human eye: The transduction process: …°C (−220 °F) prelumirhodopsin becomes lumirhodopsin, with a slightly different colour; on warming further, successive changes are permitted until finally retinal is split off from the opsin to give a yellow solution. The important point to appreciate is that only at this stage is the chromatophore group split off; the…

printing: Second generation of phototypesetters: functional: The Lumizip 900 (1959) introduced a further revolutionary change by retaining as moving parts only the lens, which scans in a single movement the fixed series of light matrices so as to photograph at one time the whole line of 20 to 60 letters. Output reaches…

Joanna Lumley is a British actress who is perhaps best known for her work in the television sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. Lumley was born in India, where her father had fought with the British army’s 6th Gurkha Rifles in World War II. During fierce fighting in Burma (Myanmar) in June 1944, his life

Joanna Lumley is a British actress who is perhaps best known for her work in the television sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. Lumley was born in India, where her father had fought with the British army’s 6th Gurkha Rifles in World War II. During fierce fighting in Burma (Myanmar) in June 1944, his life

Elizabeth Fries Lummis Ellet was an American historical writer, best remembered for her several extensive volumes of portraits of American women of the Revolutionary War and of Western pioneer days. Elizabeth Lummis began writing verse as a child. She was educated at the Female Seminary in Aurora,

chemical bonding: Organometallic compounds: However, the lowest unfilled molecular orbital, the LUMO, has π symmetry and can accept electrons from an appropriate d orbital of the metal, and thus it can help the ligand to act as a Lewis acid. It is this ability of the ligand to act as both…

iron processing: Lumps and fines: As-mined iron ore contains lumps of varying size, the biggest being more than 1 metre (40 inches) across and the smallest about 1 millimetre (0.04 inch). The blast furnace, however, requires lumps between 7 and 25 millimetres, so the ore must…

long-eared bat, any of 19 species of small, usually colony-dwelling vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae). Long-eared bats are found in both the Old World and the New World (Plecotus) and in Australia (Nyctophilus). They are approximately 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 inches) long, not including the 3.5–5.5-cm

charter party: …charter, bareboat charter, and “lump-sum” contract. The voyage charter is the most common. Under this method a ship is chartered for a one-way voyage between specific ports with a specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight. On time charter, the charterer hires the ship for a stated period…

charter party: …charter, bareboat charter, and “lump-sum” contract. The voyage charter is the most common. Under this method a ship is chartered for a one-way voyage between specific ports with a specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight. On time charter, the charterer hires the ship for a stated period…

Jainism: Late medieval–early modern developments (1100–1800): …practice of image worship, the Lumpaka, or Lonka Gaccha, did not. Founded by the mid-15th-century layman Lonka Shah, the Lonka Gaccha denied the scriptural warranty of image worship and in the 17th century emerged as the non-image-worshipping Sthanakavasi sect. At the end of the 18th century, the Sthanakavasi underwent a…

breast cancer: Treatment: A lumpectomy removes only the cancerous mass and a small amount of surrounding tissue; a simple mastectomy removes the entire breast; and a modified radical mastectomy removes the breast along with adjacent lymph nodes. Radical mastectomies involving removal of the breast, underlying muscle, and other tissue…

Lumpenproletariat, (German: “rabble proletariat”), according to Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto, the lowest stratum of the industrial working class, including also such undesirables as tramps and criminals. The members of the Lumpenproletariat—this “social scum,” said Marx—are not only

Latin American literature: Post-boom writers: …discussed novel is Lumpérica (1983; E. Luminata); it is a text laden with stylistic games and a vague plot. With Puerto Ricans Ana Lydia Vega and Rosario Ferré, Eltit became part of an established group of women Latin American writers who were quickly accepted into the Latin American canon.

lumpsucker, any of certain marine fish of the family Cyclopteridae (order Scorpaeniformes), found in cold northern waters. Lumpsuckers are thickset, short-bodied, scaleless fish with skins that are either smooth or studded with bony tubercles. Like the snailfish, which are often included in the

Bangkok: History of Bangkok: …first and largest recreational area—Lumphini Park. During Rama VII’s reign (1925–35) municipal areas were delimited as part of a general administrative reorganization aimed at decentralization. In 1937 Bangkok was formally divided into the municipalities of Krung Thep and Thon Buri. At the time of their establishment, the two municipalities,…

American literature: Critics of society: …Call Home the Heart and Grace Lumpkin’s To Make My Bread (both 1932). Other notable proletarian novels included Jack Conroy’s The Disinherited (1933), Robert Cantwell’s The Land of Plenty (1934), and Albert Halper’s Union Square (1933), The Foundry (1934), and The Chute (1937), as well as some grim evocations of…

lumpsucker, any of certain marine fish of the family Cyclopteridae (order Scorpaeniformes), found in cold northern waters. Lumpsuckers are thickset, short-bodied, scaleless fish with skins that are either smooth or studded with bony tubercles. Like the snailfish, which are often included in the

Patrice Lumumba was an African nationalist leader, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (June–September 1960). Forced out of office during a political crisis, he was assassinated a short time later. Lumumba was born in the village of Onalua in Kasai province, Belgian

Patrice Lumumba was an African nationalist leader, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (June–September 1960). Forced out of office during a political crisis, he was assassinated a short time later. Lumumba was born in the village of Onalua in Kasai province, Belgian

Lumut, port, Peninsular (West) Malaysia, at the mouth of the Dindings River, on the Strait of Malacca. Lumut lies about 48 miles (77 km) southwest of the tin-mining town of Ipoh. It is the main town of the Dindings coastal area and the best sheltered deepwater port in Malaysia. A Royal Malaysian

Lunyu, one of four texts of Confucianism that, when published together in 1190 by the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi, became the great Chinese classic known as Sishu (“Four Books”). Lunyu has been translated into English as The Analects of Confucius. Lunyu is considered by scholars to be the most

John Rich was an English theatre manager and actor, the popularizer of English pantomime and founder of Covent Garden Theatre. Rich was a manager by inheritance; he received a three-quarter share in Lincoln’s Inn Fields Theatre from his father, Christopher Rich, in 1714, and, after running that

Selene, in Greek and Roman religion, the personification of the moon as a goddess. She was worshipped at the new and full moons. According to Hesiod’s Theogony, her parents were the Titans Hyperion and Theia; her brother was Helios, the sun god (sometimes called her father); her sister was Eos

Luna, county, southwestern New Mexico, U.S., bordered on the south by Mexico. It is a region of desert and semiarid plains broken by isolated mountains and mountain ranges, in the Mexican Highland section of the Basin and Range Province. The Continental Divide crosses the western section of the

Luna, any of a series of 25 uncrewed Soviet and later Russian lunar probes launched between 1959 and 2023. Luna 1 (launched January 2, 1959) was the first spacecraft to escape Earth’s gravity. It failed to impact the Moon as planned and became the first artificial object to go into orbit around the

Luna 25, Russian uncrewed spacecraft designed to study the Moon. Luna 25 (originally called Luna-Glob, Russian for “Moon-Globe”) consisted of a probe that was designed to land near the Moon’s south pole, where there is likely water ice under the surface. It launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome on

Luna 25, Russian uncrewed spacecraft designed to study the Moon. Luna 25 (originally called Luna-Glob, Russian for “Moon-Globe”) consisted of a probe that was designed to land near the Moon’s south pole, where there is likely water ice under the surface. It launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome on

Luna-Resource, Russian spacecraft that is designed to land on the Moon. Scheduled for launch about 2025, it will be Russia’s first mission to land on the Moon since the Luna 24 mission in August 1976. Luna-Resource weighs 1,250 kg (2,700 pounds). It is designed to study the effect of the solar wind

Ramón Pérez de Ayala: …miel, luna de hiel (1923; Moons of Honey and Gall) and its sequel, Los trabajos de Urbano y Simona (1923; “The Labours of Urbano and Simona”), treat the contrast between idealistic innocence and the realities of mature romantic love. In Tigre Juan (1926; Tiger Juan) and its sequel, El curandero…

Cesare Pavese: …luna e i falò (1950; The Moon and the Bonfires, 1950), is a bleak, yet compassionate story of a hero who tries to find himself by visiting the place in which he grew up. Several other works are notable, especially La bella estate (1949; in The Political Prisoner, 1955). Shortly…

luna moth, (Actias luna), species of saturniid moth of eastern North America. Luna moths are pale green and have a wingspread of 10 cm (4 inches). The wings have a thin brown border, and each hind wing has a long tail-like projection. The larvae feed on the leaves of many kinds of trees and shrubs.

Álvaro de Luna was the constable of Castile, ruling Castile during much of the reign of the weak John II. Luna was the illegitimate son of a noble of Aragonese descent and the only distinguished statesman during a dismal period in Castilian history. He was a skilled politician, a farsighted

Benedict (XIII) was an antipope from 1394 to 1417. He reigned in Avignon, Provence, in opposition to the reigning popes in Rome, during the Western Schism (1378–1417), when the Roman Catholic Church was split by national rivalries claiming the papal throne. Of noble birth, he was professor of canon

Luna-Resource, Russian spacecraft that is designed to land on the Moon. Scheduled for launch about 2025, it will be Russia’s first mission to land on the Moon since the Luna 24 mission in August 1976. Luna-Resource weighs 1,250 kg (2,700 pounds). It is designed to study the effect of the solar wind

Anatoly Lunacharsky was a Russian author, publicist, and politician who, with Maxim Gorky, did much to ensure the preservation of works of art during the civil war of 1918–20. Deported in 1898 for his revolutionary activities, Lunacharsky joined the Bolshevik group of the Social Democratic Party

Anatoly Lunacharsky was a Russian author, publicist, and politician who, with Maxim Gorky, did much to ensure the preservation of works of art during the civil war of 1918–20. Deported in 1898 for his revolutionary activities, Lunacharsky joined the Bolshevik group of the Social Democratic Party

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury: …he secured passage of the Lunacy Act of 1845, the first British statute to treat the insane as “persons of unsound mind” rather than social outcasts. He early was associated with the factory reform movement led by Richard Oastler and, in the House of Commons, by Michael Thomas Sadler. In…

Kamehameha V: …elected a cousin, William Charles Lunalilo, to succeed him.

Kamehameha V: …elected a cousin, William Charles Lunalilo, to succeed him.

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), U.S. spacecraft designed to study the thin lunar atmosphere and the amount of dust in it before it is altered by human activity on the Moon. LADEE, launched on September 6, 2013, was the first spacecraft based on the Modular Common Spacecraft

lunar calendar, any dating system based on a year consisting of synodic months—i.e., complete cycles of phases of the Moon. In every solar year (or year of the seasons) there are about 12.37 synodic months. Therefore, if a lunar-year calendar is to be kept in step with the seasonal year, a periodic

silver nitrate, caustic chemical compound, important as an antiseptic, in the industrial preparation of other silver salts, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. Its chemical formula is AgNO3. Applied to the skin and mucous membranes, silver nitrate is used either in stick form as lunar caustic

Moon: Effects of impacts and volcanism: …are described by the term crater. The relative ages of lunar craters are indicated by their form and structural features. Young craters have rugged profiles and are surrounded by hummocky blankets of debris, called ejecta, and long light-colored rays made by expelled material hitting the lunar surface. Older craters have…

LCROSS, U.S. spacecraft that was deliberately crashed into the Moon on October 9, 2009, resulting in the discovery of subsurface water. LCROSS was launched on June 18, 2009, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on an Atlas rocket that also carried the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), a spacecraft

Metonic cycle, in chronology, a period of 19 years in which there are 235 lunations, or synodic months, after which the Moon’s phases recur on the same days of the solar year, or year of the seasons. The cycle was discovered by Meton (fl. 432 bc), an Athenian astronomer. Computation from modern

geomagnetic field: The ionospheric dynamo: This variation is named the lunar daily variation, L. Its peak-to-peak amplitude is about 120 that of Sq.

lunar deity, any god or goddess related to or associated with the moon and its cycles. See moon

lunar eclipse, the Moon entering the shadow of Earth, opposite the Sun, so that Earth’s shadow sweeps over the Moon’s surface. An eclipse of the Moon can be seen under similar conditions at all places on Earth where the Moon is above the horizon. Lunar eclipses occur only at full moon and do not

full moon: …was known as the “lunar lunacy effect,” which inspired tales of werewolves and other beasts that broke free only under the full moon’s light. Today the full moon is still associated with erratic behaviour and an increase in crime rates, though these ideas are an urban legend.

Moon exploration, the investigation and study of the Moon by robotic and crewed spacecraft. Following the launch in 1957 of the U.S.S.R.’s satellite Sputnik, the first spacecraft to orbit Earth, the next major goal of both the Soviet and the U.S. space programs was the Moon. The United States

Artemis: …Artemis missions would dock at Gateway, an international space station in lunar orbit from which astronauts would descend to the Moon’s surface. Gateway’s first two modules, the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO), are scheduled to be launched together, uncrewed, in 2025. The ESA…

John Hawkes: …collection of short plays, and Lunar Landscapes (1969), a volume of short stories and novellas. Humors of Blood & Skin: A John Hawkes Reader was published in 1984.

full moon: …was known as the “lunar lunacy effect,” which inspired tales of werewolves and other beasts that broke free only under the full moon’s light. Today the full moon is still associated with erratic behaviour and an increase in crime rates, though these ideas are an urban legend.

astrology: In India: …significant elements the nakshatras (or lunar mansions), an elaborate system of three categories of yogas (or planetary combinations), dozens of different varieties of dashas (periods of the planets) and antardashas (subperiods), and a complex theory of ashtakavarga based on continuous horoscopy. The number of subdivisions of the zodiacal signs was…

Apollo: …of the CSM was the lunar module (LM). One astronaut stayed in the CSM while the other two landed on the Moon in the LM. The LM had a descent stage and an ascent stage. The descent stage was left on the Moon, and the astronauts returned to the CSM…

Lunar New Year, festival typically celebrated in China and other Asian countries that begins with the first new moon of the lunar calendar and ends on the first full moon of the lunar calendar, 15 days later. The lunar calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, so the dates of the holiday vary

Apollo: In the method ultimately employed, lunar orbit rendezvous, a powerful launch vehicle (Saturn V rocket) placed a 50-ton spacecraft in a lunar trajectory. The spacecraft had three parts. The conical command module (CM) carried three astronauts. The service module (SM) was attached to the back of the CM and carried…

Lunar Orbiter, any of a series of five unmanned U.S. spacecraft placed in orbit around the Moon. Lunar Orbiter 1 was launched on Aug. 10, 1966; the last in the series, Lunar Orbiter 5, was launched on Aug. 1, 1967. The orbiters obtained 1,950 wide-angle and high-resolution photographs of much of

parallax: Lunar parallax: The first parallax determination was for the Moon, by far the nearest celestial body. Hipparchus (150 bce) determined the Moon’s parallax to be 58′ for a distance of approximately 59 times Earth’s equatorial radius, as compared with the modern value of 57′02.6″—that is,…

Bret Easton Ellis: Later novels: By contrast, the metafictional novel Lunar Park (2005), which features a fictionalized version of Ellis as a drugged-out writer trying to achieve redemption by reconnecting with his family, is an introspective postmodern visage. The book is dedicated to Ellis’s father. Imperial Bedrooms (2010) is a sequel to Less Than Zero,…

lunar phase, any of the varying appearances of the Moon as seen from Earth as different amounts of the lunar disk are illuminated by the Sun. The Moon displays eight phases: new, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent. New moon occurs

Lunar Prospector, U.S. space probe that studied the chemistry of the Moon’s surface. Lunar Prospector was launched on Jan. 6, 1998, by an Athena II rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida. It entered lunar orbit on January 11 and achieved its final mapping orbit, 100 km (60 miles) high, four days

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), a U.S. spacecraft that mapped the surface of the Moon in order to help select ideal sites for uncrewed and eventually crewed lunar landers. After a series of postponements, the LRO was successfully launched on June 18, 2009, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on an

David Scott: Using the Lunar Roving Vehicle, they covered about 28 km (18 miles) on three separate treks and spent more than 17 hours outside their lunar module. The mission returned to Earth on August 7.

geology: Astrogeology: Astrogeology is concerned with the geology of the solid bodies in the solar system, such as the asteroids and the planets and their moons. Research in this field helps scientists to better understand the evolution of the Earth in comparison with that of its…

Joseph Priestley: The chemistry of gases: …became a member of the Lunar Society, an elite group of local gentlemen, Dissenters, and industrialists (including Josiah Wedgwood, Erasmus Darwin, James Watt, and Matthew Boulton), who applied the principles of science and technology toward the solving of problems experienced in 18th-century urban life. When confronted by the multitude of…

Allende meteorite: …scientists in preparation for handling lunar rocks.

biological rhythm: A lunar tidal rhythm—the regular ebb and flow of oceans and very large inland bodies of water—subjects seashore plants and animals to a rhythmic change; typically two high and two low tides occur each day (about 24.8 hours). Many species of shorebirds exhibit this rhythm by…

tide: Ocean tides: The tide-producing action of the Moon arises from the variations in its gravitational field over the surface of Earth as compared with its strength at Earth’s centre. The effect is that the water tends to accumulate on the parts of Earth’s surface directly toward and directly…

year: A lunar year (used in some calendars) of 12 synodic months (12 cycles of lunar phases) is about 354 days long. A cosmic year is the time (about 225 million years) needed for the solar system to revolve once around the centre of the Milky Way…

honesty, (genus Lunaria), genus of three species of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to Europe. Two of the species, annual honesty (Lunaria annua) and perennial honesty (L. rediviva), are widely grown for their fragrant flowers and papery seedpod partitions, which are used in

honesty: Two of the species, annual honesty (Lunaria annua) and perennial honesty (L. rediviva), are widely grown for their fragrant flowers and papery seedpod partitions, which are used in dried-flower arrangements.

honesty: …annual honesty (Lunaria annua) and perennial honesty (L. rediviva), are widely grown for their fragrant flowers and papery seedpod partitions, which are used in dried-flower arrangements.

honesty: Lunaria telekiana is a rare plant endemic to the mountains of Albania, Montenegro, and Serbia.

chatter mark: …removal of rock; and the lunate fracture, which is also concave downstream but without the removal of rock. Chatter marks in a series commonly decrease in size downstream.

Metonic cycle: …there are 235 lunations, or synodic months, after which the Moon’s phases recur on the same days of the solar year, or year of the seasons. The cycle was discovered by Meton (fl. 432 bc), an Athenian astronomer. Computation from modern data shows that 235 lunations are 6,939 days, 16.5…

Jimmie Lunceford was an American big band leader whose rhythmically appealing, well-disciplined orchestra was one of the most influential of the swing era. During his youth, Lunceford studied music with Wilberforce J. Whiteman, father of bandleader Paul Whiteman, and became proficient on all reed

Jimmie Lunceford was an American big band leader whose rhythmically appealing, well-disciplined orchestra was one of the most influential of the swing era. During his youth, Lunceford studied music with Wilberforce J. Whiteman, father of bandleader Paul Whiteman, and became proficient on all reed

Bread and Cheese Club, social and cultural conclave created by author James Fenimore Cooper, which held meetings at Washington Hall, on the southeast corner of Broadway and Reade streets in New York City, from its formal beginning in 1824 until at least 1827. Its membership consisted of American

Bread and Cheese Club, social and cultural conclave created by author James Fenimore Cooper, which held meetings at Washington Hall, on the southeast corner of Broadway and Reade streets in New York City, from its formal beginning in 1824 until at least 1827. Its membership consisted of American

Luncheon of the Boating Party, oil painting created in 1880–81 by French artist Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1882, it was immediately hailed as one of the best the artist had painted, and its reputation has not diminished since then. In the background of this painting is

Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe, large oil painting by French artist Édouard Manet that was completed in 1863. It was rejected by the Paris Salon and exhibited in 1863 in the Salon des Refusés. Long before his association with the Impressionists, Manet was a controversial figure in the French art world.

Lund, city, Skåne län (county), southern Sweden, northeast of Malmö. It was founded about 990 and became the seat of a bishopric in 1060 and the seat of the archbishop of all Scandinavia in 1103; today it is the seat of a Lutheran bishopric. After Sigtuna, Lund is Sweden’s second oldest town.

Bristol ware: Soft-paste porcelain, usually known as Lund’s Bristol, was made at Benjamin Lund’s china factory in 1748–52, after which it was taken over by the Worcester Porcelain Company.

Under the terms of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 following war between the two countries, Denmark was forced to cede territory to Sweden. Two decades later, when Sweden joined France in war against Austria and Holland in the Dutch War, Denmark seized the opportunity to reclaim its lost land. After

pottery: Porcelain: …factory in Bristol started by Benjamin Lund about 1748. Clay was mixed with a fusible rock called steatite (hydrous magnesium silicate), the principle being similar to that used in the manufacture of hard porcelain. This factory was transfered to Worcester in 1752 and still manufactures fine porcelain. In the 18th…

Lunda, any of several Bantu-speaking peoples scattered over wide areas of the southeastern part of Congo (Kinshasa), eastern Angola, and northern and northwestern Zambia. The various regional groups—the Lunda of Musokantanda in Congo, Kazembe, Shinje, Kanongesha, Ndembu, Luvale (Luena, Balovale),

puffin: …southerly Pacific distribution is the tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata), which is black with red legs and bill, a white face, and straw-coloured plumes curving backward from behind the eyes.

Lunda empire, historic Bantu-speaking African state founded in the 16th century in the region of the upper Kasai River (now in northeastern Angola and western Democratic Republic of the Congo). Although the Lunda people had lived in the area from early times, their empire was founded by invaders

Christian Lundeberg was an industrialist and politician who presided over the 1905 Swedish government, which negotiated an end to the Swedish-Norwegian union. A leading ironmaster, Lundeberg was active in industrial organizations and local government before entering the upper chamber of the Riksdag

London: Foundation and early settlement: The settlement was called Lundenwic; however, virtually nothing is known about this phase of London’s history until the time of Alfred the Great (849–899) and the wars with the Danes, who invaded England in 865. A little farther west a church was founded on marshy Thorney Island in 785,…

Lundi River, river in southeastern Zimbabwe rising at Gweru in the Highveld and flowing southeast to Hippo Valley at the confluence with the Shashe River in the Middleveld. It continues across the Lowveld and joins the Sabi River near the Chivirigo (Chivirira) Falls at the Mozambique border, after

Belgian literature: Between World Wars I and II: …others made up the “Groupe du lundi” (1936–39), named after their Monday meetings in Brussels. In 1937 this group issued a literary manifesto, rejecting Belgian regionalism and nationalism in favour of French literature. Jean Ray was a pioneer of fantastic literature in Belgium. Somewhat later, Georges Simenon imbued the…

Artur Lundkvist was a Swedish poet, novelist, and literary critic. Lundkvist grew up in a rural community, where he felt himself an outcast because of his appreciation for literature. He left school at age 10 and thereafter educated himself. He moved to Stockholm when he was 20 and published his

Artur Lundkvist was a Swedish poet, novelist, and literary critic. Lundkvist grew up in a rural community, where he felt himself an outcast because of his appreciation for literature. He left school at age 10 and thereafter educated himself. He moved to Stockholm when he was 20 and published his

astronomy: Galaxies and the expanding universe: In 1924 Swedish astronomer Karl Lundmark published an empirical study that gave a roughly linear relation (though with lots of scatter) between the distances and velocities of the spirals. The difficulty was in knowing the distances accurately enough. Lundmark used novae that had been observed in the Andromeda Nebula…

New York Rangers: …2011–12 the team—led by goaltender Henrik Lundqvist and forward Marian Gaborik—won its first division title in 17 years and advanced to the conference finals, where it lost to the New Jersey Devils. In 2013–14 the team defeated its longtime rival Montreal Canadiens in a six-game Eastern Conference finals series to…

The Pirate Bay: …and Peter Sunde, and businessman Carl Lundström, who had supplied servers and bandwidth to the site, were charged with copyright infringement, and in April 2009 they were sentenced to one year in prison and the payment of a fine of 30 million kronor ($3.6 million). In November 2010 the jail…

Lundy, small island in the Bristol Channel, 11 miles (18 km) off the north coast of the county of Devon, southwestern England. Mainly composed of granite, with high cliffs (notably Shutter Rock at the southwestern end), Lundy reaches a summit of 466 feet (142 metres) and has an area of 1.5 square