading companies or major banks; they differed most significantly from the old, centrally controlled zaibatsu in the informal…

Miyagawa Chōshun was a Japanese painter of the ukiyo-e style of popular, colourful art based on everyday life. He was the founder of the Miyagawa school of painting. Chōshun went to Edo about 1700 and fell under the influence of the works of Hishikawa Moronobu (d. c. 1694), who established the

Yamagata Aritomo: Early career: …chosen commanding officer of the Kiheitai, the best-known of the irregular troop units formed by the revolutionaries in Chōshū. He was wounded while serving during the Shimonoseki Incident in 1864—the bombardment of Chōshū by an allied fleet of Western powers that destroyed Japanese defenses. The defeat opened Yamagata’s eyes to…

Kii Peninsula: …peninsula is composed of the Kii Range, whose mountains end abruptly on the north in a fault scarp that commands the valleys of the Kushida River and the Kino River. In general, the mountains are of strong relief, being broken by deep valleys, sharp ridges, and steep declivities. High elevation…

Kii Peninsula, peninsula of southern Honshu, Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean (east and south) and the Kii Strait and the Inland Sea (west). The peninsula is composed of the Kii Range, whose mountains end abruptly on the north in a fault scarp that commands the valleys of the Kushida River and the

Kii Peninsula: …peninsula is composed of the Kii Range, whose mountains end abruptly on the north in a fault scarp that commands the valleys of the Kushida River and the Kino River. In general, the mountains are of strong relief, being broken by deep valleys, sharp ridges, and steep declivities. High elevation…

Kii Peninsula, peninsula of southern Honshu, Japan, facing the Pacific Ocean (east and south) and the Kii Strait and the Inland Sea (west). The peninsula is composed of the Kii Range, whose mountains end abruptly on the north in a fault scarp that commands the valleys of the Kushida River and the

Finnish literature: The early 20th century: …of left-wing writers known as Kiila (“The Wedge”) was formed, most of their important work appearing after the war (e.g., Elvi Sinervo’s novel Viljami Vaihdokas [1946]). Haanpää’s work also expressed left-wing ideas, as did that of the period’s most notable dramatist, Hella Wuolijoki, who collaborated in 1940 and 1941 with…

Salva Kiir Mayardit is a southern Sudanese rebel leader who in 2011 became the first president of the newly independent country of South Sudan. He had served as president of the semiautonomous region of southern Sudan while simultaneously holding the position of first vice president in the Sudanese

Jinja: A second dam, Kiira, was later constructed about 0.6 mile (1 km) from Nalubaale. It was completed in 1999 and began producing hydroelectric power the next year. Industries include the first steel-rolling mill of eastern Africa, a copper smeltery, plywood and tobacco factories, and a grain-conditioning plant. Nearby…

Kija, legendary Korean king of Chinese origin whose arrival in Korea with 5,000 rice- and barley-bearing refugees reputedly introduced Chinese civilization (and these new grains) to the Korean people. The band allegedly had fled China in 1111 bc, refusing to serve the new Chou-dynasty ruler who had

pheasant: The green pheasant, or kiji (P. versicolor), of Japan, is mainly metallic green. It is sensitive to earth tremors not felt by humans and calls in concert when a quake impends.

Kodiak Island, island, southern Alaska, U.S. It lies in the Gulf of Alaska and is separated from the Alaska Peninsula by Shelikof Strait, 30 miles (50 km) off the Alaskan coast and some 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Anchorage. The largest Alaskan island (and the second largest island in the

Kiki de Montparnasse was a French cabaret performer, painter, and artists’ muse who acquired her nickname for being a fixture in the bohemian circles of the Montparnasse neighbourhood in Paris. She modeled for numerous artists such as Amedeo Modigliani, Man Ray, and Alexander Calder. Prin was born

talent: The Hebrew talent, or kikkār, probably of Babylonian origin, was the basic unit of weight among the ancient Hebrews. In the sacred system of weights, the Talmudic talent was equal to 60 Talmudic minas.

Cyclades, group of about 30 islands, South Aegean (Modern Greek: Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region), southeastern Greece. The islands made up the nomós (department) of Cyclades until 2011 when local government in Greece was restructured and the islands were divided among nine of the new

kikli, dance performed by girls and young women in northern India and Pakistan. Dancers, in pairs, clasp hands over crossed arms and stretch backward and whirl. The dance is charged with energy and fast rhythms and is often accompanied by traditional rhyming

Kongo language, a Bantu language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Kongo is related to Swahili, Shona, and Bembe, among others. Kikongo is the name used by its speakers. There are many dialects of Kongo; San Salvador Kongo, spoken in Congo (Kinshasa) and Angola, has more

Kikongo-Kituba, according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which

Kikongo-Kituba, according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which

Kikongo-Kituba, according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which

Kikongo-Kituba, according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which

Kikongo-Kituba, according to some linguists, a creole language of Central Africa that evolved out of the contact between Kikongo-Kimanyanga and other Bantu languages in western Democratic Republic of the Congo and southern Republic of the Congo. Kimanyanga is the Kikongo dialect of Manyanga, which

Kikuchi Kan was a playwright, novelist, and founder of one of the major publishing companies in Japan. As a student at the First Higher School in Tokyo, Kikuchi became acquainted with the future novelists Akutagawa Ryūnosuke and Kume Masao. Later, while attending Kyōto Imperial University, he

Kikuchi Kan was a playwright, novelist, and founder of one of the major publishing companies in Japan. As a student at the First Higher School in Tokyo, Kikuchi became acquainted with the future novelists Akutagawa Ryūnosuke and Kume Masao. Later, while attending Kyōto Imperial University, he

electromagnetic radiation: Wave-particle duality: That same year S. Kikuchi of Japan obtained an electron diffraction pattern by shooting electrons with an energy of 68 keV through a thin mica plate and recording the resultant diffraction pattern on a photographic plate. The observed pattern corresponded to electron waves having the wavelength predicted by…

monosodium glutamate: …in 1908 by Japanese chemist Ikeda Kikunae, who found that soup stocks made from seaweed contained high levels of the substance. MSG elicits a unique taste, known as umami, that is different from the other basic tastes (bitter, salty, sour, sweet) and thus enhances the complex flavours of meat, poultry,…

Kikutake Kiyonori was a Japanese architect concerned with the problems of a changing world, particularly urban sprawl and sustainability. After graduating from Waseda University in Tokyo (1950), Kikutake worked for several architectural firms and then opened his own office (1953). The work that

Kikuyu, Bantu-speaking people who live in the highland area of south-central Kenya, near Mount Kenya. In the late 20th century the Kikuyu numbered more than 4,400,000 and formed the largest ethnic group in Kenya, approximately 20 percent of the total population. Their own name for themselves is

Kenya: Political movements: …the first one being the Young Kikuyu Association (later the East African Association), established in 1921, with Harry Thuku as its first president. The group, which received most of its support from young men and was not supported by most of the older chiefs, demanded African representation in the legislature…

weed: Biological control: Kikuyu grass, which was introduced into California to prevent soil erosion on hillsides and roadways, soon spread into orchards, turf, and crop areas, where it became a serious weed.

Ki Seto ware: …a glossy chartreuse yellow (guinomi-de, or kikuzara-de), fired at a relatively high temperature, and a soft dull-glazed pure yellow (ayame-de, or aburage-de), fired at low heat.

Kenya: Disputed 2007 and 2013 elections, a new constitution, and ICC proceedings: …plan brokered by Annan and Jakaya Kikwete, the president of Tanzania and chairman of the African Union. The plan called for the formation of a coalition government between PNU and ODM and the creation of several new positions, with Kibaki to remain president and Odinga to hold the newly created…

Kikwit, town and river port, southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It lies along the Kwilu River, which is a tributary of the Kasai River. European settlement of the site began in 1901, and the town became a colonial administrative centre about 1910. Kikwit is now the largest community in

balloon flower, (Platycodon grandiflorus), perennial flowering plant of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), native to East Asia. The plants are commonly cultivated as a garden ornamental and are sometimes grown as a ground cover. The balloon flower gets its name from its balloonlike flower buds.

Kiel Sun-chu was a Presbyterian minister who was one of the most prominent leaders of the early Korean Christian Church. Prior to his conversion to Christianity in 1897, Kiel had been a follower of Son (Zen) Buddhism. He was a member of the first graduation class of the newly founded Presbyterian

Kilauea, the world’s most active volcanic mass, located on the southeastern part of the island of Hawaii, Hawaii state, U.S. The central feature of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Kilauea (“Much Spreading” in Hawaiian), is an elongated dome built of lava eruptions from a central crater and from

Kilauea: Kilauea Iki, a crater directly east of Kilauea, erupted spectacularly in 1959, creating a 400-foot- (120-metre-) deep lake of molten lava and Pu‘u Pua‘i (“Gushing Hill”), a cinder cone near its southern rim. The east rift zone supports numerous pit craters ending in Makaopuhi, with…

Kilauea: Kilauea Iki, a crater directly east of Kilauea, erupted spectacularly in 1959, creating a 400-foot- (120-metre-) deep lake of molten lava and Pu‘u Pua‘i (“Gushing Hill”), a cinder cone near its southern rim. The east rift zone supports numerous pit craters ending in Makaopuhi, with…

Kauai: …Historical Park (built 1816), and Kilauea Lighthouse, which contains the world’s largest (although now inactive) lighthouse clamshell lens. Kauai is home to three properties of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1964: Limahuli Garden and Preserve, on the north shore, and Allerton Garden and McBryde…

Television in the United States: The late shows: …Tom Snyder (and, after 1999, Craig Kilborn, who was replaced by Craig Ferguson in 2005). At ABC the news department had achieved surprisingly high ratings in 1979 with a special nightly news show it developed for the 11:30–11:45 pm slot to give updates on the Iran Hostage Crisis. Hosted primarily…

Wisconsin Dells: The city of Wisconsin Dells is located about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Madison.

legislative investigative powers: …to answer questions, although in Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881), the Supreme Court held that Congress may not inquire “into the private affairs of the citizen.” Nearly four decades later, in Sinclair v. United States (1929), the court, less hostile to congressional inquiries, ruled that a witness could not refuse to…

Tom Kilburn was a British engineer and co-inventor of the first working computer memory. Kilburn also designed and built the first stored-program computer and led a team that produced a succession of pioneering computers over the next 25 years. In 1942 Kilburn graduated from the University of

Jack Kilby was an American engineer and one of the inventors of the integrated circuit, a system of interconnected transistors on a single microchip. In 2000, Kilby was a corecipient, with Herbert Kroemer and Zhores Alferov, of the Nobel Prize for Physics. Kilby was the son of an electrical

Jack Kilby was an American engineer and one of the inventors of the integrated circuit, a system of interconnected transistors on a single microchip. In 2000, Kilby was a corecipient, with Herbert Kroemer and Zhores Alferov, of the Nobel Prize for Physics. Kilby was the son of an electrical

Kirkcudbright, town and royal burgh (1455), Dumfries and Galloway council area, historic county of Kirkcudbrightshire, southwestern Scotland, 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Dumfries in the Galloway region. It guards the lowest crossing of the River Dee, 6 miles (10 km) from the Irish Sea, and is a

computer: From Star Trek to Microsoft: Gary Kildall developed the first operating system for a microcomputer as part of a project he contracted with Intel several years before the release of the Altair. Kildall realized that a computer had to be able to handle storage devices such as disk drives, and…

Kildare, market town, County Kildare, Ireland. The Protestant cathedral church (1229) is dedicated to St. Brigit of Ireland, who founded a community there in the 5th century. Restoration of the church was begun in 1875. Near the church are an ancient cross and round tower, and there are remains of

Kildare, county in the province of Leinster, east-central Ireland. It comprises part of the lowland west of the Wicklow Mountains and part of the Irish central lowland. Naas, in east-central Kildare, is the county town (seat). County Kildare is bounded by Counties Meath (north); Fingal, South