Willem Schouten: …1615, an Amsterdam merchant, Isaac Le Maire, mounted an expedition to find a new route to the Pacific. His son Jakob and veteran sea captain Schouten led the voyage that set sail in May 1615 with two ships—the second piloted by Schouten’s brother Jan. By December they reached the far…

Willem Schouten: …1615, an Amsterdam merchant, Isaac Le Maire, mounted an expedition to find a new route to the Pacific. His son Jakob and veteran sea captain Schouten led the voyage that set sail in May 1615 with two ships—the second piloted by Schouten’s brother Jan. By December they reached the far…

Isaac-Louis Le Maistre de Sacy, important figure in the Jansenist religious movement in France, a member of the Arnauld family

Antoine Le Maistre, important figure in the Jansenist religious movement in France, a member of the Arnauld family

Le Mans, city, capital of Sarthe département, Pays de la Loire région, northwestern France. Situated in the former province of Maine, the city lies southwest of Chartres at the confluence of the Sarthe and Huisne rivers. Le Mans derives its name from the ancient Gallic tribe of the Cenomani, whose

24 Hours of Le Mans, probably the world’s best-known automobile race, run annually (with few exceptions) since 1923 at the Sarthe road-racing circuit, near Le Mans, France. Since 1928 the winner has been the car that travels the greatest distance in a 24-hour time period. The racing circuit is

Robert Le Maçon was the chancellor of France, a leading adviser of Charles VII of France, and a supporter of Joan of Arc. After being ennobled in 1401, Le Maçon was a counselor to Louis II, duke of Anjou and titular king of Naples, from 1407. Appointed chancellor (1414) to Queen Isabella, wife of

Mary Steenburgen: …dreamer Melvin Dummar (played by Paul Le Mat) won her both a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award as best supporting actress. She played a prim matriarch in Miloš Forman’s Ragtime (1981), based on the 1975 novel by E.L. Doctorow, and the writer Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings in the biopic…

Jean-Luc Godard: Breathless and filmmaking style and themes: …1963 film Le Mépris (Contempt), based on a story by the Italian novelist Alberto Moravia, marked his only venture into orthodox and comparatively expensive filmmaking. Afterward he maintained an almost unique position as an absolute, independent creator, using extraordinarily cheap alfresco production methods and enjoying repeated success on the…

Josephine Louise Le Monnier Newcomb was an American philanthropist, founder of Newcomb College, the first self-supporting American women’s college associated with a men’s school. Josephine Le Monnier was the daughter of a wealthy businessman and was educated largely in Europe. After the death of

Mauritius: The arts and cultural institutions: …Ghat, in Port Louis, and Le Morne Cultural Landscape, located on a peninsula on the southwest side of the island; both have been designated UNESCO World Heritage sites. Aapravasi Ghat was used as an immigration depot from 1849 to the mid-1920s for indentured laborers arriving from India. Le Morne Cultural…

Le Moustier, paleoanthropological and archaeological site in the Dordogne region of southwestern France that has yielded important Neanderthal remains. In the 1860s the upper cave in the cliff face at Le Moustier yielded a rich assemblage of stone tools from the Paleolithic Period, and it thereby

Syracuse: …home of Syracuse University (1870), Le Moyne College (1946), Onondaga Community College (1962) of the State University of New York system, the State University of New York Health Science Center (1834) and College of Environmental Science and Forestry (1911), and the Everson Museum of Art (1968). The New York State…

Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville was a French-Canadian naval hero and explorer, noted for his exploration and battles on behalf of the French in Hudson Bay and in the territory of Louisiana. The son of prominent Montreal fur trader Charles Le Moyne, Iberville spent his young manhood in raids against

Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville was a French explorer, colonial governor of Louisiana, and founder of New Orleans. Jean-Baptiste was the eighth son of Canadian pioneer Charles Le Moyne. He entered the French navy at age 12 and served with his noted elder brother, Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville, in

Syracuse: The Jesuit missionary Father Simon Le Moyne in 1654 was the first European to note the site’s brine springs (later the basis of a salt industry). A mission and Fort Sainte Marie de Gannentaha were established nearby in 1655–56, but Indian hostility and the swampy location (notorious for summer…

Le Nain brothers, three brothers best known for their paintings of peasant life. The work of Antoine Le Nain (b. c. 1588, Laon, France—d. May 25, 1648, Paris), Louis Le Nain (b. c. 1600, Laon, France—d. May 23, 1648, Paris), and Mathieu Le Nain (b. 1607, Laon, France—d. April 20, 1677, Paris)

Le Nain brothers: The work of Antoine Le Nain (b. c. 1588, Laon, France—d. May 25, 1648, Paris), Louis Le Nain (b. c. 1600, Laon, France—d. May 23, 1648, Paris), and Mathieu Le Nain (b. 1607, Laon, France—d. April 20, 1677, Paris) exhibits a realism unique in 17th-century French art.

Le Nain brothers: May 25, 1648, Paris), Louis Le Nain (b. c. 1600, Laon, France—d. May 23, 1648, Paris), and Mathieu Le Nain (b. 1607, Laon, France—d. April 20, 1677, Paris) exhibits a realism unique in 17th-century French art.

Le Nain brothers: May 23, 1648, Paris), and Mathieu Le Nain (b. 1607, Laon, France—d. April 20, 1677, Paris) exhibits a realism unique in 17th-century French art.

Hawley Harvey Crippen: …business by a young secretary, Ethel Le Neve, who eventually became his mistress. Crippen’s wife disappeared in January 1910, the month after telling him she planned to leave him and to withdraw their savings from the bank. Crippen explained her disappearance to her friends by saying that she had gone…

Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, marquise de Pompadour was an influential mistress (from 1745) of the French king Louis XV and a notable patron of literature and the arts. Her parents were on the fringes of a class gaining in importance, speculators in the world of finance. Some of these people made

André Le Nôtre was one of the greatest French landscape architects, his masterpiece being the gardens of Versailles. Le Nôtre grew up in an atmosphere of technical expertise. His father, Jean Le Nôtre, was the master gardener of King Louis XIII at the Tuileries. At the studio of painter François

Peter Abelard: Career as a monk: …foundation of nuns called the Paraclete. Abelard became the abbot of the new community and provided it with a rule and with a justification of the nun’s way of life; in this he emphasized the virtue of literary study. He also provided books of hymns he had composed, and in…

Antoine Le Pautre was a French Baroque architect. Born into a family of architects and decorators, Le Pautre was appointed architect to the king’s buildings in 1644. He then designed the Chapelle de Port-Royal (begun 1646), an austere building that suited Jansenist sobriety. He was commissioned in

Jean-Marie Le Pen was a French nationalist who founded and served as leader (1972–2011) of the National Front political party, which represented the main right-wing opposition to the country’s mainstream conservative parties from the 1970s through the early 21st century. A controversial figure who

Marine Le Pen is a French politician who succeeded her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, as leader of the National Front (later National Rally) party in 2011. She was that party’s candidate in the 2017 and 2022 French presidential elections. In 2022 she stepped down as leader of the National Rally. In

Marine Le Pen is a French politician who succeeded her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, as leader of the National Front (later National Rally) party in 2011. She was that party’s candidate in the 2017 and 2022 French presidential elections. In 2022 she stepped down as leader of the National Rally. In

Southeast Asian arts: Vietnam: 2nd–19th century: …art, at least during the Le period (15th–18th centuries), seems to have been in architectural planning, incorporating Confucian, Daoist, or Buddhist temples into the landscape environment. The plans themselves include halls for a multitude of images in the South Chinese vein and provision for a variety of rituals. There are…

Le Petit-Quevilly, southwestern inner-city suburb of Rouen, Seine-Maritime département, Normandy région, northwestern France, on the Seine River. The name Quevilly comes from the Latin Quevillicium—in ancient French Chivilly, or Chevilli—meaning “a row of spikes” that enclosed a park where the

plate tectonics: Determination of plate thickness: …analysis by the French geophysicist Xavier Le Pichon proved that the plates did indeed form an integrated system where the sum of all crust generated at oceanic ridges is balanced by the cumulative amount destroyed in all subduction zones. That same year the American geophysicists Bryan Isacks, Jack Oliver, and…

Frédéric Le Play was a French mining engineer and sociologist who developed techniques for systematic research on the family. Le Play was engineer in chief and a professor of metallurgy at the École des Mines from 1840 and the inspector of the school from 1848. He devoted his spare time to

Frédéric Le Play was a French mining engineer and sociologist who developed techniques for systematic research on the family. Le Play was engineer in chief and a professor of metallurgy at the École des Mines from 1840 and the inspector of the school from 1848. He devoted his spare time to

Gustave Flaubert: Early life and works: …friendship with the young philosopher Alfred Le Poittevin, whose pessimistic outlook had a strong influence on him. No less strong was the impression made by the company of great surgeons and the environment of hospitals, operating theatres, and anatomy classes, with which his father’s profession brought him into contact.

Le Port, town, major port of the French overseas département of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean. Situated on the northwest side of the island, it is connected to all other major points by a paved road along the circumference. The port was artificially excavated in the 1880s when Saint-Denis,

Le Port, town, major port of the French overseas département of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean. Situated on the northwest side of the island, it is connected to all other major points by a paved road along the circumference. The port was artificially excavated in the 1880s when Saint-Denis,

Jean Le Poulain was a French actor and administrator who was celebrated primarily for his comedic interpretations but also was noted for his tragic roles. Le Poulain spent his childhood in Indochina, where his father was a colonial administrator, and returned to France at the age of 19. He studied

stained glass: Late 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries: 1470–1540) and the Le Prince family at Beauvais. Arnoult of Nijmegen worked in both Flanders and France. His most important works are the windows he executed between 1490 and 1500 in Flanders for Tournai Cathedral and the Jesse window (1506) in Saint-Godard at Rouen, which is one of…

aquatint: …1768, when the French printmaker Jean-Baptiste Le Prince discovered that granulated resin gave satisfactory results. Aquatint became the most popular method of producing toned prints in the late 18th century, especially among illustrators. Its textural subtleties, however, remained largely unexplored by well-known artists except for Francisco Goya. Most of his…

History of film: Origins: …was created by French-born inventor Louis Le Prince in the late 1880s. He shot several short films in Leeds, England, in 1888, and the following year he began using the newly invented celluloid film. He was scheduled to show his work in New York City in 1890, but he disappeared…

André Gide: Great creative period: Le Prométhée mal enchaîné (1899; Prometheus Misbound), a return to the satirical style of Urien’s Voyage and Marshland, is Gide’s last discussion of man’s search for individual values. His next tales mark the beginning of his great creative period. L’Immoraliste (1902; The Immoralist), La Porte étroite (1909; Strait Is the…

Le Puy-en-Velay, town, capital of Haute-Loire département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, south-central France. Le Puy-en-Velay is situated in the Massif Central at an elevation of 2,067 feet (630 meters) above sea level, 2 miles (3 km) from the left bank of the Loire River. It lies in the middle of

Le Puy-en-Velay, town, capital of Haute-Loire département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, south-central France. Le Puy-en-Velay is situated in the Massif Central at an elevation of 2,067 feet (630 meters) above sea level, 2 miles (3 km) from the left bank of the Loire River. It lies in the middle of

hall church: … church of Notre-Dame (1922–23), at Le Raincy, Fr., one of the first buildings and the first church to display the expressive structural possibilities of reinforced concrete.

historiography: World history: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie grounded his great history of the peasants of Languedoc in the soil and climate of that part of France, showing how the human population of the ancien régime was limited by the carrying capacity of the land. He went on to…

Ballard Family: …the celebrated lutenist and composer Adrian Le Roy. These two used movable type, cut in 1540 by Robert’s father-in-law, Guillaume Le Bé (or du Gué). Their first patent was granted in 1552 as sole music printers to Henry II. Robert’s widow and his son, Pierre (d. 1639), continued the business,…

pragmatism: Pragmatism in Europe: the French thinkers Maurice Blondel, Édouard Le Roy, and B. de Sailly and the Italian iconoclastic critic Giovanni Papini. Blondel was the author of L’Action (1893) and a spokesman for a voluntaristic and activistic theory of knowledge. He was a founder of the “school of action,” a liberal Roman Catholic…

Alain-René Lesage was a prolific French satirical dramatist and author of the classic picaresque novel Gil Blas, which was influential in making the picaresque form a European literary fashion. Although he was orphaned at age 14 and was always quite poor, Lesage was well educated at a Jesuit

Vercors: …Silence de la mer (1941; The Silence of the Sea), a patriotic tale of self-deception and of the triumph of passive resistance over evil. The novella was published clandestinely in Nazi-occupied Paris and served to rally a spirit of French defiance.

Eustache Le Sueur was a painter known for his religious pictures in the style of the French classical Baroque. Le Sueur was one of the founders and first professors of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Le Sueur studied under the painter Simon Vouet and was admitted at an early age into

Jean-François Lesueur was a composer of religious and dramatic works who helped to transform French musical taste during the French Revolution. In 1781 Lesueur was appointed chapelmaster at the cathedral of Dijon and in 1786 at Notre-Dame de Paris. There he aroused controversy by introducing a

Meridel Le Sueur was an American author who espoused feminism and social reform in her fiction, journalism, and poetry. Le Sueur grew up on the Midwestern plains, where she was influenced by her family’s heritage of social and political activism and by the stories and poetry she heard from Native

Émile Durkheim: Analytic methods: …and in Le Suicide (1897; Suicide). In Durkheim’s view, ethical and social structures were being endangered by the advent of technology and mechanization. He believed that societies with undifferentiated labour (i.e., primitive societies) exhibited mechanical solidarity, while societies with a high division of labour, or increased specialization (i.e., modern societies),…

François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de Louvois was the secretary of state for war under Louis XIV of France and his most influential minister in the period 1677–91. He contributed to the reorganization of the French army. Louvois was the son of one of the wealthiest and most powerful officials in

Michel Le Tellier was the secretary of state for war (1643–77) and then chancellor who created the royal army that enabled King Louis XIV to impose his absolute rule on France and establish French hegemony in Europe. The son of a Parisian magistrate, Le Tellier became a procureur (attorney) for

Le Loi was a Vietnamese general and emperor who won back independence for Vietnam from China in 1428, founded the Later Le dynasty, and became the most honoured Vietnamese hero of the medieval period. A wealthy upper-class landowner, Le Loi despised the Vietnamese aristocrats who collaborated with

Le Thanh Tong was the greatest ruler of the Later Le dynasty (q.v.; 1428–1788) in Vietnam. Though the early years of his reign were marked by a struggle for power, he eventually developed a governmental power base. He established a Chinese-style centralized administration and expanded dynastic

Le Thanh Tong was the greatest ruler of the Later Le dynasty (q.v.; 1428–1788) in Vietnam. Though the early years of his reign were marked by a struggle for power, he eventually developed a governmental power base. He established a Chinese-style centralized administration and expanded dynastic

Maya Le Tissier English football (soccer) player in the Women’s Super League (WSL) and member of the England women’s national team. From 2022, Le Tissier has played for WSL team Manchester United. Le Tissier began playing football at a young age. Her father coached St. Martin’s AC, a local boys’

Le Touquet-Paris-Plage, town, Pas-de-Calais département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France, at the mouth of the Canche River. Situated on the English Channel 20 miles (32 km) south of Boulogne, it is a fashionable seaside resort with casinos, conference and sports facilities, a horse-racing

Le Van Duyet was a Vietnamese military strategist and government official who served as a diplomatic liaison between Vietnam and France and defended Christian missionaries against the early Nguyen emperors. From early youth, Duyet, who grew up in the Mekong River delta near My Tho, was attached to

Western architecture: France: …from which François Mansart and Louis Le Vau developed their succession of superb country houses.

Neptune: The ring system: …five known rings of Neptune—Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Galatea, in order of increasing distance from the planet—lack the nonuniformity in density exhibited by Adams. Le Verrier, which is about 110 km (70 miles) in radial width, closely resembles the nonarc regions of Adams. Similar to the relationship between…

Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier was a French astronomer who predicted by mathematical means the existence of the planet Neptune. Appointed a teacher of astronomy at the École Polytechnique (“Polytechnic School”), Paris, in 1837, Le Verrier first undertook an extensive study of the theory of the

bridge: Eugène Freyssinet: …his effort to save the Le Veurdre Bridge over the Allier River near Vichy, France. A year after its completion in 1910, Freyssinet noted the three-arch bridge had been moving downward at an alarming rate. A flat concrete arch, under its own dead load, generates huge compressive forces that cause…

Lewis blood group system: … specifies the formation of antigen Lea (identified 1946), which is found on the red cells of 20 percent of Europeans and in the saliva and other fluids of over 90 percent. Lea is a water-soluble antigen; red blood cells acquire Lewis specificity secondarily by adsorbing antigen onto their surfaces from…

Anna Lea Merritt was an American artist whose skills as an etcher and painter found expression most often in portraiture and narrative subjects. Merritt displayed artistic talent from an early age. After studying with William H. Furness in Philadelphia for several years, she went to Europe, where

Homer Lea was a U.S. soldier and author whose knowledge of Japanese affairs enabled him, 30 years before World War II, to predict a U.S.-Japanese war and describe its early course. Lea studied law at Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. Intensely interested in military history and strategy and

Florence Nightingale: Nursing in peace and war: Sidney Herbert, secretary of state at war for the British government, wrote to Nightingale requesting that she lead a group of nurses to Scutari. At the same time, Nightingale wrote to her friend Liz Herbert, Sidney’s wife, asking that she be allowed to lead a…

River Lea, river rising north of Luton in the county of Bedfordshire, England. It flows for 46 miles (74 km) east and then south to enter the River Thames near Bromley-by-Bow, in the London borough of Tower Hamlets. In the 17th century an important aqueduct known as the New River was constructed in

bullfighting: Bullfighting and the arts: …the spectacle to English-speaking readers: Tom Lea’s The Brave Bulls (1949) and Barnaby Conrad’s Matador (1952), the former about a Mexican matador and the latter about a doomed Spaniard.

Tuatha Dé Danann: The Leabhar Gabhála (Book of Invasions), a fictitious history of Ireland from the earliest times, treats them as actual people, and they were so regarded by native historians up to the 17th century. In popular legend they have become associated with the numerous fairies still supposed to inhabit…

The Book of Leinster, compilation of Irish verse and prose from older manuscripts and oral tradition and from 12th- and 13th-century religious and secular sources. It was tentatively identified in 1907 and finally in 1954 as the Lebar na Núachongbála (“The Book of Noughval”), which was thought

The Book of the Dun Cow, oldest surviving miscellaneous manuscript in Irish literature, so called because the original vellum upon which it was written was supposedly taken from the hide of the famous cow of St. Ciarán of Clonmacnoise. Compiled about 1100 by learned Irish monks at the monastery of

pottery: The artist-potter: Bernard Leach (1887–1979) established the Leach Pottery in St. Ives, Cornwall, in 1920. Leach spent many of his early years in East Asia and learned the art of making raku and stoneware in Japan (see below Japan: Azuchi-Momoyama period). He began working at a time when interest in early Chinese…

storm petrel: Leach’s petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), for example, breeds on islands in the North Atlantic and south to about 28° N in the Pacific. Several other Oceanodroma species occur in the North Pacific. The British storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) breeds on islands and cliffs along the coasts…

Cary Grant was a British-born American film actor whose good looks, debonair style, and flair for romantic comedy made him one of Hollywood’s most popular and enduring stars. To escape poverty and a fractious family, Archie Leach ran away from home at age 13 to perform as a juggler with the Bob

Bernard Leach was one of the foremost modern British potters who influenced contemporary ceramic design. The son of a colonial judge, Leach had lived in Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore by 1897. In that year he traveled to England and later (1903–08) studied at the Slade School of Art. He returned

Bernard Leach was one of the foremost modern British potters who influenced contemporary ceramic design. The son of a colonial judge, Leach had lived in Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore by 1897. In that year he traveled to England and later (1903–08) studied at the Slade School of Art. He returned

hazardous-waste management: Secure landfills: …have two impermeable liners and leachate collection systems. The double leachate collection system consists of a network of perforated pipes placed above each liner. The upper system prevents the accumulation of leachate trapped in the fill, and the lower serves as a backup. Collected leachate is pumped to a treatment…

leaching, in geology, loss of soluble substances and colloids from the top layer of soil by percolating precipitation. The materials lost are carried downward (eluviated) and are generally redeposited (illuviated) in a lower layer. This transport results in a porous and open top layer and a dense,

chromium processing: Chromium metal: …containing sodium chromate, which is leached from the insoluble gangue and then reduced and precipitated as Cr2O3. The Cr2O3 is blended with finely divided aluminum powder, charged to a refractory-lined container, and ignited. The combustion quickly generates temperatures in excess of 2,000 °C (3,600 °F), giving a clean separation of…

wastewater treatment: On-site septic tanks and leaching fields: …sewage flows out into the absorption field, through which it percolates downward into the ground. As it flows slowly through layers of soil, the settled wastewater is further treated and purified by both physical and biological processes before it reaches the water table.

Cloris Leachman was an American actress who was most widely known for her comic roles, perhaps most notably Phyllis Lindstrom on the TV show The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–77). Leachman took piano lessons as a small child and participated in community theatre as she was growing up. She briefly

Stephen Leacock was an internationally popular Canadian humorist, educator, lecturer, and author of more than 30 books of lighthearted sketches and essays. Leacock immigrated to Canada with his parents at the age of six. He attended Upper Canada College (1882–87) and later received a B.A. degree

Stephen Leacock was an internationally popular Canadian humorist, educator, lecturer, and author of more than 30 books of lighthearted sketches and essays. Leacock immigrated to Canada with his parents at the age of six. He attended Upper Canada College (1882–87) and later received a B.A. degree

Lead, city, Lawrence county, western South Dakota, U.S. It lies in the northern Black Hills, about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Rapid City, at an elevation of 5,280 feet (1,609 metres). Situated just southwest of Deadwood, it is built on the steep inclines of the hills. It was established in 1876

lead (Pb), a soft, silvery white or grayish metal in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Lead is very malleable, ductile, and dense and is a poor conductor of electricity. Known in antiquity and believed by the alchemists to be the oldest of metals, lead is highly durable and resistant to

sea ice: Sea ice formation and features: …water appears within fractures and leads. Leads are typically linear features that are widespread in the pack ice at any time of year, extend for hundreds of kilometres, and vary from a few metres to hundreds of metres in width. In winter, leads freeze quickly. Both new and young ice…

bridge: Leads: The card led against declarer is selected so as to give information to the leader’s partner. Certain conventional meanings of leads were established during the bridge whist period and, with slight changes, persisted in contract bridge.

lead: Compounds: …the +2 oxidation state is lead acetate, Pb(C2H3O2)2, a water-soluble salt made by dissolving litharge in concentrated acetic acid. The common form, the trihydrate, Pb(C2H3O2)2·3H2O, called sugar of lead, is used as a mordant in dyeing and as a drier in certain paints. In addition, it is utilized in the…

chemical industry: Nitric acid: …or such priming compositions as lead azide [Pb(N3)2], silver azide (AgN3), and mercury fulminate [Hg(ONC)2]. These are not nitrates or nitro compounds, although some other detonators are, but they all contain nitrogen, and nitric acid is involved in their manufacture.

Lead Belly was an American folk-blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist whose ability to perform a vast repertoire of songs in a variety of styles, in conjunction with his notoriously violent life, made him a legend. Born Huddie William Ledbetter in Louisiana, Lead Belly was musical from childhood.

metallurgy: Reduction smelting: …an illustration of a zinc-lead blast furnace, see figure).

brass: Characteristics of the alloy: Among these are the lead brasses, which are more easily machined; the naval and admiralty brasses, in which a small amount of tin improves resistance to corrosion by seawater; and the aluminum brasses, which provide strength and corrosion resistance where the naval brasses may fail.

cerussite, lead carbonate (PbCO3), an important ore and common secondary mineral of lead. It is formed by the chemical action of carbonated water on the mineral galena. Notable localities are Murcia, Spain; Tsumeb, Namib.; Broken Hill, N.S.W., Austl.; and Leadville, Colo., U.S. For detailed

white lead, any of several white pigments used in exterior paints and containing inorganic compounds of lead

chromium processing: Pigments: Chromium yellow varies greatly in the shades available and is essentially lead chromate, or crocoite. This pigment makes an excellent paint for both wood and metal. Zinc yellow, a basic zinc chromate, is used as a corrosion-inhibiting primer on aircraft parts fabricated from aluminum or…

flint glass, heavy and durable glass characterized by its brilliance, clarity, and highly refractive quality. Developed by George Ravenscroft (q.v.) in 1675, it ushered in a new style in glassmaking and eventually made England the leading glass producer of the world. Ravenscroft’s experimentation

lead processing: Oxides: Lead dioxide (PbO2) is an oxidizing agent used in the manufacture of dyes, matches, and rubber substitutes. Orange mineral (Pb3O4), having the same chemical composition as red lead but differing in colour and tone, is exploited in the manufacture of printing inks and pigments. Black…