Lawrence v. Texas, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (6–3) on June 26, 2003, that a Texas state law criminalizing certain intimate sexual conduct between two consenting adults of the same sex was unconstitutional. The sodomy laws in a dozen other states were thereby invalidated. The

Television in the United States: The late 1960s and early ’70s: the relevance movement: …same week, one could watch The Lawrence Welk Show (ABC, 1955–71), a 15-year-old musical variety program that featured a legendary polka band, and Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In (NBC, 1968–73), an irreverent new comedy-variety show plugged into the 1960s counterculture. The 1970–71 season was the last season for a number of…

Abbott Lawrence was an American merchant and philanthropist who was a major developer of the New England textile industry. He led in founding the town of Lawrence, Mass., named in his honour, and built several mills there, making it a textile centre. Lawrence joined his brother, Amos Lawrence

Chester Harding: …1826, include his likeness of Amos Lawrence (c. 1845).

Andrea Mead Lawrence was the first American Alpine skier to win two gold medals in a single Winter Olympics. Her Olympic victories, coupled with her U.S. championship titles in the downhill, slalom, and Alpine combined in 1950, 1952, and 1955 and the giant slalom in 1953, earned her a place in the

Carmen Lawrence is an Australian politician who rose to prominence as premier of Western Australia (1990–93) and served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Paul Keating. Lawrence was born to a wheat-farming family. She studied psychology at the University of Western Australia, graduating in 1968. She

Carmen Lawrence is an Australian politician who rose to prominence as premier of Western Australia (1990–93) and served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Paul Keating. Lawrence was born to a wheat-farming family. She studied psychology at the University of Western Australia, graduating in 1968. She

D.H. Lawrence was an English author of novels, short stories, poems, plays, essays, travel books, and letters. His novels Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), and Women in Love (1920) made him one of the most influential English writers of the 20th century. Lawrence was the fourth child of a

U.S. News & World Report: …weekly magazine by the journalist David Lawrence as the United States News. It won general note for its thorough coverage of major news events in Washington, D.C., and the United States, often carrying the complete text of major speeches and documents emanating from the capital. In 1945 Lawrence founded World…

D.H. Lawrence was an English author of novels, short stories, poems, plays, essays, travel books, and letters. His novels Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), and Women in Love (1920) made him one of the most influential English writers of the 20th century. Lawrence was the fourth child of a

Ernest Orlando Lawrence was an American physicist, winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention of the cyclotron, the first particle accelerator to achieve high energies. Lawrence earned a Ph.D. at Yale University in 1925. An assistant professor of physics at Yale (1927–28), he went

Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence, Baron Pethick-Lawrence was a British politician who was a leader of the woman suffrage movement in Great Britain during the first two decades of the 20th century; he later served (1945–47) as secretary of state for India and Burma (now Myanmar). In 1901 Lawrence

Gertrude Lawrence was an English actress noted for her performances in Noël Coward’s sophisticated comedies and in musicals. Lawrence was the daughter of music hall performers, and from an early age she was trained to follow their career. She made her stage debut in December 1908 in a pantomime

Jacob Lawrence was an American painter of the 20th century whose works, frequently done in series using tempera or gouache on paper or cardboard, portray scenes of Black life and history with vivid stylized realism. Lawrence was the son of Southern migrants. After his parents separated, he and his

James Lawrence was a U.S. naval officer of the War of 1812 whose dying words, “Don’t give up the ship,” became one of the U.S. Navy’s most cherished traditions. Lawrence entered the navy as a midshipman (1798) and fought against the Barbary pirates. He was first lieutenant to Lieutenant Stephen

Jennifer Lawrence is an American actress who is known for her versatility on-screen and her accessible, honest off-screen persona. At the age of 22, she won the Academy Award for best actress for her performance in Silver Linings Playbook (2012). Lawrence knew from an early age that she wanted to

Jennifer Lawrence is an American actress who is known for her versatility on-screen and her accessible, honest off-screen persona. At the age of 22, she won the Academy Award for best actress for her performance in Silver Linings Playbook (2012). Lawrence knew from an early age that she wanted to

John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence was a British viceroy and governor-general of India whose institution in the Punjab of extensive economic, social, and political reforms earned him in Britain the sobriquet “Savior of the Punjab.” In 1830 Lawrence traveled to Calcutta (now Kolkata) with

Martin Lawrence is a star who was featured in the hit television sitcom Martin from 1992 to 1997. He parlayed his success on the small screen into an active film career. He is also credited with popularizing the greeting “wassup?” Lawrence was born in West Germany (now Germany), where his father, a

Martin Lawrence is a star who was featured in the hit television sitcom Martin from 1992 to 1997. He parlayed his success on the small screen into an active film career. He is also credited with popularizing the greeting “wassup?” Lawrence was born in West Germany (now Germany), where his father, a

Mary Wells Lawrence was an American businesswoman who made a mark in advertising during an age when men dominated the field. She cofounded the Wells Rich Greene (WRG) advertising agency, which became noted for its campaigns for Alka Seltzer (“Plop, Plop, Fizz, Fizz”), the Ford Motor Company

Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. was a U.S. Air Force major who was the first African American astronaut in the U.S. space program. However, he died in a fighter jet crash before getting the opportunity to fly in space. Lawrence was born and raised in Chicago. As a child, he was a chess enthusiast and

Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. was a U.S. Air Force major who was the first African American astronaut in the U.S. space program. However, he died in a fighter jet crash before getting the opportunity to fly in space. Lawrence was born and raised in Chicago. As a child, he was a chess enthusiast and

Bleeding Kansas: …became a fact with the Sack of Lawrence (May 21, 1856), in which a proslavery mob swarmed into the town of Lawrence and wrecked and burned the hotel and newspaper office in an effort to wipe out the “hotbed of abolitionism.” The day after the attack on Lawrence, the conflict…

Saint Lawrence ; feast day August 10) was one of the most venerated Roman martyrs, celebrated for his Christian valour. He is the patron saint of the poor and of cooks. Lawrence was among the seven deacons of the Roman church serving Pope Sixtus II, whose martyrdom preceded Lawrence’s by a few

Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence was an English soldier and administrator who helped to consolidate British rule in the Punjab region. After joining the Bengal artillery in 1823, Lawrence served at the capture of Arakan in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). He studied the Urdu, Hindi, and Persian

Sir Thomas Lawrence was a painter and draftsman who was the most fashionable English portrait painter of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He was the son of an innkeeper who owned the Black Bear at Devizes, where the young Lawrence won a reputation as a prodigy for his profile portraits in

Burt Bacharach: …1950s he wrote arrangements for Steve Lawrence and Vic Damone and later toured with Marlene Dietrich. In the late 1950s he began his long association with David, which would produce many hits especially for singer Dionne Warwick, including “Walk On By,” “I Say a Little Prayer,” and “

Stringer Lawrence was a British army captain whose transformation of irregular troops into an effective fighting force earned him credit as the real founder of the Indian army under British rule. During 20 years of army service, Lawrence rose from ensign to captain and served at Gibraltar, in

T.E. Lawrence was a British archaeological scholar, military strategist, and author best known for his legendary war activities in the Middle East during World War I and for his account of those activities in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926). (Read T.E. Lawrence’s Britannica entry on guerrilla

Teófilo Stevenson was a Cuban heavyweight boxer who became the first fighter to win three Olympic gold medals in one weight class and one of only two to win three World Amateur Boxing titles. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) The 6-feet 3-inch (1.9-meter) Stevenson shocked the

T.E. Lawrence was a British archaeological scholar, military strategist, and author best known for his legendary war activities in the Middle East during World War I and for his account of those activities in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926). (Read T.E. Lawrence’s Britannica entry on guerrilla

Trevor Lawrence is an American football quarterback who led Clemson University to a national championship in 2019 as a freshman. Known for his strong arm, elusive scrambling talents, and mane of long blond hair, Lawrence was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars as the number one pick in the 2021

The Carol Burnett Show: …included Lyle Waggoner (until 1974), Vicki Lawrence, Harvey Korman, and Tim Conway (first as a guest star, then as a regular after 1975). These entertainers combined the spontaneity and energy of live performance (including question-and-answer segments with the studio audience) with meticulous attention to detail and the advantages of two…

Trevor Lawrence is an American football quarterback who led Clemson University to a national championship in 2019 as a freshman. Known for his strong arm, elusive scrambling talents, and mane of long blond hair, Lawrence was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars as the number one pick in the 2021

lawrencium (Lr), synthetic chemical element, the 14th member of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 103. Not occurring in nature, lawrencium (probably as the isotope lawrencium-257) was first produced (1961) by chemists Albert Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer

lawrencium: …Research in Dubna discovered (1965) lawrencium-256 (26-second half-life), which the Berkeley group later used in a study with approximately 1,500 atoms to show that lawrencium behaves more like the tripositive elements in the actinoid series than like predominantly dipositive nobelium (atomic number 102). The longest-lasting isotope, lawrencium-262, has a half-life…

John Galt: And in the novel Lawrie Todd the hard life of a Canadian settler is depicted with imaginative power.

British Open: History: …first major tournament triumph, including Paul Lawrie in 1999, David Duval in 2001, Ben Curtis in 2003, and Padraig Harrington in 2007.

Ben Jones: …Farm, and there he trained Lawrin, winner of the Kentucky Derby in 1938. In 1939 he joined Calumet Farm, where he was outstandingly successful. At the height of his career, Jones 11 times led all American trainers in earnings from his horses’ winnings. In addition to Whirlaway and Citation, famous…

Yvonne Jacquette: …pieces of this kind was Lawry Pond Basin (1976). Jacquette also became interested in nightscapes and produced such works as East River View at Night (1978) and 6th Ave Night, with Traffic II (2008), both of which paired an aerial perspective with her longtime use of New York City as…

Plato: Late dialogues of Plato: (The Laws, left unfinished at Plato’s death, seems to represent a practical approach to the planning of a city.) If one combines the hints (in the Republic) associating the Good with the One, or Unity; the treatment (in the Parmenides) of the One as the first…

United States: Virginia: …carried with him the “Laws Divine, Morall, and Martial,” which were intended to supervise nearly every aspect of the settlers’ lives. Each person in Virginia, including women and children, was given a military rank, with duties spelled out in minute detail. Penalties imposed for violating these rules were severe:…

Newton’s laws of motion, three statements describing the relations between the forces acting on a body and the motion of the body, first formulated by English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton, which are the foundation of classical mechanics. Newton’s first law states that if a body is at

Scott Turow: Turow’s subsequent works included The Laws of Our Fathers (1996), a legal thriller that focuses on the entangled lives of a judge and her peers who came of age in the 1960s, and Personal Injuries (1999), a story of deception and corruption. In Ordinary Heroes (2005) a crime reporter…

laws of thermodynamics, four relations underlying thermodynamics, the branch of physics concerning heat, work, temperature, and energy and the transfer of such energy. The first and second laws were formally stated in works by German physicist Rudolf Clausius and Scottish physicist William Thomson

law of war, that part of international law dealing with the inception, conduct, and termination of warfare. Its aim is to limit the suffering caused to combatants and, more particularly, to those who may be described as the victims of war—that is, noncombatant civilians and those no longer able to

Catherine Helen Spence: Advocating for women’s right to vote and other social issues: Spence wrote The Laws We Live Under, which was the first social-studies coursebook for Australian schools; it was in use for more than two decades after it was first published in 1880. Her An Agnostic’s Progress from the Known to the Unknown, a collection of essays in…

Liber Judiciorum, Visigothic law code that formed the basis of medieval Spanish law. It was promulgated in 654 by King Recceswinth and was revised in 681 and 693. Although called Visigothic, the code was in Latin and owed much to Roman tradition. The primary innovation of the code was the

false cypress: …species of false cypress, the Lawson cypress, Port Orford cedar, or ginger pine (C. lawsoniana), may be more than 60 metres (200 feet) tall and 6 metres (about 20 feet) in diameter. It is a very hardy tree; over 200 forms are cultivated as ornamentals in North America and Great…

Twiggy is a British fashion model and actress whose gamine frame and mod look defined the fashion industry during much of the late 20th century. She is widely considered to have been one of the world’s first supermodels—a top fashion model who appears simultaneously on the covers of the world’s

Deana Lawson is an American photographer best known for her large-scale staged photographs that explore Black identity. Her subjects are often strangers she comes across in her everyday life—on the train, at a restaurant, or at a garage sale, for example—and she typically places them in everyday

The Eight: Davies, Ernest Lawson, Maurice Prendergast, George Luks, and William J. Glackens. George Bellows later joined them. The group’s determination to bring art into closer touch with everyday life greatly influenced the course of American art.

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

Henry Lawson was an Australian writer of short stories and ballad-like verse noted for his realistic portrayals of bush life. He was the son of a former Norwegian sailor and an active feminist. Hampered by deafness from the time he was nine and by the poverty and unhappiness in his family, he left

Henry Lawson was an Australian writer of short stories and ballad-like verse noted for his realistic portrayals of bush life. He was the son of a former Norwegian sailor and an active feminist. Hampered by deafness from the time he was nine and by the poverty and unhappiness in his family, he left

James Lawson was an American minister who was instrumental in the founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and trained a generation of civil rights activists in the Gandhian tactics of nonviolent direct action. Martin Luther King, Jr., referred to Lawson as “the leading

James Lawson was an American minister who was instrumental in the founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and trained a generation of civil rights activists in the Gandhian tactics of nonviolent direct action. Martin Luther King, Jr., referred to Lawson as “the leading

John Howard Lawson was a U.S. playwright, screenwriter, and member of the “Hollywood Ten,” who was jailed (1948–49) and blacklisted for his refusal to tell the House Committee on Un-American Activities about his political allegiances. Lawson’s early works, such as Roger Bloomer (1923) and

Charles Saatchi: …British celebrity cook and author Nigella Lawson in 2003 (divorced 2013).

muckraker: Thomas W. Lawson, a Boston financier, provided in “Frenzied Finance” (Everybody’s, 1904–05) a major exposé of stock-market abuses and insurance fraud. Tarbell’s The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the corrupt practices used to form a great industrial monopoly. Edwin Markham’s Children in

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

henna tree, (Lawsonia inermis), tropical shrub or small tree of the loosestrife family (Lythraceae), native to northern Africa, Asia, and Australia. The leaves are the source of a reddish-brown dye, known as henna, which is commonly used for temporary body art and to dye fabrics. The plant bears

procedural law: Civil procedure: The rules of every procedural system reflect choices between worthy goals. Different systems, for example, may primarily seek truth, or fairness between the parties, or a speedy resolution, or a consistent application of legal principles. Sometimes these goals will be compatible with each…

Lawton, city, seat (1907) of Comanche county, southwestern Oklahoma, U.S., on the Cache Creek. Originally part of the Choctaw-Chickasaw lands in the Indian Territory, the area was settled in 1869 by the Kiowa and Comanche Indians. A settlement near Fort Sill, a military post established to control

foundations of mathematics: Topos theory: …contribution of the American mathematician F.W. Lawvere (born 1937), who elaborated on the seminal work of the German-born French mathematician Alexandre Grothendieck (born 1928) in algebraic geometry. At one time he considered using the category of (small) categories (and functors) itself for the foundations of mathematics. Though he did not…

lawyer, one trained and licensed to prepare, manage, and either prosecute or defend a court action as an agent for another and who also gives advice on legal matters that may or may not require court action. Lawyers apply the law to specific cases. They investigate the facts and the evidence by

Human Rights First (HRF), nongovernmental organization founded in New York City in 1978 to defend human rights worldwide. HRF aims to promote laws and policies that protect the universal freedoms of all individuals—regardless of political, economic, or religious affiliation. The organization is

Warren Zevon: …Headless Thompson Gunner” and “Lawyers, Guns and Money.”

Arabian Desert: Physical features: …part of Saudi Arabia), where Mount Al-Lawz rises to 8,464 feet (2,580 metres); and the southeastern corner in Oman, where Mount Al-Shām attains an elevation of 9,957 feet (3,035 metres). Much of the Yemen Plateau is at an elevation above 7,000 feet (2,100 metres). To the north and east elevations…

Arabian Desert: Physical features: …part of Saudi Arabia), where Mount Al-Lawz rises to 8,464 feet (2,580 metres); and the southeastern corner in Oman, where Mount Al-Shām attains an elevation of 9,957 feet (3,035 metres). Much of the Yemen Plateau is at an elevation above 7,000 feet (2,100 metres). To the north and east elevations…

Los Angeles: Transportation of Los Angeles: Los Angeles International Airport (popularly called by its international code, LAX) is one of the world’s largest airports, handling tens of millions of passengers and millions of tons of freight annually. Traffic at LAX keeps rising, but proposals to expand the facility evoke strong opposition…

Peter Lax: …introduced the now-standard method of Lax pairs in the study of solitons, or isolated traveling waves, that leave particular quantities (akin to energy) invariant. He also took up the study of scattering, used by physicists to study crystal structures and by mathematicians working on the Schrödinger equation, and he developed…

vowel: …positions, and longer durations than lax vowels.

Peter Lax is a Hungarian-born American mathematician awarded the 2005 Abel Prize “for his groundbreaking contributions to the theory and applications of partial differential equations and to the computation of their solutions.” With help from the local American consul, Lax’s Jewish family left

Mývatn: …of Akureyri, drained by the Laxá River, which flows northward to the Greenland Sea. Nearly 6 miles (9.5 km) long and 4 miles (6.5 km) wide and covering an area of 14 square miles (37 square km), it is the fourth largest lake in Iceland. It attracts many tourists. Mývatn…

Catherine Cortez Masto: …and she frequently trailed her Republican opponent in the polls. She won the seat by a narrow margin nonetheless.

Las Vegas: People: In 1968 Governor Paul Laxalt initiated several far-reaching reforms that were meant to ease growing ethnic tensions. Even so, race riots broke out in 1969 and 1970. From the early 1970s to the early 1990s, Las Vegas schools employed a comprehensive desegregation plan. Although school desegregation experienced setbacks…

laxative, any drug used in the treatment of constipation to promote the evacuation of feces. Laxatives produce their effect by several mechanisms. The four main types of laxatives include: saline purgatives, fecal softeners, contact purgatives, and bulk laxatives. Saline purgatives are salts

Laxdæla saga, one of the Icelanders’ sagas. The tale, written about 1245 by an anonymous author (possibly a woman), is the tragic story of several generations of an Icelandic warrior family descended from Ketill Flatnose. One of the best English translations was rendered by Magnus Magnusson and

Europe: Precambrian: …Ukrainian Massif and the small Laxfordian belt in northwestern Scotland consist mainly of granitic rocks and highly deformed and metamorphosed schists and gneisses that originally were sediments and volcanics; their age is similar to that of the Svecofennian belt. In northwestern Scotland there also is a north–south-trending belt of Proterozoic…

Franciscan: History: …well as personal poverty; the Laxists, who favoured many mitigations; and the Moderates, or the Community, who wanted a legal structure that would permit some form of communal possessions.

Japan: Political reform in the bakufu and the han: …senior councillor, a Russian envoy, Adam Laxman, landed at Nemuro in 1792 and requested trade relations. Although the bakufu rejected the Russian proposal, Sadanobu ordered that plans be drawn up immediately for a coastal defense system centered on Edo Bay (now called Tokyo Bay), while he himself inspected the coastline…

R.K. Laxman was an Indian cartoonist who created the daily comic strip You Said It, which chronicles Indian life and politics through the eyes of the Common Man, a bulbous-nosed, bespectacled observer dressed in a dhoti and a distinctive checked coat. This character served as a silent witness to

R.K. Laxman was an Indian cartoonist who created the daily comic strip You Said It, which chronicles Indian life and politics through the eyes of the Common Man, a bulbous-nosed, bespectacled observer dressed in a dhoti and a distinctive checked coat. This character served as a silent witness to

Lakshmi Bai was the rani (queen) of Jhansi and a leader of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58. Brought up in the household of the peshwa (ruler) Baji Rao II, Lakshmi Bai had an unusual upbringing for a Brahman girl. Growing up with the boys in the peshwa’s court, she was trained in martial arts and

Akshay Kumar: Later films: 0 (2018), Good Newwz (2019), Laxmii (2020), and OMG 2 (2023). Some of his films released in 2024—Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (“Big Mister, Little Mister”), Sarfira (“Crazy”), and Khel Khel Mein (“While Playing”)—did not fare well. In 2025 Kumar starred in the action thriller Sky Force.

Halldór Laxness was an Icelandic novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1955. He is considered the most creative Icelandic writer of the 20th century. Laxness spent most of his youth on the family farm. At age 17 he traveled to Europe, where he spent several years and, in the

lay, in medieval French literature, a short romance, usually written in octosyllabic verse, that dealt with subjects thought to be of Celtic origin. The earliest lay narratives were written in the 12th century by Marie De France; her works were largely based on earlier Breton versions thought to

clothing and footwear industry: Cutting processes: …three basic operations: making the marker, spreading the fabric, and chopping the spread fabric into the marked sections. The marker, or cutting lay, is the arrangement of patterns on the spread fabrics. When hides are cut, the lay length is the hide size; many hides are cut in single plies.…

Investiture Controversy, conflict during the late 11th and the early 12th century involving the monarchies of what would later be called the Holy Roman Empire (the union of Germany, Burgundy, and much of Italy; see Researcher’s Note), France, and England on the one hand and the revitalized papacy

Al Green: …new generation of fans with Lay It Down (2008), featuring guest vocals by neo-soul artists John Legend, Anthony Hamilton, and Corinne Bailey Rae; the album earned him a pair of Grammy Awards. In 2018 he released a new single for the first time in nearly 10 years, a cover of…

justice of the peace, in Anglo-American legal systems, a local magistrate empowered chiefly to administer criminal or civil justice in minor cases. A justice of the peace may, in some jurisdictions, also administer oaths and perform marriages. In England and Wales a magistrate is appointed on

writing: Literacy and schooling: Environmental literacy or lay literacy is the term used to designate that form of unspecialized competence involved in generally dealing with a literate environment. Such literacy need never be taught. It is a type of literacy that is acquired through participating in a literate environment in which written…

crime: Trial procedure: Long ago, magistrates had the power to investigate crimes, but their function is now wholly concerned with the adjudicatory phase. Most magistrates are laypeople chosen for their experience and knowledge of society and are appointed by the central government on the advice of a committee, known as…

midwifery: Midwifery in the modern era: Lay midwives receive training in an apprentice model with informal study. Lay midwives are not licensed and deliver in out-of-hospital settings. They still practice throughout the world, but their lack of formal training in emergency techniques and the subsequent association with increased maternal and infant…

The Song of Igor’s Campaign, masterpiece of Old Russian literature, an account of the unsuccessful campaign in 1185 of Prince Igor of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsy (Kipchak, or Cumans). As in the great French epic The Song of Roland, Igor’s heroic pride draws him into a combat in which the

The Song of Igor’s Campaign, masterpiece of Old Russian literature, an account of the unsuccessful campaign in 1185 of Prince Igor of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsy (Kipchak, or Cumans). As in the great French epic The Song of Roland, Igor’s heroic pride draws him into a combat in which the