Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), militant Kurdish nationalist organization founded by Abdullah (“Apo”) Öcalan in the late 1970s. Although the group initially espoused demands for the establishment of an independent Kurdish state, its stated aims were later tempered to calls for greater Kurdish

Kongs Fjord, inlet, Spitsbergen island (Norway), Arctic Ocean. Kongs Fjord is an arm of the Arctic Ocean measuring 16 miles (26 km) long and ranging in width from 4 to 9 miles (6 to 14 km). The head of the bay (southeast) receives the waters of the Kongsvegen glacier. Ny-Ålesund is located on the

Henrik Ibsen: First plays and directing: …own, and in Kongsemnerne (1863; The Pretenders) he dramatized the mysterious inner authority that makes a man a man, a king, or a great playwright. This one play was in fact the national drama after which Ibsen had been groping so long, and before long it would be recognized as…

Kongs Fjord, inlet, Spitsbergen island (Norway), Arctic Ocean. Kongs Fjord is an arm of the Arctic Ocean measuring 16 miles (26 km) long and ranging in width from 4 to 9 miles (6 to 14 km). The head of the bay (southeast) receives the waters of the Kongsvegen glacier. Ny-Ålesund is located on the

Kunlun Mountains: Physiography: …some of the highest summits—Mount Kongur, at 25,325 feet (7,719 metres), as well as Mount Muztagata, at 24,757 feet (7,546 metres). A major bifurcation occurs just south of the oasis town of Qiemo (Cherchen); there, the Altun Mountains branch in a northeasterly direction from the Arkatag Mountains at Mount…

Confucius was China’s most famous teacher, philosopher, and political theorist, whose ideas have profoundly influenced the civilizations of China and other East Asian countries. Confucius was born near the end of an era known in Chinese history as the Spring and Autumn Period (770–481 BCE). His

Native American: The northern Pacific Coast: …Unangan (Aleuts) and the neighboring Koniag mounted a spirited resistance against Russian incursions over the next 20 years but were outgunned. The Alaska Native men who survived these early battles were immediately impressed into service hunting sea otters from light boats; their absences could range in length from days to…

Konibodom, city, northern Tajikistan, in the western Fergana Valley. The Konibodom oasis was best known for almonds, from which its name, Place of Almonds, is derived. The city dates back at least to the 15th century. Its economy is based on the processing of local agricultural products—cotton,

Chris Froome: …for the South African Team Konica Minolta. In 2008 he joined the South African-sponsored cycling Team Barloworld and competed in the Tour de France, finishing 84th. He came to the attention of British coach Rod Ellingworth, who was impressed by his climbing skills and willing to overlook his inexperience and…

Albanian literature: Konitza, a foremost polemicist, is the pioneer figure in Albanian literary criticism. As the publisher of the review Albania (1897–1909), he exerted great influence on aspiring writers and the development of Albanian culture. Noli is esteemed as a poet, critic, and historian and is known…

Zielona Góra: …the birthplace of the painter Tadeusz Konicz in 1733. Zielona Góra’s medieval town hall includes an 18th-century addition (housing a museum) and a 15th-century tower. The Feast of the Grape Harvest celebrates the history of the region as one of Europe’s northernmost grape-growing areas. Pop. (2011) 118,982.

Stanisław Koniecpolski was a military and political leader of Poland who won major victories against the Turks, the Tatars, and the Swedes. Appointed field commander of the Polish forces in 1619, Koniecpolski was captured during the Battle of Cecorą (Ţuţora; 1620) by the Turks and held prisoner at

Hans Werner Henze: The opera König Hirsch (1956; The Stag King) marked the beginning of a second period, in which Henze shed serialism (ordered series of notes, rhythms, etc.), revealing a freely inventive and eclectic style. This work showed Henze at maturity, though he was already well established in 1952, when he won…

Franz Grillparzer: …performed or published until 1825; King Ottocar, His Rise and Fall). Here the action is drawn from Austrian history, and the rise of Rudolph of Habsburg (the first of Grillparzer’s characters to avoid guilt and tragedy) is contrasted with the fall of the tyrant Ottokar of Bohemia, so that Ottokar’s…

König Rother, medieval German romance (c. 1160) that is the earliest record of the type of popular entertainment literature circulated by wandering minstrels. It combines elements from German heroic literature (without the grimness of the older tales) with Orientalisms derived from the Crusades. In

Robert Hamerling: …descriptions, suffers from theatricality; and Der König von Sion (1869; “The King of Zion”), a narrative of the Anabaptist movement of 1534. Hamerling’s other works include dramas, a novel, and autobiographical writings such as Stationen meiner Lebenspilgerschaft (1889; “Stations on My Life’s Journey”). His collected works (4 vol., 1900) were…

combinatorics: Systems of distinct representatives: The following theorem due to König is closely related to Hall’s theorem and can be easily deduced from it. Conversely, Hall’s theorem can be deduced from König’s: If the elements of rectangular matrix are 0s and 1s, the minimum number of lines that contain all of the 1s is equal…

Hradec Králové, town, north-central Czech Republic, at the confluence of the Orlice and Elbe rivers. The old town stands on a low outcrop of sandstone between the rivers; the new town is on the western bank of the Elbe. Hradec Králové lies at the crossing of old trade routes from the Baltic Sea to

Battle of Königgrätz, (July 3, 1866), decisive battle during the Seven Weeks’ War between Prussia and Austria, fought at the village of Sadowa, northwest of the Bohemian town of Königgrätz (now Hradec Králové, Czech Republic) on the upper Elbe River. The Prussian victory effected Austria’s

Karl Goldmark: …an Austro-Hungarian composer whose opera Die Königin von Saba (1875; “The Queen of Sheba”) was highly popular in the late 19th century.

Belgium, country of northwestern Europe. It is one of the smallest and most densely populated European countries, and it has been, since its independence in 1830, a representative democracy headed by a hereditary constitutional monarch. Initially, Belgium had a unitary form of government. In the

Kaliningrad, city, seaport, and administrative centre of Kaliningrad oblast (region), Russia. Detached from the rest of the country, the city is an exclave of the Russian Federation. Kaliningrad lies on the Pregolya River just upstream from Frisches Lagoon. Formerly the capital of the dukes of

Königsberg bridge problem, a recreational mathematical puzzle, set in the old Prussian city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), that led to the development of the branches of mathematics known as topology and graph theory. In the early 18th century, the citizens of Königsberg spent their days

Albertus University of Königsberg, institution of higher learning founded in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), in 1544 by Albert, the first duke of Prussia. At first drawing its enrollment mainly from Prussia, Poland, and Lithuania, the Protestant-affiliated university after the Thirty

Woody Allen is an American motion-picture director, screenwriter, actor, comedian, playwright, and author who is best known for his bittersweet comic films containing elements of parody, slapstick, and the absurd but who also made weighty dramas, often with dark themes and bleak landscapes

Sprechstimme: …in the melodrama Königskinder (1897; Children of the King), by Engelbert Humperdinck.

Maria Aurora, countess von Königsmark was a German noblewoman and mistress of Augustus II the Strong, elector of Saxony and king of Poland. She was for many years a powerful figure at the Saxon court. The beautiful and gifted daughter of an impoverished German nobleman in Swedish service, Countess

Philipp Christoph, count von Königsmark was the alleged German lover of Sophia Dorothea, who was consort to the Hanoverian electoral prince George (later King George I of England). Their supposed relationship led to Königsmark’s death and to Sophia Dorothea’s lifelong imprisonment. Born of a noble

Königssee, lake, in Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies just south of the town of Berchtesgaden, in a deep cut that is surrounded by sheer limestone mountains, within the Berchtesgaden National Park. Königssee is one of the most picturesque lakes in the Berchtesgadener Alps. It is 5

Brandberg: Königstein, its highest peak (and the country’s highest point), reaches an elevation of more than 8,200 feet (2,500 metres). Brandberg is known for its concentration of prehistoric rock art, including carvings and paintings. One of these, known as the White Lady, is especially famous. The…

Königswinter, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies in the Seven Hills (Siebengebirge), on the right (east) bank of the Rhine River, just southeast of Bonn. The Drachenfels (“Dragon’s Rock”), a hill 1,053 feet (321 metres) high, is crowned by a ruined castle built in

Coney Island, amusement and residential area in the southern part of the borough of Brooklyn, New York, U.S., fronting the Atlantic Ocean. Formerly an island, it was known to Dutch settlers as Konijn Eiland (“Rabbit Island”), which was presumably Anglicized as Coney Island. It became part of Long

Japan: Beginning of the imperial state: …the throne a new emperor, Kōnin, who was less enthralled with Buddhism. Kōnin’s son, the emperor Kammu, who was of a similar mind, shifted the capital first to Nagaoka and in 794 to Heian (or Heian-kyō; present Kyōto) to sever connections with the temples of Nara and reestablished government in…

Konin, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland, situated on the banks of the Warta River, 61 miles (98 km) east of Poznań city and 60 miles south of Toruń city. With close ties to the regional capital of Poznań, Konin is an important commercial centre in its own right. An

Philips Koninck was a Dutch painter of the Baroque period, celebrated for his panoramic landscapes. The influence of Rembrandt is paramount in the art of the earliest phase of his career, and it has often been supposed, probably incorrectly, that Rembrandt was his master. However, Koninck was

Philips Koninck was a Dutch painter of the Baroque period, celebrated for his panoramic landscapes. The influence of Rembrandt is paramount in the art of the earliest phase of his career, and it has often been supposed, probably incorrectly, that Rembrandt was his master. However, Koninck was

Mauritshuis, museum in The Hague especially noted for its Flemish and Dutch paintings from the 15th to the 17th century. The collection itself is called the Royal Picture Gallery, which has been housed since 1822 in a palace (1633–44) designed for John Maurice of Nassau, called the Mauritshuis. The

Rembrandt: Fourth Amsterdam period (1658–69) of Rembrandt: …Amsterdam Town Hall, now the Royal Palace, which had an extensive decoration program. This would contain a great number of large history pieces painted by different masters. Rembrandt was not invited, but his former pupil Flinck received the most prestigious of these commissions: he was commissioned to paint a series…

KLM, Dutch airline founded on Oct. 7, 1919, and flying its first scheduled service, between Amsterdam and London, on May 17, 1920. Until its merger with Air France in 2004, it was the world’s oldest continuously operating airline. Headquarters are at Amstelveen, Neth. KLM was founded by a group of

KLM: In 1928 Plesman also founded Koninklijke Nederlandsch–Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij (KNILM), the Royal Netherlands–East Indies Airlines, which in 1930 inaugurated regular flights from the Netherlands to Batavia (now Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies, a trip of 8,700 miles (14,000 km), until 1940 the world’s longest scheduled air route. KNILM merged…

Royal Dutch Shell PLC: …Koninklijke Nederlandse Petroleum Maatschappij (Royal Dutch Petroleum Company Ltd.) of The Hague and Shell Transport and Trading Company, PLC, of London. Below those two parent companies were subsidiary companies that operated around the world. The company’s principal American subsidiary was Shell Oil Company (SOC), founded in 1922. SOC is…

marine: …Marine in 1802) and the Koninklijke Nederlandse Corps Mariniers (1665), respectively. The United States Marine Corps, organized in 1775, has become the most famous organization of the kind, but other countries also maintain marine corps.

Royal Dutch Shell PLC, unified publicly traded petroleum corporation, one of the largest in the world, engaging in crude oil and natural gas exploration, production, refining, and marketing in more than 90 countries around the globe. The company also produces chemical feedstocks for many

Belgium, country of northwestern Europe. It is one of the smallest and most densely populated European countries, and it has been, since its independence in 1830, a representative democracy headed by a hereditary constitutional monarch. Initially, Belgium had a unitary form of government. In the

Netherlands, country located in northwestern Europe, also known as Holland. “Netherlands” means low-lying country; the name Holland (from Houtland, or “Wooded Land”) was originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 provinces

Konishi Yukinaga was a Christian general who spearheaded the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. The son of a prosperous Sakai merchant, who was also an important official in the feudal administration of the noted warrior Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Konishi followed his father into Hideyoshi’s service; he

Albanian literature: Konitza, a foremost polemicist, is the pioneer figure in Albanian literary criticism. As the publisher of the review Albania (1897–1909), he exerted great influence on aspiring writers and the development of Albanian culture. Noli is esteemed as a poet, critic, and historian and is known…

Lee Konitz was an American jazz musician, a leading figure in cool jazz and one of the most distinctive alto saxophonists. Konitz attended Roosevelt University in Chicago and played alto saxophone in the Claude Thornhill band (1947–48), before settling in New York City. Influenced by pianist Lennie

Albanian literature: Konitza, a foremost polemicist, is the pioneer figure in Albanian literary criticism. As the publisher of the review Albania (1897–1909), he exerted great influence on aspiring writers and the development of Albanian culture. Noli is esteemed as a poet, critic, and historian and is known…

Japanese literature: Prose: Konjaku monogatari (early 12th century; “Tales of Now and Then”; partially translated into English as Ages Ago and as Tales of Times Now Past), a massive collection of religious stories and folktales drawn not only from the Japanese countryside but also from Indian and Chinese…

Ozaki Kōyō: …the novel Konjiki yasha (1897–1902; The Golden Demon), which portrayed the social cost of modernization when the power of money wins out over human affection and social responsibility. Kōyō’s guidance was eagerly sought by young writers. Two of his best-known disciples were the romantic-short-story writer Izumi Kyōka and the naturalistic…

Konkō-kyō: …was appointed by the deity Konkō (Bright Metal; new name for the formerly malevolent deity Konjin) to act as a mediator (toritsugi) between god and mankind. The mediator takes on the pain and sufferings of his followers and transmits them to god. Succession to the mediatorship is reserved for descendants…

Ruwenzori Range: The Amba and Konjo peoples of the lower eastern slopes are mainly cultivators of beans, sweet potatoes, and bananas.

Konkan, coastal plain of western India, lying between the Arabian Sea (west) and the Western Ghats (east). The plain stretches approximately 330 miles (530 km) from the Daman Ganga River north of Mumbai (Bombay) to the Terekhol River between Maharashtra and Goa states and Daman and Diu union

Citpāvan, caste of Brahmans in Konkan (the area of Goa) and Mahārāshtra state in western India. They rose to considerable eminence in Mahārāshtra as administrators during the rule of the peshwas of Poona (1713–1818), who belonged to that caste. The predominance among them of fair complexions and

Konkani language, Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European language family. Konkani is spoken by some 2.5 million people, mainly on the central west coast of India, where it is the official language of Goa state. It is also associated particularly with the city of Mangalore (Mangaluru) in

Konkō-kyō: …was appointed by the deity Konkō (Bright Metal; new name for the formerly malevolent deity Konjin) to act as a mediator (toritsugi) between god and mankind. The mediator takes on the pain and sufferings of his followers and transmits them to god. Succession to the mediatorship is reserved for descendants…

Konkō-kyō, Japanese religious movement founded in the 19th century, a prototype of the “new religions” that proliferated in post-World War II Japan. The movement was founded in 1859 by Kawate Bunjirō, a farmer who lived in present-day Okayama Prefecture. He believed that he was appointed by the

Dagomba: …ethnic groups, among them the Konkomba and Chakosi.

Konkouré River, river, rising in the Fouta Djallon plateau of west central Guinea, West Africa, and flowing in a westerly direction to the Atlantic just north of Sangareya Bay. The river’s 188-mi (303-km) course is much broken by rapids and waterfalls (with drops ranging from 80 to 1,350 ft [24 to

Sri Lanka: Kandy and its struggle with European powers: …died under suspicious circumstances, and Konnappu Bandara enthroned himself, proclaiming independence from the Portuguese and taking the regnal name of Vimala Dharma Surya. The demise of Sitawake after Rajasinha’s death left Kandy the only independent Sinhalese kingdom.

Lena Dunham: …Dunham and her longtime collaborator Jenni Konner launched Lenny Letter, a twice-weekly e-mail newsletter about culture and politics; it closed down in 2018. Dunham also established (2016) Lenny, an imprint of the publishing company Random House that features fiction and nonfiction writing selected by Dunham and Konner. The two later…

African art: Bambara (Bamana): Masks of the Kono, which enforces civic morality, are also elongated and encrusted with sacrificial material. The Kore, which challenges immoral authority and hypocritical morality through sexually explicit gestures and buffoonery, once employed masks representing the hyena, lion, monkey, antelope, and horse but now is represented primarily through…

Sierra Leone: Ethnic groups: …Loko in the north; the Kono and Kisi in the east; and the Sherbro in the southwest. Minor groups include the coastal Bullom, Vai, and Krim and the Fulani and Malinke, who are immigrants from Guinea concentrated in the north and east. The Creoles—descendants of liberated blacks who colonized the…

Tommy Kono was an American weightlifter who won Olympic and world championship medals in three different weight divisions. Kono and his parents were among the Japanese Americans interned at Tule Lake, California, during World War II. Kono had asthma as a child, but his health improved in the dry

Tommy Kono was an American weightlifter who won Olympic and world championship medals in three different weight divisions. Kono and his parents were among the Japanese Americans interned at Tule Lake, California, during World War II. Kono had asthma as a child, but his health improved in the dry

Yamagata Aritomo: Early career: …Force was later renamed the Imperial Guard (Konoe), and Yamagata became its commander.

Konoe Fumimaro was a political leader and prime minister of Japan (1937–39, 1940–41), who tried unsuccessfully to restrict the power of the military and to keep Japan’s war with China from widening into a world conflict. Konoe was born to the foremost of the five families from among which regents

Konoe Fumimaro was a political leader and prime minister of Japan (1937–39, 1940–41), who tried unsuccessfully to restrict the power of the military and to keep Japan’s war with China from widening into a world conflict. Konoe was born to the foremost of the five families from among which regents

bridge: Ōsaka Harbour: The Konohana suspension bridge carries a four-lane highway on a slender, steel box-beam deck only 3 metres (10 feet) deep. The bridge is self-anchored—that is, the deck has been put into horizontal compression, like that on a cable-stayed bridge, so that there is no force of…

Japanese mythology: …god of the mountain, named Konohana-sakuya Hime (Princess Blossoms of the Trees).

nuclear weapon: Origins of the Super: One participant, Emil Konopinski, suggested that the use of tritium be investigated as a thermonuclear fuel, an insight that would later be important to most designs. (Tritium, an isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus—i.e., three times the normal weight—does not exist…

Maria Konopnicka was an author of short stories and one of the representative Positivist poets in Polish literature. (The Positivists espoused a system of philosophy emphasizing in particular the achievements of science.) Konopnicka, a lawyer’s daughter, rebelled against her landowner husband, who

Konotop, city, northern Ukraine. It was founded in the 1630s as a Polish defense outpost near the border with Russia. Ukrainian Cossacks controlled it from 1654 to 1781, after which it came under direct Russian administration. Rapid growth began in the early 20th century when the railway reached

Konotop, city, northern Ukraine. It was founded in the 1630s as a Polish defense outpost near the border with Russia. Ukrainian Cossacks controlled it from 1654 to 1781, after which it came under direct Russian administration. Rapid growth began in the early 20th century when the railway reached

Ukraine: Western Ukraine under Polish rule: …the independence struggle, headed by Yevhen Konovalets. In 1929 this was transformed into a broader underground movement, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). Authoritarian in structure, conspiratorial in its methods, and influenced by political theories that stressed the primacy of the nation over the individual and will over reason, the…

Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov was a liberal Russian factory owner and political figure. He played a supporting role in the provisional government that was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of November (October, old style) 1917, which was engineered by Lenin and the Bolshevik party. (Read

Konoe Fumimaro was a political leader and prime minister of Japan (1937–39, 1940–41), who tried unsuccessfully to restrict the power of the military and to keep Japan’s war with China from widening into a world conflict. Konoe was born to the foremost of the five families from among which regents

Tibet: Drainage and soils: …India and eastern Pakistan; the Mabja Zangbo River flows into the Ghaghara (Nepali: Kauriala) River to eventually join the Ganges (Ganga) River; and the Maquan River (Tibetan: Damqog Kanbab, “Horse Spring”) flows east and, after joining the Lhasa River south of Lhasa, forms the Brahmaputra.

Conradin was the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles of Anjou. Son

Conrad was the duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine) from 944 to 953 and ancestor of the Salian dynasty of German kings. Conrad belonged to a family of Franconian counts with rich lands in the country around Speyer and Worms. After helping King (later Emperor) Otto I suppress a rebellion of his vassals

Teutonic Order: Eastern Europe and Prussia.: …was opening: a Polish duke, Conrad of Mazovia, with lands on the lower reaches of the Vistula River, needed help against the pagan Prussians.

Conradin was the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles of Anjou. Son

Konrad von Marburg was the first papal inquisitor in Germany, whose excessive cruelty led to his own death. In 1214 he was commissioned by Pope Innocent III to press his crusade against the Albigenses, a heretical Christian sect flourishing in western Europe. The results of Konrad’s efforts were a

Western painting: International Gothic: Other artists, such as Konrad von Soest, who executed the “Niederwildungen Altar” about 1403, seem to have reflected developments elsewhere without pioneering anything strikingly new. It was not until the 1420s that the Low Countries became the centre of intense pictorial development.

Konrad von Würzburg was a Middle High German poet who, during the decline of chivalry, sought to preserve the ideals of courtly life. (Read Sir Walter Scott’s 1824 Britannica essay on chivalry.) Of humble origin, he served a succession of patrons as a professional poet and eventually settled in

Adam Mickiewicz: Konrad Wallenrod (1828; Konrad Wallenrod and Grazyna) is a poem describing the wars of the Teutonic Order with the Lithuanians but actually representing the age-old feud between Poland and Russia.

Adam Mickiewicz: Konrad Wallenrod (1828; Konrad Wallenrod and Grazyna) is a poem describing the wars of the Teutonic Order with the Lithuanians but actually representing the age-old feud between Poland and Russia.

Hungarian literature: Writing after 1945: …and early 21st centuries were György Konrád and Péter Esterházy. Konrád’s novels A látogató (1969; The Case Worker), A városalapító (1977; The City Builder), and the unofficially published A cinkos (1982; The Loser) achieved great impact with their dense, poetically structured style and analytical probing into the world of the…

Conradin was the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles of Anjou. Son

Germany: Rise of the duchies: In Franconia the Konradings rose to prominence over this largely Frankish region with the assistance of Arnulf but became largely independent during the minority of his son. Similarly, the Luitpoldings, originally named as Carolingian commanders, became dukes of Bavaria. Thuringia fell increasingly under the protection and lordship of…

Denmark: Political process: …nonsocialist parties headed by the Conservative People’s Party (Konservative Folkeparti) and the Liberal Party (Venstre) ruled until 1993, when the Social Democrats regained power. A center-right Liberal-Conservative coalition held power from 2001 to 2011, when a center-left coalition led by the Social Democrats took the reins of government. Other prominent…

Konso, ethnolinguistic group located in the arid highlands of southwestern Ethiopia. Their sharply delimited traditional territory is surrounded by lands of Oromo peoples, to whom the Konso are culturally and linguistically related. They are a Cushitic people. Unlike most Ethiopian peoples, the

Bayonne, city, Hudson county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., on a 3-mile (5-km) peninsula between Newark and Upper New York bays, adjacent to Jersey City, New Jersey, and within the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Bayonne is connected with Staten Island, New York City (south), by a

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich was the son of the Russian emperor Paul I (reigned 1796–1801), younger brother of Alexander I (reigned 1801–25), and elder brother of Nicholas I (reigned 1825–55); he was the virtual ruler of the Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815–30). Educated by a Swiss tutor under

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich was the son of the Russian emperor Paul I (reigned 1796–1801), younger brother of Alexander I (reigned 1801–25), and elder brother of Nicholas I (reigned 1825–55); he was the virtual ruler of the Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815–30). Educated by a Swiss tutor under

Ural Mountains: Physiography: …240 miles (400 km) from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the northeast to the Khulga River in the southeast; most mountains rise to 3,300–3,600 feet (1,000–1,100 metres) above sea level, although the highest peak, Mount Payer, reaches 4,829 feet (1,472 metres). The next stretch, the Nether-Polar Urals, extends for more than…

Bulgarian literature: In a lighter vein, Aleko Konstantinov created in Bay Ganyu (1895; subtitled “Incredible Tales of a Contemporary Bulgarian [on his European Travels and at Home]”) a tragi-comic prototype of the Bulgarian peasant turned parvenu and demagogue. In his travelogue Do Chicago i nazad (1894; “To Chicago and Back”), he…

Kostiantynivka, city, eastern Ukraine, on the Kryvyy Torets River. Before the October Revolution (1917) a small settlement with an ironworks, Kostiantynivka developed in the Soviet era into a major industrial centre. In addition to an integrated ironworks and steelworks, it gained a zinc smelter

Konstanz, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is situated where the Rhine River flows out of Lake Constance (Bodensee), adjacent to Kreuzlingen, Switzerland, and within a small enclave of German territory on the south side of the lake. The site of a Roman fort, it was