Great Northern Expedition: …and the cousins Khariton and Dmitry Laptev charted the Siberian coast from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Kolyma River.

Great Northern Expedition: …Siberian mainland, and the cousins Khariton and Dmitry Laptev charted the Siberian coast from the Taymyr Peninsula to the Kolyma River.

laptop computer, portable personal computer that features a screen, touch pad, and alphanumeric keyboard. Laptops usually have a clamshell design, in which the screen is located on the interior of the upper lid and the keyboard is located on the interior of the lower lid. Laptop screens are

“Could you repeat the question?” As I discussed in a Washington Post op-ed more than 10 years ago, that used to be the most common response from my law students at Georgetown University. It was inevitably asked while the student, called upon for a response in the Socratic method that I, like most

Lapu-Lapu, city, northwestern Mactan Island, Philippines. It is located on a narrow channel of the Bohol Strait opposite Cebu City. Formerly called Opon, the city was renamed in honour of Chief Lapulapu, who, on April 27, 1521, killed the Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan. The

Lapua Movement, (1929–32), fascist movement in Finland that threatened the young state’s democratic institutions and for a time dictated the policies of the government. It was named for the parish of Lapua, where a fascist group disrupted a meeting of communists late in 1929. The movement,

Ottessa Moshfegh: Lapvona (2022) is set in a fiefdom in medieval Europe and centers on the son of a village shepherd.

lapwing, any of numerous species of birds of the plover family, Charadriidae (order Charadriiformes), especially the Eurasian lapwing, Vanellus vanellus, of farmlands and grassy plains. The name lapwing, which refers to the birds’ slow wingbeat, is sometimes applied broadly to members of the

Charles Lapworth was an English geologist who proposed what came to be called the Ordovician Period (about 488 million to 444 million years old) of geologic strata. In 1864 Lapworth became a schoolmaster at Galashiels and began his studies of the early Paleozoic strata of the Southern Uplands. He

Kāshān ware, in Islamic ceramics, a style of lustreware pottery associated with Kāshān, Persia (Iran), from about the beginning of the 11th century until the mid-14th century. It was derived from motifs in earlier textiles and is especially noted for the density and delicate execution of its

yueqin, Chinese lute, one of a family of flat, round-bodied lutes found in Central and East Asia. The yueqin, which evolved from the ruan, has a length of some 18 inches (about 45 cm), with a short neck and a round resonator that is some 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter. It has two pairs of silk

Rahm Emanuel: …dominated by controversy surrounding the shooting of Laquan McDonald, an African American teenager killed by a Chicago police officer. Although the incident occurred in October 2014, Emanuel’s office blocked the release of the video of the shooting until November 2015, when a court ordered that the footage be made public.…

laque burgauté, in the decorative arts, East Asian technique of decorating lacquer ware with inlaid designs employing shaped pieces of the iridescent blue-green shell of the sea-ear (Haliotis). This shell inlay is sometimes engraved and occasionally combined with gold and silver. Workmanship is

gladiator: …suit of armour; and the laquearii (“lasso men”), who tried to lasso their antagonists.

gibbon: The lars, a group of species classified in the genus Hylobates, are the smallest and have the densest body hair. The dark-handed gibbon (Hylobates agilis), which lives on Sumatra south of Lake Toba and on the Malay Peninsula between the Perak and Mudah rivers, may be…

Lar, in Roman religion, any of numerous tutelary deities. They were originally gods of the cultivated fields, worshipped by each household at the crossroads where its allotment joined those of others. Later the Lares were worshipped in the houses in association with the Penates, the gods of the

Laristan: Lār, the chief town, lies at some 3,000 feet (900 metres) above sea level on a plain bordered by mountains separating the town from the Persian Gulf and on the road from Shīrāz to Bandar ʿAbbās. Lār contains the Qaisarieh, a travelers’ lodge, and the…

Lara, estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. It was named for independence hero Gen. Juan Jacinto Lara. Bordered on the north by Falcón, east by Yaracuy, south by Portuguesa and Trujillo, and west by Zulia, the state lies in the Segovia Highlands, a hilly region plagued by recurring droughts.

Lord Byron: Life and career: …the day of publication; and Lara (1814).

Gerard Butler: In the adventure film Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life (2003), Butler garnered notice as a British marine-turned-mercenary, Terry Sheridan, opposite actress Angelina Jolie. He later starred as the title character in The Phantom of the Opera (2004), the film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical, and…

Daniel Craig: Roles as a supporting actor: …of the title adventuress in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), and as the son of a gangster played by Paul Newman in Road to Perdition (2002). In The Mother (2003) Craig prowled the screen as a manipulative handyman who begins an affair with the much-older mother of his girlfriend, and…

Prambanan: …the complex is that of Lara Jonggrang, also called Candi Prambanan (Prambanan Temple) because of its close proximity to the village. These temples were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999.

Douglas Coupland: …Coma and, with Kip Ward, Lara’s Book: Lara Croft and the Tomb Raider Phenomenon, an illustrated tribute to the popularity of the computer game Tomb Raider. Subsequent novels included Miss Wyoming (1999), Hey Nostradamus! (2003), JPod (2006), The Gum Thief (2007), and Worst. Person. Ever.

Brian Lara is a West Indian cricketer, one of the sport’s most renowned contemporary players. The compact left-handed batsman is the record holder for most runs scored in an innings in both Test (international) and first-class cricket. One of a family of 11, a natural athlete, and a member of the

Brian Lara is a West Indian cricketer, one of the sport’s most renowned contemporary players. The compact left-handed batsman is the record holder for most runs scored in an innings in both Test (international) and first-class cricket. One of a family of 11, a natural athlete, and a member of the

Paraná: …forces of a Portuguese emissary, Gabriel de Lara, in the 1640s. Gold was discovered at several locations in the 17th century and attracted settlers. Eventually recognized as belonging to Portugal’s sphere of influence, rather than Spain’s, the territory was attached at first to the captaincy of São Paulo and subsequently…

Alfredo Poveda Burbano: …the regime of Ecuadorian President Guillermo Rodríguez Lara in a bloodless coup on Jan. 11, 1976, and held power until the return to civilian rule in 1979. Poveda was vice admiral of the navy at the time.

Larache, Atlantic port city, northern Morocco, at the mouth of the Loukkos (Lucus) River. The ruins of ancient Lixus, successively a Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Roman settlement, are 2 miles (3 km) northeast on the river’s north bank. Larache was under Spanish rule from 1610 to 1689 and from 1912

Sumer: Akshak, Larak, Nippur, Adab, Umma, Lagash, Bad-tibira, and Larsa. Each of these states comprised a walled city and its surrounding villages and land, and each worshipped its own deity, whose

Laramide orogeny, a series of mountain-building events that affected much of western North America in Late Cretaceous and Paleogene time. (The Cretaceous Period ended 65.5 million years ago and was followed by the Paleogene Period.) Evidence of the Laramide orogeny is present from Mexico to Alaska,

Laramie, city, seat (1868) of Albany county, southeastern Wyoming, U.S., on the Laramie River, 49 miles (79 km) west of Cheyenne, surrounded by divisions of the Medicine Bow National Forest (headquartered at Laramie). It was founded in 1868 when several thousand persons made a settlement—a jumble

Hoagy Carmichael: …part on the western series Laramie during the 1959–60 season. He never stopped composing, although most of his later songs were never recorded. One notable exception was a collection of children’s music released in 1971, Hoagy Carmichael’s Music Shop. Mostly, he devoted his later years to his hobbies of golf…

Laramie Mountains, range of the central Rocky Mountains, in southeastern Wyoming, U.S. A northern section of Colorado’s Front Range, it stretches north-northwestward for 125 miles (200 km) from the Wyoming-Colorado border, between Laramie and Cheyenne, to the North Platte River, around Casper. The

Matthew Shepard: …movies—The Matthew Shepard Story and The Laramie Project (both 2002; the latter is a version of the play). Because of concerns that his grave site would be vandalized, Shepard was not buried until 2018, when his ashes were interred in the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

Laramie River, river in Colorado and Wyoming, U.S., rising in the Front Range in Roosevelt National Forest, northern Colorado. It flows north across the Wyoming border and then turns northwest past the city of Laramie, through the Laramie Plains and Wheatland reservoirs, to enter the North Platte

Wyoming: Settlement patterns: …of military posts such as Fort Laramie (1834–90) and Fort Bridger (1843–90), both of which provided protection from attacks by Native Americans as well as trading opportunities. The building of the Union Pacific Railroad in the late 1860s led to the founding of several early settlements, including Cheyenne, Laramie, Rawlins,…

Johan Vilhelm Snellman: In 1842 he published Läran om staten (“Political Science”), which was influenced deeply by the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel and in which he advanced the idea that the essence of a state is a national spirit. His influence as a stimulator of the national cultural life began in 1844…

Grammy Award: …the Recording Academy) or the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS; commonly called the Latin Recording Academy) to recognize achievement in the music industry. Winners are selected from more than 25 fields, which cover such genres as pop, rock, rap, R&B, country, reggae, classical,

Tanimbar Islands: Surrounding islands include Larat to the north of Yamdena, with high cliffs, a rocky coast, and thick vegetation along the shore, and Selaru to the south of Yamdena, rather flat and with much grassland. The group, the total area of which is some 2,100 square miles (5,439 square…

Valery-Nicolas Larbaud was a French novelist and critic, an erudite cosmopolitan who became a literary intermediary between France and Europe, especially England and Spanish-speaking countries. Larbaud’s personal fortune permitted him a life of travel and leisure. His novels and stories are largely

larceny, in criminal law, the trespassory taking and carrying away of personal goods from the possession of another with intent to steal. Larceny is one of the specific crimes included in the general category of theft. Historically, the property subject to larceny in common law consisted of

larch, (genus Larix), any of about 10 to 12 species of coniferous trees constituting the genus Larix of the family Pinaceae, native to cool temperate and subarctic parts of the Northern Hemisphere. One species, Larix griffithii, is found only in the Himalayas. A larch has the pyramidal growth habit

sawfly: The larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) is sometimes highly destructive to larch trees in the United States and Canada. The elm leaf miner (Fenusa ulmi) is sometimes a serious pest of elm trees.

Maddalena Pass, gap between the Cottian Alps (north) and the Maritime Alps (south). The pass lies at 6,548 feet (1,996 m) on the French-Italian border, 12 miles (19 km) east-northeast of Barcelonnette, Fr. A road (1870) across the pass connects Cuneo, Italy, with Barcelonnette. Hannibal reputedly

Maddalena Pass, gap between the Cottian Alps (north) and the Maritime Alps (south). The pass lies at 6,548 feet (1,996 m) on the French-Italian border, 12 miles (19 km) east-northeast of Barcelonnette, Fr. A road (1870) across the pass connects Cuneo, Italy, with Barcelonnette. Hannibal reputedly

Larco Museum, museum in Lima, Peru, displaying art and artifacts of ancient Peruvian history. Founded in 1926 by Rafael Larco Hoyle, the Larco Museum contains one of Peru’s finest historical collections devoted to the country’s pre-Columbian peoples. It is housed in an 18th-century colonial mansion

Larco Museum, museum in Lima, Peru, displaying art and artifacts of ancient Peruvian history. Founded in 1926 by Rafael Larco Hoyle, the Larco Museum contains one of Peru’s finest historical collections devoted to the country’s pre-Columbian peoples. It is housed in an 18th-century colonial mansion

lard, soft creamy white solid or semisolid fat with butterlike consistency, obtained by rendering or melting the fatty tissue of hogs. Lard was once a highly valued cooking and baking fat. In the modern era, however, although still preferred for certain cooking and baking purposes, lard generally

lard: Lard oil is the clear, colourless oil pressed from pure lard after it has been crystallized, or grained. It is used as a lubricant, in cutting oils, and in soap manufacture. The solid residue, lard stearin, is used in shortenings and as a source of…

dermestid beetle: The larder beetle larva (Dermestes lardarius) feeds on cheese and dried meats, especially ham and bacon. The adult beetle is oval, black or brown with yellowish bands and dark spots, and 6 to 7.5 mm (0.236 to 0.295 in) long. The beetles are usually discovered inside…

geothermal energy: Electric power generation: …power generation took place in Larderello, Italy, with the development of an experimental plant in 1904. The first commercial use of that technology occurred there in 1913 with the construction of a plant that produced 250 kilowatts (kW). Geothermal power plants were commissioned in New Zealand starting in 1958 and…

Ranunculales: Lardizabalaceae includes woody vines with separate male and female flowers, such as the cultivated Akebia (chocolate vine). The leaves are compound (made up of leaflets), and the small flowers are in drooping bunches. The family includes 35 species in 8 genera, mostly restricted to China…

Ring Lardner was an American writer, one of the most gifted, as well as the most bitter, satirists in the United States and a fine storyteller with a true ear for the vernacular. Lardner came from a well-to-do family, although his father lost most of his fortune during Lardner’s last year in high

Ring Lardner was an American writer, one of the most gifted, as well as the most bitter, satirists in the United States and a fine storyteller with a true ear for the vernacular. Lardner came from a well-to-do family, although his father lost most of his fortune during Lardner’s last year in high

Lleida, city, capital of Lleida provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. It lies on the Segre River near its confluence with the Cinca and Ebro rivers. Of Iberian origin, the town then called Ilerda was taken in 49 bc from Pompey

Laredo, city, seat (1848) of Webb county, southern Texas, U.S., on the Rio Grande (there bridged to Nuevo Laredo, Mexico), 150 miles (240 km) southwest of San Antonio. It was established in 1755 by Tomás Sánchez as a ferry crossing (unlike most Spanish settlements in Texas, which were organized

MS St. Louis: Federico Laredo Brú signed a decree that invalidated the passengers’ landing certificates. His decision was supported by many Cubans who feared that the immigrants would compete for jobs as the country continued to struggle through the Great Depression. Further inflaming public opinion were rumours—which some…

Lar, in Roman religion, any of numerous tutelary deities. They were originally gods of the cultivated fields, worshipped by each household at the crossroads where its allotment joined those of others. Later the Lares were worshipped in the houses in association with the Penates, the gods of the

ancient Rome: Emperor worship: …coupled in Rome with the Lares Compitales (the spirits of his ancestors). Its principal custodians (seviri Augustales) were normally freedmen. Both the Senate and the emperor had central control over the institution. The Senate could withhold a vote of posthumous deification, and the emperor could acknowledge or refuse provincial initiatives…

Puerto Rico: Movements toward self-government: …uprising, now known as the Grito de Lares (“Cry of Lares”), on September 23, 1868. The poorly planned revolt was quickly suppressed, but it took place concurrently with Cuba’s struggle for independence, and the two events prompted Spain to grant several important reforms to Puerto Rico over the next few…

Laristan, extensive region in southeastern Fārs ostān (province), Iran. Situated between the Persian Gulf coast and the main water divide, it is characterized by ridges, dissected uplands, and depressions. The area, sparsely settled, contains nomadic Khamseh peoples of Turkish, Arab, and Iranian

anomalure: Large and pygmy anomalures are nocturnal and nest in hollow trees, entering and exiting through holes located at various heights along the trunk. Colonies of up to 100 pygmy anomalures live in some trees. Large anomalures gnaw bark and then lick the exuding sap; they…

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope: Large Area Telescope (LAT) and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), which work in the energy range of 10 keV to 300 GeV (10,000 to 300,000,000,000 electron volts) and are based on highly successful predecessors that flew on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) in the…

bamboo rat: pruinosus), and the large bamboo rat (R. sumatrensis). All bamboo rats belong to the subfamily Rhyzomyinae, which includes their closest living relatives, the African mole rats (genus Tachyoryctes). Subfamily Rhyzomyinae is classified within the family Muridae (rats and mice) of the order Rodentia. The lineage of today’s Rhizomys…

Philadelphia Museum of Art: …Diana (1892–93), and Paul Cézanne’s The Large Bathers (1900–06).

Large Binocular Telescope Observatory (LBTO), observatory consisting of two 8.4-metre (28-foot) telescopes located on Mount Graham (3,221 metres [10,567 feet]) in Arizona, U.S. The two telescopes combined have the resolution of a telescope with a mirror 22.8 metres (74.8 feet) across. Construction

blue butterfly: The large blue (Maculinea arion, or Phengaris arion) spends its larval and pupal stages in an ant nest, emerging in the spring as an adult.

alkanet: Large blue alkanet (A. azurea), or Italian bugloss, is popular as a garden species and reaches 120 cm (4 feet) with narrow leaves and large bright-blue flowers tufted with white hairs in the throats. Oval pointed evergreen leaves and white-eyed blue flowers characterize the evergreen…

cabbage white: The large cabbage white (P. brassicae) is found throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It features large black spots with a black band on the tip of its white wings and lays its eggs in characteristic clusters. Both species are considered to be major economic pests and can locally…

calorie: …use it to mean the kilocalorie, sometimes called the kilogram calorie, or large Calorie (equal to 1,000 calories), in measuring the calorific, heating, or metabolizing value of foods. Thus, the “calories” counted for dietary reasons are in fact kilocalories, with the “kilo-” prefix omitted; in scientific notations a capitalized Calorie…

carpenter bee, (genus Xylocopa), any of a genus of about 400 species of bees that are found in most areas of the world. Like most bees, carpenter bees do not produce honey, and they do not sting unless provoked. Although bees in Xylocopa are often considered pests because of their tunneling in

carrion beetle, (family Silphidae), any of a group of beetles (insect order Coleoptera), most of which feed on the bodies of dead and decaying animals, thus playing a major role as decomposers. A few live in beehives as scavengers, and some eyeless ones live in caves and feed on bat droppings.

Lutheranism: Confessionalization and Orthodoxy: …Articles, and his Small and Large Catechisms—into the Book of Concord in 1580.

hazelnut: The large cobnut is a variety of the European filbert, and Lambert’s filbert is a variety of the giant filbert. Nuts produced by the Turkish hazelnut (C. colurna) are sold commercially as Constantinople nuts. The former common name for the genus was hazel; various species were…

colliding-beam storage ring: …particle accelerators such as the Large Electron-Positron (LEP) collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva and the Tevatron at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois.

frogmouth: The large frogmouth (Batrachostomus auritus), a 16-inch (40-cm) species of the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, lays a single egg on a pad of down covered with lichens and spiderwebs. The tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides), of the Australian mainland and Tasmania, is…

Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world’s most powerful particle accelerator. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was constructed by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in the same 27-km (17-mile) tunnel that housed its Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP). The tunnel is circular and

large intestine, posterior section of the intestine, consisting typically of four regions: the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. The term colon is sometimes used to refer to the entire large intestine. The large intestine is wider and shorter than the small intestine (approximately 1.5 metres, or 5

neuropteran: Annotated classification: Family Polystoechotidae (large lacewings) Adults medium to large; wing expanse 40–75 mm; antennae short. Larvae with short, sharp, incurved mandibles, maxillae stout, blunt; labial palpi, sensory appendages on labium (lower lip); leg 5-jointed; tarsal claws simple, slightly curved; knobbed structures (called empodia) between terminal elongated claws. Family…

large language model (LLM), a deep-learning algorithm that uses massive amounts of parameters and training data to understand and predict text. This generative artificial intelligence-based model can perform a variety of natural language processing tasks outside of simple text generation, including

majuscule, in calligraphy, capital, uppercase, or large letter in most alphabets, in contrast to the minuscule, lowercase, or small letter. All the letters in a majuscule script are contained between a single pair of (real or theoretical) horizontal lines. The Latin, or Roman, alphabet uses both

Magellanic Cloud: One of them, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), is a luminous patch about 5° in diameter, and the other, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), measures less than 2° across. The Magellanic Clouds are visible to the unaided eye in the Southern Hemisphere, but they cannot be observed from most…

large mouse-eared bat, species of brown bat

Georges Braque: Early life: …these reservations, Braque painted his Large Nude (1908), a somewhat less-radical take on Picasso’s use of distorted planes and shallow space. The two artists became close friends, and within a few months they were engaged in the unprecedented process of mutual influence from which Cubism emerged.

Large numbers are numbers above one million that are usually represented either with the use of an exponent such as 109 or by terms such as billion or thousand millions that frequently differ from system to system. The American system of numeration for denominations above one million was modeled on

measurement system: The Egyptians: …one-half a cubit, equaled a large span. Sixteen digits, or four palms, made one t’ser. Twenty-four digits, or six palms, were a small cubit.

Ed Ruscha: …meat) beneath the Spam logo; Large Trademark with Eight Spotlights (1962), a dramatic representation of the Twentieth Century-Fox logo, and Oof (1963), a straightforward rendering of the expression used to communicate discomfort, surprise, or dismay.

tree shrew: The large tree shrew (Tupaia tana) of Sumatra, Borneo, and adjacent islands is one of the larger species, with a body 19 to 22 cm (7.5 to 8.7 inches) long and a tail nearly as long. Among the smaller species is the pygmy tree shrew (T.…

twayblade: The flowers of the large twayblade (L. lilifolia), of eastern North America, have thin slender side petals and a broad lip. The fen orchid (L. loeselii) is a similar species found in northern Eurasia.

Yorkshire, breed of swine produced in the 18th century by crossing the large indigenous white pig of North England with the smaller, fatter, white Chinese pig. The well-fleshed Yorkshire is solid white with erect ears. Although originally a bacon breed, the Yorkshire rose to prominence in the

helleborine: …most common British species is large white helleborine (C. damasonium). It has many long thick roots. The petals are borne close together, giving the flower a closed appearance. Large white helleborine is self-pollinating and hence does not require the action of an insect as do most other helleborines.

muntjac: It was named the giant, or large-antlered, muntjac (M. vuquangensis) because it appears to be larger than other muntjacs, with an estimated weight of 40–50 kg (88–110 pounds). The second species, which has the distinction of being the smallest deer in the world, was discovered near the town of…

puffbird: …white-necked, or large-billed, puffbird (Notharchus macrorhynchos), 24 cm (9 inches) long, ranging from Mexico to Argentina.

lung cancer: Non-small-cell lung cancer: …of all lung cancers are large-cell carcinomas. There is some dispute as to whether these constitute a distinct type of cancer or are merely a group of unusual squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Large-cell carcinomas can begin in any part of the lung and tend to grow very quickly.

bellwort: …is the large-flowered bellwort (U. grandiflora). It bears ovate leaves and narrowly bell-shaped, lemon-yellow, six-parted flowers that are about 1.5 inches (4 cm) long. It is found from Quebec westward to Minnesota and southward to Georgia and Kansas. The somewhat smaller perfoliate bellwort (U. perfoliata), with more pointed leaves,…

self-heal: …especially common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), large-flowered self-heal (P. grandiflora), and cutleaf self-heal (P. lacinata), were regarded in medieval times as cure-alls and are still used in herbal medicine. The dried leaves and flowers are commonly brewed for soothing sore throats. Other common names include heal-all and allheal.

waterleaf: The large-leaved waterleaf (H. macrophyllum) is similar to the Virginia waterleaf but is rough and hairy and about 60 cm tall. The broad-leaved waterleaf (H. canadense), also 60 cm tall, has maplelike leaves. Some species are used in wildflower gardens; they are valued for their attractive…

industry: Secondary industry: Large-scale industry generally requires heavy capital investment in plants and machinery, serves a large and diverse market including other manufacturing industries, has a complex industrial organization and frequently a skilled specialized labour force, and generates a large volume of output. Examples would include petroleum refining,…

computer: Integrated circuits: …to be referred to as large-scale integration chips, and computers using them are sometimes called fourth-generation computers. The invention of the microprocessor was the culmination of this trend.

technology of photography: Close-range and large-scale photography: Near photography to reveal fine texture and detail covers several ranges: (1) close-up photography at image scales between 0.1 and 1 (one-tenth to full natural size); (2) macrophotography between natural size and 10 to 20× magnification, using the camera lens on…