mathematics: Differential equations: Lie, and independently Wilhelm Killing in Germany, came to suspect that the systems of partial differential operators they were studying came in a limited variety of types. Once the number of independent variables was specified (which fixed the dimension of the system), a large class of examples, including…

Green Mountains: …highest point in Vermont) and Killington Peak (4,235 feet [1,291 metres]). Highways cross at the passes cut by the Missisquoi, Lamoille, and Winooski rivers. The mountains are noted for their scenic beauty and form a popular tourist resort area well known for its skiing facilities. The Long Trail (partly identical…

Jean-Claude Killy is a French skier, a dominant figure in men’s international Alpine skiing competitions from 1965 through 1968 and a popular sports personage known for his irreverent behaviour. Killy, a descendant of an Irish mercenary soldier named Kelly who fought for Napoleon I, was reared at

Charles Stewart Parnell: The Home Rule League and the Land League: …settlement was reached, the so-called Kilmainham Treaty, whereby tenants were to obtain substantial concessions and Parnell was to use all his influence to decrease further agitation.

Kilmarnock, industrial town, East Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, southwestern Scotland. It lies along Kilmarnock Water south of the metropolitan complex of Glasgow. Kilmarnock is the administrative centre and largest town of East Ayrshire. Although it became a burgh in 1591, it

Robert Burns: Development as a poet: It was entitled Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect and appeared on July 31, 1786. Its success was immediate and overwhelming. Simple country folk and sophisticated Edinburgh critics alike hailed it, and the upshot was that Burns set out for Edinburgh on November 27, 1786, to be lionized,…

Joyce Kilmer was an American poet known chiefly for his 12-line verse entitled “Trees.” He was educated at Rutgers and Columbia universities. His first volume of verse, Summer of Love (1911), showed the influence of William Butler Yeats and the Irish poets. After his conversion to Catholicism,

Joyce Kilmer was an American poet known chiefly for his 12-line verse entitled “Trees.” He was educated at Rutgers and Columbia universities. His first volume of verse, Summer of Love (1911), showed the influence of William Butler Yeats and the Irish poets. After his conversion to Catholicism,

Heat: …his gang: Chris Shiherlis (Val Kilmer), Michael Cheritto (Tom Sizemore), Gilbert Trejo (Danny Trejo), and new hire Waingro (Kevin Gage). Waingro unnecessarily murders one of the car’s guards, leading the crew to kill the other guards as well. The deaths increase the “heat” (police attention) that the crew receive…

kiln, oven for firing, drying, baking, hardening, or burning a substance, particularly clay products but originally also grain and meal. The brick kiln was a major advance in ancient technology because it provided a stronger brick than the primitive sun-dried product. Modern kilns are used in

malt: stages: steeping, germination, and kilning. In steeping, the grain is placed in a tank with water and absorbs moisture, awakening the embryo within the kernel. The dampened grain is then allowed to germinate, or sprout, and tiny rootlets grow out from the bottom of the kernel. During germination, enzymes…

byte: …in binary digits, originally one kilobyte was not 1,000 bytes but 1,024 bytes (1,024 = 210), and thus one megabyte (MB) was 1,024 × 1,024 bytes and so on. However, with some notable exceptions such as the Microsoft Windows operating system, the computer industry has switched over to decimal prefixes,…

calorie: …use it to mean the kilocalorie, sometimes called the kilogram calorie, or large Calorie (equal to 1,000 calories), in measuring the calorific, heating, or metabolizing value of foods. Thus, the “calories” counted for dietary reasons are in fact kilocalories, with the “kilo-” prefix omitted; in scientific notations a capitalized Calorie…

particle accelerator: Accelerating particles: …above 10,000 eV, or 10 kiloelectron volts (keV). Many particle accelerators reach much higher energies, measured in megaelectron volts (MeV, or million eV), gigaelectron volts (GeV, or billion eV), or teraelectron volts (TeV, or trillion eV).

kilogram (kg), basic unit of mass in the metric system. A kilogram is very nearly equal (it was originally intended to be exactly equal) to the mass of 1,000 cubic cm of water. The pound is defined as equal to 0.45359237 kg, exactly. As originally defined, the kilogram was represented in the late

calorie: …has been proposed that the kilojoule replace the kilocalorie as the unit of choice for discussing the energy value of foods. Such a change would bring the nomenclature of food scientists into closer agreement with that of other scientists. The conversion factor for expressing kilocalories as kilojoules, as recommended by…

kilometre (km), unit of length equal to 1,000 metres and the equivalent of 0.6214 mile (see metric

kilometre (km), unit of length equal to 1,000 metres and the equivalent of 0.6214 mile (see metric

kilopascal (kPa), one thousand times the unit of pressure and stress in the metre-kilogram-second system (the International System of Units [SI]). It was named in honour of the French mathematician-physicist Blaise Pascal (1623–62). One pascal is a pressure of one newton per square metre, or, in SI

thermonuclear bomb: …atomic bombs is measured in kilotons, each unit of which equals the explosive force of 1,000 tons of TNT. The explosive power of hydrogen bombs, by contrast, is frequently expressed in megatons, each unit of which equals the explosive force of 1,000,000 tons of TNT. Hydrogen bombs of more than…

Wild Bunch: Harry Longabaugh (the “Sundance Kid”), Ben (the “Tall Texan”) Kilpatrick, George Sutherland (“Flat Nose”) Curry, Will Carver, and O.C. (“Camilla”) Hanks. Soldiers, Pinkerton detectives, and lawmen eventually captured or killed most of the Wild Bunch in the late 1890s and the early 20th century. A few—including Butch Cassidy and the…

Detroit: History of Detroit: …the city’s next mayor, populist Kwame Kilpatrick, who was elected at age 31 but forced to resign in 2008 during his second term. Kilpatrick, who was briefly incarcerated for obstruction of justice in 2008, was later accused of having abused the power of the mayor’s office. In March 2013 he…

Volter Kilpi was a Finnish novelist and social critic who was an exponent of the modern experimental novel. Beginning as an “aesthetic” novelist, Kilpi turned to descriptions of 19th-century Finnish island life. In his important novel Alastalon salissa (1933; “In the Parlour at Alastalo”), a work

boxing: The Queensberry rules: …he defended his title against Jake Kilrain in the last heavyweight championship bare-knuckle fight in the United States. Legal problems followed the Kilrain match, because bare-knuckle boxing had by that time been made illegal in every state, and so when Sullivan went up against James J. Corbett in 1892, he…

St. Andrews, city, royal burgh (1160), university town, golfing mecca, and former fishing port in Fife council area and historic county, Scotland. Located on St. Andrews Bay of the North Sea 13 miles (20 km) southeast of Dundee, it occupies a plateau of sandstone rock about 50 feet (15 metres) in

kilt, knee-length skirtlike garment that is worn by men as a major element of the traditional national garb of Scotland. (The other main component of Highland dress, as the traditional male garb of Scotland is called, is the plaid, which is a rectangular length of cloth worn over the left

Philippines: Political process: …Nacionalista and Liberal parties, Marcos’s New Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), an organization created from elements of the Nacionalista Party and other supporters, emerged as predominant. Organized political opposition was revived for legislative elections held in 1978, and, since the downfall of Marcos, partisan politics has returned to its…

Kilwa, former Islamic city-state on an island off the coast of what is now southern Tanzania. Founded in the late 10th century by settlers from Arabia and Persia (now Iran), it became one of the most active commercial centers on the east coast of Africa. Held briefly by the Portuguese (1505–12), it

Kilwa, former Islamic city-state on an island off the coast of what is now southern Tanzania. Founded in the late 10th century by settlers from Arabia and Persia (now Iran), it became one of the most active commercial centers on the east coast of Africa. Held briefly by the Portuguese (1505–12), it

Kim, novel by Rudyard Kipling, published in 1901. Kim, Kipling’s final and most famous novel, chronicles the adventures of an Irish orphan in India who becomes the disciple of a Tibetan monk while learning espionage from the British secret service. The book is noteworthy for its nostalgic,

Kimch’aek, city, North Hamgyŏng do (province), eastern North Korea. It is on the estuary of the Namdae River, along the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Protected by promontories, it has a good natural harbour and is a port city. Formerly a poor fishing village, it began to develop when it became an open

Kim Chŏng-hui was the best-known Korean calligrapher of the 19th century. Kim was born into a family of artists and government officials. As a young man he accompanied his father on a trip to Peking, where he became friendly with many of the leading Chinese scholars of the day. Returning to Korea,

Kim Jong Il was the ruler of North Korea from 1994 to 2011. He succeeded his father, Kim Il-Sung, who became the first premier of the newly formed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in 1948 and remained its leader until his death in 1994. The official North Korean version of Kim Jong Il’s life

Kim Chŏng-hui was the best-known Korean calligrapher of the 19th century. Kim was born into a family of artists and government officials. As a young man he accompanied his father on a trip to Peking, where he became friendly with many of the leading Chinese scholars of the day. Returning to Korea,

St. Kim Dae-Gŏn ; canonized May 6, 1984; feast day September 20) was the first Korean Catholic priest. The son of Korean converts to Roman Catholicism, Kim received religious training in the Portuguese colony of Macau and was ordained in Shanghai in 1845 by Bishop Jean Ferréol. Much of his short

Kim Dae-Jung was a South Korean politician who became a prominent opposition leader during the tenure of Pres. Park Chung-Hee. He became the first opposition leader to win election to his country’s presidency (1998–2003). Kim received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2000 for his efforts to restore

Kim Dae-Jung was a South Korean politician who became a prominent opposition leader during the tenure of Pres. Park Chung-Hee. He became the first opposition leader to win election to his country’s presidency (1998–2003). Kim received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2000 for his efforts to restore

Apolo Anton Ohno: …race second behind South Korea’s Kim Dong-Sung, Kim was subsequently disqualified for having obstructed Ohno’s path. Ohno claimed his second overall World Cup title in 2003 and achieved a third in 2005. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, he was the only American to win a short-track gold…

boxing: Professional boxing: …1982 when South Korean boxer Kim Dŭk-gu (Duk Koo Kim) died after being knocked out by Ray (“Boom Boom”) Mancini in a championship fight that was nationally televised in the United States. (It was most likely the cumulative effect of the punishing blows throughout the match that led to Kim’s…

Kim Hong-do is one of the first Korean artists to depict the common people in his work. Born into a family of officials, Kim was early appointed to official rank and made a member of the royal art academy. Nevertheless, he was a spendthrift who was at odds with other officials because of his

Kim Il-Sung was the communist leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994. He was the country’s premier from 1948 to 1972, chairman of its dominant Korean Workers’ Party from 1949, and president and head of state from 1972. Kim was the son of parents who fled to Manchuria during his

Kim Yo-Jong: Childhood and early life: In 2007 she graduated from Kim Il-Sung University in P’yŏngyang with a degree in computer science, and that same year she was named a junior cadre in the ruling Korean Workers’ Party (KWP).

Kim Jae Kyu was a Korean military officer and head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA; now the National Intelligence Service) who, on October 26, 1979, assassinated the South Korean president, Park Chung Hee. Kim was the lifelong friend and confidant of Park. They were born in the same

Kim Jong Il was the ruler of North Korea from 1994 to 2011. He succeeded his father, Kim Il-Sung, who became the first premier of the newly formed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in 1948 and remained its leader until his death in 1994. The official North Korean version of Kim Jong Il’s life

Kim Jong-Un is a North Korean political official who succeeded his father, Kim Jong Il, as leader of North Korea (2011– ). The youngest of Kim Jong Il’s three sons, Kim Jong-Un lived most of his life out of the public eye, and little was known about him. Reportedly educated in Gümligen,

Kim Jong-Nam was a North Korean scion who was the eldest son of Kim Jong Il, ruler (1994–2011) of North Korea. Although he was widely expected for many years to succeed his father, he fell out of favour and went into exile. He was assassinated in an airport in Kuala Lumpur. Kim Jong-Nam’s mother

Kim Jong-Un is a North Korean political official who succeeded his father, Kim Jong Il, as leader of North Korea (2011– ). The youngest of Kim Jong Il’s three sons, Kim Jong-Un lived most of his life out of the public eye, and little was known about him. Reportedly educated in Gümligen,

Korean art: Modern period: …of radical painters such as Kim Ki-ch’ang, Pak Nae-hyŏn, and Pak No-su. All of these artists were highly trained in the traditional mediums of ink and watercolour painting. Their paintings reflect a bold sense of composition and colour and also have the quality of genuine abstract art.

History of film: South Korea: Kim Ki-Duk won widespread acclaim for Bom yeoareum gaeul gyeoul geurigo bom (2003; Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter…and Spring) before taking the award for best director at the Berlin International Film Festival for Samaria (2004; Samaritan Girl) and the same award at Venice for Bin-jip (2004:…

boxing: Asia: …its first world champion in Kim Ki-su, who defeated Nino Benvenuti in a WBA junior-middleweight title match in 1966. Since then the nation has produced some 43 world champions, including Hong Su-hwan, Jang Chŏng-gu, and Yu Myŏng-wu.

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: …literature of natural sentiment, and Kim Man-Jung argued that folk songs sung by woodcutters and laundry women held more worth than literature written in Chinese. During the 18th century, Hong Man-Jong, in his Sihwa ch’ongnim (“Collection of Remarks on Poetry”), ventured to critique vernacular poetry, and Hong Tae-Yong set forth…

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: …Symbolist literature were introduced by Kim Ŏk, the principal translator. Against the didacticism of the age Kim set Mallarmé, and against its rhetoric and sentimentality he set Verlaine, concluding in the process that free verse was the supreme creation of the Symbolists. Kim’s fascination with the Symbolist movement culminated in…

First Sino-Japanese War: In that year, Kim Ok-Kyun, the pro-Japanese Korean leader of the 1884 coup, was lured to Shanghai and assassinated, probably by agents of Yuan Shikai. His body was then put aboard a Chinese warship and sent back to Korea, where it was quartered and displayed as a warning…

Korean literature: Early Koryŏ: 935 ce to the 12th century: Kim Pu-Shik strove to write in the classical mode and took as his model the Confucian canon. In contrast, Kim Hwang-Wŏn and Chŏng Chi-Sang sought a literature that stressed beautiful fervent expression.

Kim Sisŭp, Korean author during the early Choson period (1392–1598). His five stories contained in the Kŭmo sinwha (“New Stories from Golden Turtle Mountain”) are written in Chinese in the tradition of the ch’uan-ch’i. The subject material of these stories include love affairs between mortals and

Kim Sisŭp, Korean author during the early Choson period (1392–1598). His five stories contained in the Kŭmo sinwha (“New Stories from Golden Turtle Mountain”) are written in Chinese in the tradition of the ch’uan-ch’i. The subject material of these stories include love affairs between mortals and

Kim Il-Sung was the communist leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994. He was the country’s premier from 1948 to 1972, chairman of its dominant Korean Workers’ Party from 1949, and president and head of state from 1972. Kim was the son of parents who fled to Manchuria during his

Kim Soon-Kwon is a South Korean agricultural scientist who developed hybrid corn (maize) that significantly increased crop production in North Korea and South Korea. After graduating from Ulsan Agricultural High School and Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Kim earned a master’s degree from

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: The nature and folk poet Kim Sowŏl used simplicity, directness, and terse phrasing to good effect. Many of his poems in Chindallaekkot (1925; “Azaleas”) were set to music.

Nguyen Du: …translation by Huynh Sanh Thong, The Tale of Kieu: The Classic Vietnamese Verse Novel; 1973). As an exploration of the Buddhist doctrine of karmic retribution for individual sins, his poem expresses his personal suffering and deep humanism. He also wrote “Words of a Young Hat Seller,” a shorter poem in…

Kim Woo Choong was a Korean businessman and founder of the Daewoo Group. Kim’s actions leading up to Daewoo’s eventual bankruptcy led to his fleeing the country and to his eventual prosecution on fraud charges. Kim came of age during the Korean War (1950–53) and at age 14 found himself responsible

Kim Yo-Jong is a North Korean political official and sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un. As a senior official in the state propaganda ministry, she did much to craft her brother’s public persona. She is widely believed to be among the most powerful figures in the secretive North Korean

Jim Yong Kim is an American physician and anthropologist who was the 12th president of the World Bank (2012–19). Kim’s father was a dentist, and his mother was a scholar of neo-Confucianism. When he was five years old, the family emigrated from South Korea to the United States, eventually settling

Kim Young-Sam was a South Korean politician, moderate opposition leader, and president from 1993 to 1998. Kim graduated from Seoul National University in 1952 and was first elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A centrist liberal, he was successively reelected until 1979, when he was expelled

Kim Yuna is a South Korean figure skater who won a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver. (Read Scott Hamilton’s Britannica entry on figure skating.) Kim began skating at age six and gained her first international experience in 2002, when she competed in and won the Triglav

St. Kim Dae-Gŏn ; canonized May 6, 1984; feast day September 20) was the first Korean Catholic priest. The son of Korean converts to Roman Catholicism, Kim received religious training in the Portuguese colony of Macau and was ordained in Shanghai in 1845 by Bishop Jean Ferréol. Much of his short

Chloe Kim is an American snowboarder who won an Olympic gold medal in the halfpipe event in 2018. At age 17, she was the youngest woman in Olympic history to earn a gold medal in the event. She won a second consecutive gold medal in the halfpipe four years later, becoming the first woman to achieve

Christianity: Missions to Asia: Helen Kim, a Korean graduate of Ewha College, built that institution into the world’s largest women’s university, and Sun Myung Moon founded the Unification Church, which teaches a unique Christian theology.

philosophy of mind: Functionalism: …influential articles, the American philosopher Jaegwon Kim argued for an “exclusion principle” according to which, if a functional property is in fact different from the physical properties that are causally sufficient to explain everything that happens, then it is superfluous, just as are the epiphenomenal angels that push around the…

Jim Yong Kim is an American physician and anthropologist who was the 12th president of the World Bank (2012–19). Kim’s father was a dentist, and his mother was a scholar of neo-Confucianism. When he was five years old, the family emigrated from South Korea to the United States, eventually settling

Jonny Kim is a Korean American Navy SEAL, doctor, aviator, and astronaut who is a member of NASA’s Artemis team, which aims to land humans on the Moon for the first time since 1972. Kim is a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy. Kim was born to South Korean immigrants in Los Angeles on February 5,

Jonny Kim is a Korean American Navy SEAL, doctor, aviator, and astronaut who is a member of NASA’s Artemis team, which aims to land humans on the Moon for the first time since 1972. Kim is a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy. Kim was born to South Korean immigrants in Los Angeles on February 5,

Philadelphia Museum of Art: …1925 architect and architectural historian Fiske Kimball was appointed director of the museum, a position he held for 30 years. Under his direction the collection moved into its building on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in 1928. One of Kimball’s major contributions to the new museum’s collections was its highly authentic…

Leontyne Price: …under the former concert singer Florence Page Kimball, who remained her coach in later years. Her debut took place in April 1952 in a Broadway revival of Four Saints in Three Acts by Virgil Thomson and Gertrude Stein. Her performance in that production, which subsequently traveled to Paris, prompted Ira…

Kimbell Art Museum: , founded by Kay Kimbell, an industrialist and art patron.

Mary Morton Kimball Kehew was an American reformer who worked to improve the living and working conditions of mid-19th-century workingwomen in Boston, especially through labour union participation. In 1886 Kehew joined the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union of Boston, an early and somewhat

Simon Kimbangu was a Congolese religious leader who founded a separatist church known as the Kimbanguist church. Brought up in a British Baptist Missionary Society mission, Kimbangu suddenly became famous among the Bakongo people of Lower Congo in April 1921. He was reputed to heal the sick and

Kimbanguist Church, (“Church of Jesus Christ on Earth Through the Prophet Simon Kimbangu”), largest independent African church and the first to be admitted (in 1969) to the World Council of Churches. It takes its name from its founder, Simon Kimbangu, a Baptist mission catechist of the Lower Congo

Kimbanguist Church, (“Church of Jesus Christ on Earth Through the Prophet Simon Kimbangu”), largest independent African church and the first to be admitted (in 1969) to the World Council of Churches. It takes its name from its founder, Simon Kimbangu, a Baptist mission catechist of the Lower Congo

Kimbe, port on the north-central coast of New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Located in an area of cones, domes, and alluvial fans of volcanic origin, the town lies along Stettin Bay, an inlet of Kimbe Bay. Palm oil is extracted at a factory near Kimbe and shipped

Kimbell Art Museum, collection of world art in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S., founded by Kay Kimbell, an industrialist and art patron. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) In 1936 Kimbell established the Kimbell Art Foundation and began collecting paintings with his wife, Velma,

Kimberley, city, diamond-mining centre, and capital of Northern Cape province, South Africa. It lies near the Free State province border. Founded after the discovery of diamonds on farms in the area in 1869–71, the mining camp of Kimberley grew as a result of the intensive digging of the

Kimberley, city, southeastern British Columbia, Canada. It is situated near St. Mary River, just northwest of Cranbrook. Built on the rolling slopes of the Sullivan and North Star hills, Kimberley is Canada’s highest city (3,662 feet [1,116 metres]). The community dates from 1892, when the

Kimberley, plateau region of northern Western Australia, extending from the rugged northwest Indian Ocean coast south to the Fitzroy River and east to the Ord River. The plateau has an area of about 162,000 square miles (420,000 square km). It is composed chiefly of sandstone with patches of basalt

Big Hole, a large, defunct, open-pit diamond mine located in present-day Kimberley, South Africa. Considered to be the largest hand-excavated hole in the world and one of the deepest, it has a circumference of about 1 mile (1.6 km) and a diameter of roughly 1,500 feet (460 meters). The Big Hole

Barney Barnato: …other companies to form the Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company, which, along with the Compagnie Française des Mines de Diamant du Cap, seriously challenged Cecil Rhodes’s De Beers Mining Company (see De Beers S.A.).

Big Hole, a large, defunct, open-pit diamond mine located in present-day Kimberley, South Africa. Considered to be the largest hand-excavated hole in the world and one of the deepest, it has a circumference of about 1 mile (1.6 km) and a diameter of roughly 1,500 feet (460 meters). The Big Hole

Kimberley, plateau region of northern Western Australia, extending from the rugged northwest Indian Ocean coast south to the Fitzroy River and east to the Ord River. The plateau has an area of about 162,000 square miles (420,000 square km). It is composed chiefly of sandstone with patches of basalt

Kimberley Process, a certification scheme, active since 2003, that attempts to halt the trade in so-called blood diamonds (rough diamonds sold to finance civil wars) and to protect the legitimate diamond trade. It has 49 participants (48 individual states plus the 27-member European Union), which

Australia: Conservation: The Western Australian government’s Kimberley Science and Conservation Strategy provided funding for scientific research that supports the management of these protected areas and for the creation of new parks jointly managed by Aboriginal groups. Among the land management practices employed is controlled burning along with feral animal and weed…

Witwatersrand System: …Main-Bird Series, followed by the Kimberley-Elsburg Series. The Government Reef Series consists of alternating shales and quartzites in addition to pebbly layers that contain gold deposits; it also contains indications of a period of extensive glaciation. The most economically important series is the Main-Bird Series, largely quartzitic conglomerates that are…

Kimberley, plateau region of northern Western Australia, extending from the rugged northwest Indian Ocean coast south to the Fitzroy River and east to the Ord River. The plateau has an area of about 162,000 square miles (420,000 square km). It is composed chiefly of sandstone with patches of basalt

kimberlite, a dark-coloured, heavy, often altered and brecciated (fragmented), intrusive igneous rock that contains diamonds in its rock matrix. It has a porphyritic texture, with large, often rounded crystals (phenocrysts) surrounded by a fine-grained matrix (groundmass). It is a mica peridotite,

kimberlite eruption, small but powerful volcanic eruption caused by the rapid ascent of kimberlites—a type of intrusive igneous rock originating in the asthenosphere—through the lithosphere and onto the surface of the Earth. Kimberlites are thought to rise through a series of fissures in the rock.

learning theory: Kimble may be considered representative: Learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral potentiality that occurs as a result of reinforced practice. Although the definition is useful, it still leaves problems.

Edward Montagu, 2nd earl of Manchester was a Parliamentarian general in the English Civil Wars. Son of the 1st earl, Henry Montagu, he was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He sat in Parliament from 1624 to 1626 and in the latter year was raised to the peerage as Baron Kimbolton, but he

eastern Africa: Pressure on the southern chieftainships: …rulership; and also among the Kimbu, where, between 1870 and 1884, Nyungu and his ruga-rugas (or bands of warriors) created a dominion that survived his death.

Mbundu, second largest ethnolinguistic group of Angola, comprising a diversity of peoples who speak Kimbundu, a Bantu language. Numbering about 2,420,000 in the late 20th century, they occupy much of north-central Angola and live in the area from the coastal national capital of Luanda eastward,

Angola: Cultural milieu: …stature who resided locally spoke Kimbundu, often in preference to Portuguese. In the 19th century the Luanda elite embraced both Kimbundu and Portuguese culture and language and valued their blended nature, and the eventual cessation of Kimbundu as the language of the elite did not occur until after 1910. In…

Kimch’aek, city, North Hamgyŏng do (province), eastern North Korea. It is on the estuary of the Namdae River, along the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Protected by promontories, it has a good natural harbour and is a port city. Formerly a poor fishing village, it began to develop when it became an open