human ear: Ascending pathways: …of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. There they are joined by the fibres from the ventral cochlear nuclei of both sides and from the olivary complex. The lemniscus is a major tract, most of the fibres of which end in the inferior colliculus, the auditory centre of the midbrain,…

lateral line system: …floor of mucus-filled structures called lateral line canals. These canals are placed just underneath the skin, and only the receptor portion of each neuromast extends into the canal. In amphibians the lateral line system occurs only in larval forms and in adult forms that are completely aquatic.

lateral line system: …a series of mechanoreceptors called neuromasts (lateral line organs) arranged in an interconnected network along the head and body. This network is typically arranged in rows; however, neuromasts may also be organized singly. At its simplest, rows of neuromasts appear on the surface of the skin; however, for most fishes,…

lateral line system, a system of tactile sense organs, unique to aquatic vertebrates from cyclostome fishes (lampreys and hagfish) to amphibians, that serves to detect movements and pressure changes in the surrounding water. It is made up of a series of mechanoreceptors called neuromasts (lateral

magnification: Linear (sometimes called lateral or transverse) magnification refers to the ratio of image length to object length measured in planes that are perpendicular to the optical axis. A negative value of linear magnification denotes an inverted image. Longitudinal magnification denotes the factor by which an…

angiosperm: Roots: …they give rise to new lateral meristems and lateral roots. In woody roots the vascular cambium (the lateral meristem that gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem) originates in the pericycle as well as in the procambium; the procambium is the primary meristematic tissue between the primary phloem and…

moraine: …extend up the sides as lateral moraines. It may appear as a belt of hilly ground with knobs and kettles.

human nervous system: Brachial plexus: …supraspinatus and infraspinatus), medial and lateral pectoral (to pectoralis minor and major), long thoracic (to serratus anterior), thoracodorsal (to latissimus dorsi), and subscapular (to teres major and subscapular). The axillary nerve carries motor fibers to the deltoid and teres minor muscles as well as sensory fibers to the lateral

animal development: Differentiation of the germinal layers: …remains unsegmented, is called the lateral plate. The somites remain connected to the lateral plate by stalks of somites that play a particular role in the development of the excretory (nephric) system in vertebrates; for this reason they are called nephrotomes. Rather early the mesodermal mantle splits into two layers,…

heel: …is a small protuberance, the lateral process, developed only in humans, related to balance in the upright position. The Achilles tendon (tendo calcaneus) attaches to the posterior border of the calcaneus. The calcaneus functions both as a lever for muscles of the calf in walking and as a weight-bearing structure…

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: The inheritance of acquired characters: …described them as forming “lateral ramifications” with respect to the general “masses” of organization represented by the classes. Lateral ramifications in species resulted when they underwent transformations that reflected the diverse, particular environments to which they had been exposed.

angiosperm: Root systems: …the taproot are produced smaller lateral roots (secondary roots) that grow horizontally or diagonally. These secondary roots further produce their own smaller lateral roots (tertiary roots). Thus, many orders of roots of descending size are produced from a single prominent root, the taproot. Most eudicotyledons produce taproots—for example, the dandelion…

nervous system disease: Motor neuron disease: lateral sclerosis are both motor neuron diseases, progressive disorders of older people that affect neurons of the ventral horns, of the medullary motor nuclei, and of the corticospinal tracts. ALS, or Lou Gehrig disease, is characterized by muscle wasting due to loss of the ventral-horn…

lateral secretion, geological process by which ore minerals dissolved from wall rocks by percolating waters are redeposited in nearby openings. Put forth in 1847, the theory was vigorously attacked in the late 1800s by geologists who contended that the deposits were formed by hot water ascending

human ear: Semicircular canals: …according to their position: superior, horizontal, and posterior. The superior and posterior canals are in diagonal vertical planes that intersect at right angles. Each canal has an expanded end, the ampulla, which opens into the vestibule. The ampullae of the horizontal and superior canals lie close together, just above the…

Franciscus Sylvius: …(1641) the deep cleft (Sylvian fissure) separating the temporal (lower), frontal, and parietal (top rear) lobes of the brain.

lighthouse: Buoyage systems: …buoyage systems divide buoys into Lateral, Cardinal, and associated classes. Lateral buoys are used to mark channels. In region A a can-profile (i.e., cylindrical) red buoy with a red light indicates the port (left) side of the channel when proceeding in the direction of buoyage, while a conical green buoy…

laterality, in biological psychology, the development of specialized functioning in each hemisphere of the brain or in the side of the body which each controls. The most obvious example of laterality is handedness, which is the tendency to use one hand or the other to perform activities. It is the

lateral line system: …a series of mechanoreceptors called neuromasts (lateral line organs) arranged in an interconnected network along the head and body. This network is typically arranged in rows; however, neuromasts may also be organized singly. At its simplest, rows of neuromasts appear on the surface of the skin; however, for most fishes,…

celibacy: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: …at the first and second Lateran Councils (1123 and 1139), which abolished clerical marriage and thus established the official and still-existing position of the Roman Catholic church.

Fifth Lateran Council, (1512–17), the 18th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Julius II and held in the Lateran Palace in Rome. The council was convened in response to a council summoned at Pisa by a group of cardinals who were hostile to the pope. The pope’s council had reform as its chief

First Lateran Council, (1123), the ninth ecumenical council, held in the Lateran Palace in Rome during the reign of Pope Calixtus II; no acts or contemporary accounts survive. The council promulgated a number of canons (probably 22), many of which merely reiterated decrees of earlier councils.

Fourth Lateran Council, (1215), the 12th ecumenical council, generally considered the greatest council before Trent. The council was years in preparation as Pope Innocent III desired the widest possible representation. More than 400 bishops, 800 abbots and priors, envoys of many European kings, and

Second Lateran Council, (1139), the 10th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Innocent II. The council was convened to condemn as schismatics the followers of Arnold of Brescia, a vigorous reformer and opponent of the temporal power of the pope, and to end the schism created by the election of

Third Lateran Council, (1179), the 11th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Alexander III. The council was attended by 291 bishops who studied the Peace of Venice (1177), by which the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, agreed to withdraw support from his antipope and to restore the church

Domenico Fontana: …Felice (1587), and the present Lateran Palace, built on the ruins of the old medieval palace. He collaborated with Giacomo della Porta on the completion of St. Peter’s dome (1588–90) from Michelangelo’s model. His most famous undertaking was the removal of the Egyptian obelisk (brought to Rome in the 1st…

Lateran Treaty, treaty (effective June 7, 1929, to June 3, 1985) between Italy and the Vatican. It was signed by Benito Mussolini for the Italian government and by cardinal secretary of state Pietro Gasparri for the papacy and confirmed by the Italian constitution of 1948. Upon ratification of the

laterite, soil layer that is rich in iron oxide and derived from a wide variety of rocks weathering under strongly oxidizing and leaching conditions. It forms in tropical and subtropical regions where the climate is humid. Lateritic soils may contain clay minerals; but they tend to be silica-poor,

barramundi, (Lates calcarifer), species of fish in the family Latidae (order Perciformes) that is native to tropical northern Australian waters. The barramundi, also called Asian seabass or giant perch, is one of the world’s finest eating and sporting fish. To sample the mouth-watering delights of

Nile perch, (species Lates niloticus), large food and game fish of the family Centropomidae (order Perciformes), found in the Nile and other rivers and lakes of Africa. A large-mouthed fish, the Nile perch is greenish or brownish above and silvery below and grows to about 1.8 m (6 feet) and 140 kg

Japanese art: Jōmon period: Evidence from the Final Jōmon (c. 1000–3rd century bce) suggests that inhospitable forces, whether contagious disease or climate, were at work. There was a considerable decrease in population and a regional fragmentation of cultural expression. Particularly noteworthy was the formation of quite distinct cultures in the north and…

Stijn Streuvels was a Belgian novelist and short-story writer whose works are among the masterpieces of Flemish prose. The nephew of the priest and poet Guido Gezelle, Streuvels discovered his literary gifts while at school at Avelgem in West Flanders. A master baker for 15 years, he learned

angiosperm: Secondary vascular system: …wood (spring wood) and the late wood (summer wood); early wood is less dense because the cells are larger and their walls are thinner. Although the transition of early wood to late wood within a growth ring may be obscure, that demarcation between the adjacent late wood of one ring…

LaTeX, software used for typesetting technical documents. LaTeX is a free software package created in 1985 by the American computer scientist Leslie Lamport as an addition to the TeX typesetting system. LaTeX was created to make it easier to produce general-purpose books and articles within TeX.

latex, colloidal suspension, either the milky white liquid emulsion found in the cells of certain flowering plants such as the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) or any of various manufactured water emulsions consisting of synthetic rubber or plastic. The plant product is a complex mixture of

foam rubber, flexible, porous substance made from a natural or synthetic latex compounded with various ingredients and whipped into a froth. The resulting product contains roughly 85 percent air and 15 percent rubber and can be molded and vulcanized. Its uses include padding for furniture,

chemical industry: Film materials: In latex paints, the paint itself is in the form of minute droplets in water, and water is the thinner.

Baltic states: Early Middle Ages: …inhabited by the Selonians and Latgalians. At least four major principalities can be distinguished among the latter.

lath, any material fastened to the structural members of a building to provide a base for plaster. Lath can be of wood, metal, gypsum, or insulated board. In older residential buildings, narrow wood strips were generally used. One of the most common laths is gypsum lath. It is manufactured with an

wattle and daub: The lath-and-plaster method of building up interior walls, which was common before the introduction of drywall, is a more modern evolution of the wattle and daub technique, using standardized materials.

Celtic literature: Developments of the 18th century: His Latha à Bhreitheanis (“Day of Judgment”) and An Claigeann (“The Skull”) are impressive and sombre and show considerable imaginative power.

motion-picture technology: History: When this so-called Latham loop was applied to cameras and projectors with intermittent movement, the growth and shrinkage of the loops on either side of the shutter adjusted for the disparity between the stop-and-go motion at the aperture and the continuous movement of the reels (see Figure 6).

Mark Latham is an Australian politician, who served as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 2003 to 2005. Latham graduated with a degree in economics from the University of Sydney in 1982. Entering politics, he worked in the office of former ALP prime minister Gough Whitlam. In 1987

Mark Latham is an Australian politician, who served as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 2003 to 2005. Latham graduated with a degree in economics from the University of Sydney in 1982. Entering politics, he worked in the office of former ALP prime minister Gough Whitlam. In 1987

rackets: History.: Peter Latham, an English professional, is generally rated the greatest of rackets players. (Professionals, in rackets and squash rackets, are players who are paid to teach the games.) Latham was world champion from 1887 to 1902, when he resigned, and was also a great player…

Larne, town and former district (1973–2015) within the former County Antrim, now in the Mid and East Antrim district, northeastern Northern Ireland, bordering the Irish Sea north of Belfast. The Scot Edward Bruce landed near the present town site in 1315 when he attempted to free Ireland from

lathe, machine tool that performs turning operations in which unwanted material is removed from a workpiece rotated against a cutting tool. The lathe is one of the oldest and most important machine tools. Wood lathes were in use in France as early as 1569. During the Industrial Revolution in

Grace Slick: Jefferson Airplane: The Slick-penned single “Lather” on the album was written for her then boyfriend, Airplane’s drummer Spencer Dryden. (She had separated from her husband, and they divorced in 1971.) Volunteers followed in 1969, and, though it created some controversy with its antiwar lyrics, the album sold well and is…

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles) Found in fungi, debris, flowers; about 600 species. Family Nitidulidae (sap beetles) Variable size, shape, habits; usually found around fermenting plant fluids or moldy plant materials; about 2,200 species; examples Meligethes,

Julia Clifford Lathrop was an American social welfare worker who was the first director of the U.S. Children’s Bureau. Lathrop attended Vassar College, graduating in 1880. Over the next 10 years she worked in her father’s law office and interested herself in various reform movements. In 1890 she

Mother Alphonsa Lathrop was a U.S. author, nun, and founder of the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer, a Roman Catholic congregation of nuns affiliated with the Third Order of St. Dominic and dedicated to serving victims of terminal cancer. The daughter of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne, Rose

Ptolemy IX Soter II was a Macedonian king of Egypt who, after ruling Cyprus and Egypt in various combinations with his brother, Ptolemy X Alexander I, and his mother, Cleopatra III, widow of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, gained sole rule of the country in 88 and sought to keep Egypt from excessive

beach pea, (Lathyrus japonicus), sprawling perennial plant in the pea family (Fabaceae). It occurs on gravelly and sandy coastal areas throughout the North Temperate Zone. The seeds of beach pea and other members of the genus Lathyrus can cause a paralysis known as lathyrism if eaten in large

beach pea, (Lathyrus japonicus), sprawling perennial plant in the pea family (Fabaceae). It occurs on gravelly and sandy coastal areas throughout the North Temperate Zone. The seeds of beach pea and other members of the genus Lathyrus can cause a paralysis known as lathyrism if eaten in large

sweet pea, (Lathyrus odoratus), annual plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely cultivated for its beautiful, fragrant flowers. Hundreds of varieties of sweet pea have been developed and are grown as garden ornamentals or are grown commercially for the floral industry. The plant is sometimes

groundnut: …and Lathyrus tuberosa, also called earth-nut pea. Cyperus esculentus, nut sedge or yellow nut grass, is a papyrus relative (family Cyperaceae) that also bears edible tubers, especially in the variety called chufa or earth almond.

bioluminescence: The range and variety of bioluminescent organisms: The limpet Latia neritoides, found in streams around Auckland, New Zealand, is the only strictly freshwater luminous form known. The so-called firefly shrimp (hotaru ebi) is found in Lake Suwa, Japan, but the light is from luminous bacteria that infect the shrimp and kill it in about…

sea snake: …species of sea kraits (genus Laticauda) are not as specialized for aquatic life as the true sea snakes. Although the tail is flattened, the body is cylindrical, and the nostrils are lateral. They have enlarged belly scales like those of terrestrial snakes and can crawl and climb on land. The…

sea snake: The yellow-lipped sea krait (L. colubrina) is a common species that possesses this pattern and has a yellow snout. Sea kraits are nocturnal, feeding primarily on eels at depths of less than 15 metres (49 feet). They go ashore to lay their eggs, climbing up into…

sea snake: …and the sea kraits (subfamily Laticaudinae), which are related to the Asian cobras. Although their venom is the most potent of all snakes, human fatalities are rare because sea snakes are not aggressive, their venom output is small, and their fangs are very short.

Queen Latifah is an American musician and actress whose success in the late 1980s launched a wave of female rappers and helped redefine the traditionally male genre. She later became a notable actress, and for her performance in Chicago (2002), she received an Academy Award nomination. Owens was

latifundium, any large ancient Roman agricultural estate that used a large number of peasant or slave labourers. The ancient Roman latifundia originated from the allocation of land confiscated by Rome from certain conquered communities, beginning in the early 2nd century bc. Earlier, in classical

latifundium, any large ancient Roman agricultural estate that used a large number of peasant or slave labourers. The ancient Roman latifundia originated from the allocation of land confiscated by Rome from certain conquered communities, beginning in the early 2nd century bc. Earlier, in classical

latifundium, any large ancient Roman agricultural estate that used a large number of peasant or slave labourers. The ancient Roman latifundia originated from the allocation of land confiscated by Rome from certain conquered communities, beginning in the early 2nd century bc. Earlier, in classical

Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza: …editor of the anticlerical periodical El Látigo, but in the years 1868–74 he ruined his political reputation by rapid changes of position. His literary reputation, however, steadily increased. El sombrero de tres picos, a short novel inspired by a popular ballad, is notable for its skillful construction and pointed observation…

Subud: …feature of Subud is the latihan, its only group spiritual activity, which is usually held for an hour twice a week. During latihan, undergone by men and women in separate rooms, members allow the power of God to express itself through unrestrained spontaneous activity. The latihan includes unprogrammed singing, dancing,…

Thomas Osborne, 1st duke of Leeds was an English statesman who, while chief minister to King Charles II, organized the Tories in Parliament. In addition, he played a key role in bringing William and Mary to the English throne in 1689. The son of a Royalist Yorkshire landowner, Osborne did not

Hugh Latimer was an English Protestant who advanced the cause of the Reformation in England through his vigorous preaching and through the inspiration of his martyrdom. Latimer was the son of a prosperous yeoman farmer. Educated at the University of Cambridge, he was ordained a priest about 1510.

Rebecca Ann Felton was an American political activist, writer, and lecturer, and the first woman seated in the U.S. Senate. Rebecca Latimer was graduated first in her class from the Madison Female College, Madison, Georgia, in 1852 and the following year married William H. Felton, a local physician

United Kingdom: The crises of Edward’s later years: …dominated by men such as William Latimer, the chamberlain, proved unpopular and ineffective. When the so-called Good Parliament met in 1376, grievances had accumulated and needed to be dealt with. As in previous crises, a committee consisting of four bishops, four earls, and four barons was set up to take…

coelacanth, (genus Latimeria), any of the two living lobe-finned bony fishes of the genus Latimeria. Traditionally, however, coelacanth was the name applied generally to any member of the order Coelacanthiformes, subclass Crossopterygii. Members of the related but extinct suborder Rhipidistia are

crossopterygian: General features: …the Coelacanthidae and named it Latimeria chalumnae. The generic name was given in honour of Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, an associate who first brought the strange fish to his notice, whereas the species name recalls the site of its capture. Between 1952 and 2000, about 200 specimens of Latimeria were caught on…

coelacanth: …Sulawesi coelacanth, its scientific name, L. menadoensis, derives from the island of Manado Tua, from which it was collected. Both species are considered threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the African coelacanth being classified as a critically endangered species and the Sulawesi coelacanth…

Latin, the ancient people of Latium

horse brass: Before 1830 latten, an alloy of brass, was used, the pierced design being cut by hand. Most of the later varieties are of cast brass, sometimes plated. Many were produced in Walsall and Birmingham, particularly in the latter half of the 19th century. Over 1,000 different designs…

Grammy Award: …the Recording Academy) or the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS; commonly called the Latin Recording Academy) to recognize achievement in the music industry. Winners are selected from more than 25 fields, which cover such genres as pop, rock, rap, R&B, country, reggae, classical,

Latin alphabet, the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and the languages of most of Europe and those areas settled by Europeans. Developed from the Etruscan alphabet at some time before 600 bce, it can be traced through Etruscan,

Witness for Peace: …broader alliances, such as the Latin America Working Group, a coalition of more than 60 organizations that advocated improvements in U.S. policy in Latin America.

history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. Latin America is generally understood to

Germán Arciniegas: …continente de siete colores (1965; Latin America: A Cultural History) introduced an international audience to Arciniegas’s panoramic view of his continent.

Latin American architecture, history of architecture in Mesoamerica, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean beginning after contact with the Spanish and Portuguese in 1492 and 1500, respectively, and continuing to the present. For centuries before about 1500, indigenous American peoples

Latin American art, artistic traditions that developed in Mesoamerica, Central America, and South America after contact with the Spanish and the Portuguese beginning in 1492 and 1500, respectively, and continuing to the present. This article will not discuss the art of non-Iberian colonial holdings

Latin American Central of Workers, (CLAT), regional Christian Democrat trade union federation linked to the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). Its affiliated member groups represent some 10,000,000 workers in more than 35 Latin-American and Caribbean countries and territories. Its headquarters

Latin American Central of Workers, (CLAT), regional Christian Democrat trade union federation linked to the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). Its affiliated member groups represent some 10,000,000 workers in more than 35 Latin-American and Caribbean countries and territories. Its headquarters

Latin American dance, dance traditions of Mexico, Central America, and the portions of South America and the Caribbean colonized by the Spanish and the Portuguese. These traditions reflect the distinctive mixtures of indigenous (Amerindian), African, and European influences that have shifted

Latin American Economic System (SELA), association formed to promote economic cooperation and development throughout the region of Latin America. Established in 1975 through the Panama Convention, SELA succeeded the Special Committee for Latin American Coordination (CECLA). Nearly 30 Latin American

Latin American Central of Workers, (CLAT), regional Christian Democrat trade union federation linked to the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). Its affiliated member groups represent some 10,000,000 workers in more than 35 Latin-American and Caribbean countries and territories. Its headquarters

Mercosur: …of Latin America through the Latin American Free Trade Association (1960) and its successor, the Latin American Integration Association (1980). In 1985 Argentina and Brazil signed the Declaration of Iguaçu, which created a bilateral commission to promote the integration of their economies; by the following year the two countries had…

Latin American Integration Association, organization that was established by the Treaty of Montevideo (August 1980) and became operational in March 1981. It seeks economic cooperation among its members. Original members were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay,

Latin American literature, the national literatures of the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere. Historically, it also includes the literary expression of the highly developed American Indian civilizations conquered by the Spaniards. Over the years, Latin American literature has

Latin American music, musical traditions of Mexico, Central America, and the portions of South America and the Caribbean colonized by the Spanish and the Portuguese. These traditions reflect the distinctive mixtures of Native American, African, and European influences that have shifted throughout

Major League Baseball, as the combined National and American leagues in the United States are now called, faces new challenges—both external and internal—with the increase of baseball’s international appeal. External pressures include strong professional baseball leagues in Japan, Taiwan, and South

Latin Averroism, the teachings of a number of Western Christian philosophers who, in the later Middle Ages and during the Renaissance, drew inspiration from the interpretation of Aristotle put forward by Averroës, a Muslim philosopher. The basic tenet of Latin Averroism was the assertion that

Western architecture: Early Renaissance in Italy (1401–95): …for medieval churches was the Latin cross plan, as at San Lorenzo; the longer arm of the cross formed the nave of the church. During the Middle Ages this plan was considered a symbolic reference to the cross of Christ. During the Renaissance the ideal church plan tended to be…

Greece: The islands: …remained the centre of the Latin duchy of the Archipelago, established in 1207 among the Cyclades by Marco Sanudo, a relative of the Venetian doge, or magistrate, with a body of plundering merchants and nobles. Initially under the overlordship of the Latin emperor at Constantinople, the duchy later transferred its…

Byzantine Empire: The Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Latin Empire: In 1195 Isaac II was deposed and blinded by his brother Alexius III. The Westerners, who had again blamed the failure of their Crusade on the Byzantines, saw ways of exploiting the situation. The emperor Henry VI had united the Norman kingdom of…

Grammy Award: To be eligible for a Latin Grammy, a recording may be released anywhere in the world, but it must be recorded in the Spanish or Portuguese language between July 1 of the previous year and June 30 of the award year. The first Latin Grammy Awards ceremony was staged in…

Latin jazz, a style of music that blends rhythms and percussion instruments of Cuba and the Spanish Caribbean with jazz and its fusion of European and African musical elements. Latin jazz was the result of a long process of interaction between American and Cuban music styles. In New Orleans around

kingdom of Jerusalem, a state formed in 1099 from territory in Palestine wrested from Muslims by European Christians during the First Crusade and lasting until 1291, when the two surviving cities of the kingdom succumbed to attacks by Muslim armies. The rulers of the neighbouring Crusader states of

Latin language, Indo-European language in the Italic group and ancestral to the modern Romance languages. Originally spoken by small groups of people living along the lower Tiber River, Latin spread with the increase of Roman political power, first throughout Italy and then throughout most of