Olympic Games: Lake Placid, New York, U.S., 1980: …won three gold medals, and Ivan Lebanov brought home Bulgaria’s first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze in the 30-km race.

Lebap, oblast (province), southeastern Turkmenistan. It lies along the middle reaches of the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River), with the Karakum Desert on the left bank and the Kyzylkum and Sundukli deserts on the right. It is largely flat, but in the extreme southeast the spurs of the Gissar

The Book of Leinster, compilation of Irish verse and prose from older manuscripts and oral tradition and from 12th- and 13th-century religious and secular sources. It was tentatively identified in 1907 and finally in 1954 as the Lebar na Núachongbála (“The Book of Noughval”), which was thought

She Done Him Wrong: Production notes and credits:

St. Jude ; Western feast day October 28, Eastern feast days June 19 and August 21) was one of the original Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is the reputed author of the canonical Letter of Jude that warns against the licentious and blasphemous heretics. The Roman Catholic devotion to him as patron

Pittsburgh Steelers: …his promotion of secondary coach Dick LeBeau to the position of defensive coordinator in 1995: in his two stints (1995–97, 2004–15) as the Steelers’ coordinator, LeBeau put together formidable defenses that defined the Pittsburgh teams of those eras. The Steelers’ defense of the mid-1990s was highlighted by stars such as…

Pyotr Nikolayevich Lebedev was a Russian physicist who experimentally proved that light exerts a mechanical pressure on material bodies. Lebedev received his doctorate (1891) from the University of Strasburg in Germany. The next year he began teaching physics at Moscow State University and was

Sergey Vasilyevich Lebedev was a Russian chemist who developed a method for industrial production of synthetic rubber. Lebedev joined the faculty of St. Petersburg University in 1902 and in 1910, while researching processes by which small molecules combine to form large ones, Lebedev produced an

Pyotr Klimuk: …which he and his crewmate Valentin Lebedev spent a week in Earth orbit. Having transferred into space station training, Klimuk flew his second spaceflight in 1975 as commander of Soyuz 18, a 63-day flight to the Salyut 4 space station. At the time, this was the longest Soviet spaceflight. He…

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetayeva: …these is the remarkable cycle Lebediny stan (“The Swans’ Camp,” composed 1917–21, but not published until 1957 in Munich), a moving lyrical chronicle of the Civil War viewed through the eyes and emotions of the wife of a White officer.

Christian Fürchtegott Gellert: …also wrote a sentimental novel, Das Leben der schwedischen Gräfin von G (1748; “The Life of the Swedish Countess of G”), which combined the late 17th-century novel of exotic adventure with the character novel of modern literature and introduced the moralistic “family novel” in German literature.

Jesus: The 19th century: …orthodox Christology: one was the Life of Jesus, first published in 1835 by David Friedrich Strauss, and the other, bearing the same title, was first published by Ernest Renan in 1863. Strauss’s work paid more attention to the growth of Christian ideas—he called them “myths”—about Jesus as the basis for…

Hannah Höch: …construct a retrospective work: in Life Portrait (1972–73; Lebensbild), she assembled her own past, using photos of herself juxtaposed with images of past collages that she had cut from exhibition catalogues. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, her work began to receive renewed attention, thanks to a concerted effort…

Yiddish literature: Yiddish women writers: Anna Margolin (pseudonym of Rosa Lebensboym) moved to Odessa, Warsaw, and, finally, New York City. She began publishing poems in 1920 and collected the volume of her Lider (Poems) in 1929. Her themes and use of rhyme associate her with poets of Di Yunge, but…

Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel: …in his largely autobiographical novel Lebensläufe nach aufsteigender Linie (1778–81; “Careers in an Ascending Line”), which contains elements both of pietism (in its melancholy contemplations of death and morality) and of rationalism. His second novel, Kreuz- und Querzüge des Ritters A bis Z (1793–94; “The Knight’s Crisscrossing Journeys from A…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: A.D. Lebensohn wrote fervent love songs to the Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: A.D. Lebensohn wrote fervent love songs to the Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: …Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was a Romantic idyll, in which Mapu, like all Haskala writers, employed phrases culled…

Hebrew literature: Romanticism: A.D. Lebensohn wrote fervent love songs to the Hebrew language, and his son Micah Judah, the most gifted poet of the Haskala period, wrote biblical romances and pantheistic nature lyrics. The first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; “The Love of Zion”), by Abraham Mapu, was…

continental philosophy: Dilthey and Bergson: …the corresponding school, known as Lebensphilosophie (“philosophy of life”), began to take on aspects of a political ideology in the years immediately preceding World War I. The work of Hans Driesch and Ludwig Klages, for example, openly condemned the superficial intellectualism of Western civilization. In associating “reason” with the shortcomings…

Lebensraum, policy of Nazi Germany that involved expanding German territories to the east to provide land and material resources for the German people, while driving out Jewish and Slavic people. The idea of Germanic peoples moving into territories in eastern Europe was not without historical

life-world, in Phenomenology, the world as immediately or directly experienced in the subjectivity of everyday life, as sharply distinguished from the objective “worlds” of the sciences, which employ the methods of the mathematical sciences of nature; although these sciences originate in the

human genetic disease: Diseases associated with single-gene non-Mendelian inheritance: …of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), that result from inherited mutations in the mitochondrial DNA; and diseases that result from mutations in imprinted genes (e.g., Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome).

human genetic disease: Diseases associated with single-gene non-Mendelian inheritance: …of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), that result from inherited mutations in the mitochondrial DNA; and diseases that result from mutations in imprinted genes (e.g., Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome).

Ludwig Tieck was a versatile and prolific writer and critic of the early Romantic movement in Germany. He was a born storyteller, and his best work has the quality of a Märchen (fairy tale) that appeals to the emotions rather than the intellect. The son of a craftsman, Tieck was educated at the

Lebesgue integral, way of extending the concept of area inside a curve to include functions that do not have graphs representable pictorially. The graph of a function is defined as the set of all pairs of x- and y-values of the function. A graph can be represented pictorially if the function is

probability theory: Measure theory: …is called the class of Lebesgue-measurable sets, and the probability is called the Lebesgue measure, after the French mathematician and principal architect of measure theory, Henri-Léon Lebesgue.

measure: …collections of rectangles is called Lebesgue measure.

Henri-Léon Lebesgue was a French mathematician whose generalization of the Riemann integral revolutionized the field of integration. Lebesgue was maître de conférences (lecture master) at the University of Rennes from 1902 until 1906, when he went to Poitiers, first as chargé de cours (assistant

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Lebiasinidae (pencil fishes) Lateral line and adipose fin usually absent. Small to moderate-sized predators. South and Central America. 7 genera, 61 species. Family Gasteropelecidae (hatchetfishes) Deep, strongly compressed body; pectoral fins with well-developed

guppy, (Poecilia reticulata or Lebistes reticulatus), colourful, live-bearing freshwater fish of the family Poeciliidae, popular as a pet in home aquariums. The guppy is hardy, energetic, easily kept, and prolific. The male guppy, much the brighter coloured of the sexes, grows to about 4

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz: …and Lebje i Sióra (1821; Levi and Sarah, or, The Jewish Lovers: A Polish Tale), the first Polish novel to discuss the problems of Jews in Polish society. In 1831 he journeyed to England to attempt to persuade the western European powers to intervene on behalf of the Polish insurrection…

gingerbread: With a Lebkuchen tradition dating back to 1395, Nürnberg (Nuremberg), Germany, became famous for its cakelike gingerbread cookies, which are usually sweetened with honey. The city became known as the gingerbread capital of the world, with regulations governing who was allowed to sell gingerbread and the ingredients…

Nicolas Leblanc: …who in 1790 developed the process for making soda ash (sodium carbonate) from common salt (sodium chloride). This process, which bears his name, became one of the most important industrial-chemical processes of the 19th century.

Matt LeBlanc is an American actor best known for playing the dim-witted but lovable ladies’ man Joey Tribbiani on the hit TV show Friends (1994–2004). LeBlanc was born in Newton, Massachusetts, near Boston, to Patricia (née Di Cillo) LeBlanc, an office manager, and Paul LeBlanc, a mechanic. The

Matt LeBlanc is an American actor best known for playing the dim-witted but lovable ladies’ man Joey Tribbiani on the hit TV show Friends (1994–2004). LeBlanc was born in Newton, Massachusetts, near Boston, to Patricia (née Di Cillo) LeBlanc, an office manager, and Paul LeBlanc, a mechanic. The

Maurice Leblanc was a French author and journalist best known as the creator of the fictional character Arsène Lupin, a French gentleman-thief turned detective. Leblanc abandoned his law studies to become a pulp fiction writer. Commissioned in 1905 to write a crime story for the French periodical

Nicolas Leblanc was a French surgeon and chemist who in 1790 developed the process for making soda ash (sodium carbonate) from common salt (sodium chloride). This process, which bears his name, became one of the most important industrial-chemical processes of the 19th century. Leblanc was the son

Ethiopia: The Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties: In 1528 Emperor Lebna Denegel was defeated at the battle of Shimbra Kure, and the Muslims pushed northward into the central highlands, destroying settlements, churches, and monasteries. In 1541 the Portuguese, whose interests in the Red Sea were imperiled by Muslim power, sent 400 musketeers to train the…

Edmond Leboeuf was a French general who was marshal of the Second Empire and minister of war in the crucial period at the opening of the Franco-German War. Leboeuf studied at the École Polytechnique and participated in the Revolution of July 1830 that led to the accession of Louis-Philippe;

Lebombo Mountains, long, narrow mountain range in South Africa, Swaziland, and Mozambique, southeastern Africa. It is about 500 miles (800 km) long and consists of volcanic rocks. The name is derived from a Zulu word, Ubombo, that means “big nose.” In South Africa the mountains extend from south of

Philippe Lebon was a French engineer and chemist, known as the inventor of illuminating gas. While employed as an engineer at Angoulême, Lebon was called to be professor of mechanics at the School of Bridges and Highways in Paris. In 1797 he began work that led to his invention of gas lighting and

The Book of the Dun Cow, oldest surviving miscellaneous manuscript in Irish literature, so called because the original vellum upon which it was written was supposedly taken from the hide of the famous cow of St. Ciarán of Clonmacnoise. Compiled about 1100 by learned Irish monks at the monastery of

The Thinker: …by his studio assistants, notably Henri Lebossé, in his workshops. To make different sized duplicates, they used a Collas machine, which was based on a pantograph system and resembled a lathe. The monumental Thinker exaggerated the unfinished surfaces Rodin preferred—the sculpture’s close-cropped hair especially reveals Rodin’s rough modeling of the…

Bennett S. LeBow is an American businessman who became the first tobacco executive to publicly admit to the dangers of cigarettes. LeBow received an engineering degree in 1960 from Drexel University in Philadelphia and did postgraduate work at Princeton University. In 1961 he formed a computer

Lebowa, former nonindependent Bantustan that was in northern Transvaal, South Africa. It comprised two major and several minor exclaves (detached portions). Lebowa was designated by the South African government as the national territory for the northern Sotho people (Pedi, Lovedu, Kanga-Kone, and

Lebowa: …the legislative assembly, while the Lebowa National Party, led by M.M. Matlala, constituted the opposition. By 1978, Lebowa was the actual residence of more than half of South Africa’s northern Sotho people, all of whom were legally Lebowa citizens. Under the South African constitution that abolished the apartheid system, Lebowa…

Lebowa: The Lebowa People’s Party, under Chief Minister C.N. Phatudi, controlled the legislative assembly, while the Lebowa National Party, led by M.M. Matlala, constituted the opposition. By 1978, Lebowa was the actual residence of more than half of South Africa’s northern Sotho people, all of whom were…

Lebowakgomo, town, Limpopo province, South Africa. It was the capital of Lebowa, a former nonindependent Bantustan. Lebowakgomo lies southeast of Polokwane. The town, established in 1974 with a population of only 115 inhabitants, was enlarged and developed in the early 1980s. The commercial

Renowned by generations as a quintessential New Yorker, Fran Lebowitz arrived in New York City in her late teens after being expelled from her New Jersey preparatory school for what she has described, in her trademark acerbic humor, as “nonspecific surliness.” From a young age she had aspired to be

Renowned by generations as a quintessential New Yorker, Fran Lebowitz arrived in New York City in her late teens after being expelled from her New Jersey preparatory school for what she has described, in her trademark acerbic humor, as “nonspecific surliness.” From a young age she had aspired to be

natural childbirth: Leboyer. Although there are differences among their methods, all share the basic belief that if the prospective mother learns and practices techniques of physical and psychological conditioning, her discomfort during delivery will be lessened. Preparation also includes full instruction and coaching on the anatomy and…

Jacinto Benavente y Martínez: … (1948; “The Ancient Noblewoman”) and El lebrel del cielo (1952), inspired by Francis Thompson’s poem “Hound of Heaven,” Benavente’s later works did not add much to his fame.

Lebrija, city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. It is located south of the city of Sevilla in the lower basin of the Guadalquivir River. Founded as Nebritza by the Phoenicians, it was called Nebrixa by the Romans, Nebrisa

Albert Lebrun was the 14th and last president (1932–40) of France’s Third Republic. During the first year of World War II, he sought to preserve French unity in the face of internal political dissension and the German military threat, but he failed to provide effective leadership. Lebrun, a mining

Charles Le Brun was a painter and designer who became the arbiter of artistic production in France during the last half of the 17th century. Possessing both technical facility and the capacity to organize and carry out many vast projects, Le Brun personally created or supervised the production of

Charles-François Lebrun was a French politician who served as third consul from 1799 to 1804, as treasurer of Napoleon’s empire from 1804 to 1814, and as governor-general of Holland from 1811 to 1813. While he was a lawyer in Paris, Lebrun served as royal censor in 1766, and two years later he

Lebu, city, south-central Chile. It lies on the Pacific coast at the mouth of the Lebu River. Founded in 1862 by Col. Cornelio Saavedra but destroyed several times by Araucanian Indians, it became provincial capital in 1875 and now serves an agricultural and mining hinterland. The principal

Cape Verde Peninsula: …inhabitants of the peninsula, the Lebu, lived as fishermen and farmers. Since about 1444, when the Portuguese first sighted the cape, it has been an entrepôt for African-European trade. The French later established the city of Dakar on the cape in 1857.

Deventer: Lebuinus. During the Middle Ages it prospered as a member of the Hanseatic League, had a monopoly of the dried-cod trade, and was noted for its five annual fairs. It became a famous medieval intellectual centre, where the saintly scholar Thomas à Kempis, the great…

Polish literature: New trends in poetry and drama: The satirical poet Stanisław Jerzy Lec was noted for his skeptical philosophical aphorisms in Myśli nieuczesane (published in series from 1957; Unkempt Thoughts). Zbigniew Herbert, one of the outstanding 20th-century poets, distinguished himself with moralistic and metaphysical poems (many of them appearing in English translation in two volumes…

lecanemab, human monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Lecanemab clears away and blocks the formation of a sticky protein in the brain known as amyloid beta. Abnormal deposits of amyloid, called amyloid plaques, are toxic to neurons and eventually cause neuronal death and

flatworm: Annotated classification: Order Lecanicephalidea Reproductive system similar to Tetraphyllidea, but scolex divided into an upper disklike or globular part and a lower collarlike part bearing 4 suckers; mainly parasites of elasmobranchs; 5 species. Order Proteocephalidea Scolex with 4 suckers, sometimes a 5th terminal one; vitellaria located in lateral…

fungus: Form and function of lichens: Lecanora and Lecidea, for example, have individual algal cells with as many as five haustoria that may extend to the cell centre. Alectoria and Cladonia have haustoria that do not penetrate far beyond the algal cell wall. A few phycobionts, such as Coccomyxa and Stichococcus,

manna: Manna is also the common name for certain lichens of the genus Lecanora native to Turkey, especially L. esculenta. In the Middle East lichen bread and manna jelly are made from Lecanora species.

litmus: …grow in the Netherlands, particularly Lecanora tartarea and Roccella tinctorum. Litmus turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions and is the oldest and most commonly used indicator of whether a substance is an acid or a base.

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Lecanorales Forms lichens; apothecia fruiting bodies; includes reindeer mosses, cup lichens, and beard lichens; included in subclass Lecanoromycetidae; example genera include Cladonia, Lecanora, Parmelia, Ramalina, and Usnea. Order Peltigerales

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Lecanoromycetes Forms lichens; thick ascal apex with narrow canal; includes subclasses Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, and Ostropomycetidae; contains 10 orders. Order Acarosporales Forms lichens; asci unitunicate and lecanoralean (resembling asci of the genus Lecanora), with nonamyloid or slightly amyloid inner ascus

Tampa Bay Lightning: …when Tampa Bay drafted centre Vincent Lecavalier, who would go on to set almost every major team scoring record.

Lecce, city, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It lies on the Salentina peninsula, or “heel” of Italy, east of Taranto. Possibly built on the site of the ancient Roman town of Lupiae, Lecce was contested by the Byzantines, Lombards, and Saracens after the fall of the Roman Empire. It

Italy: The plains: Others, such as the Lecce Plain in Puglia, flank the sea on rocky plateaus about 65 to 100 feet (20 to 30 meters) high, formed of ancient land leveled by the sea and subsequently uplifted. Plains in the interior, such as the long Chiana Valley, are made by alluvial…

Alberto Lista: …“Literary and Critical Essays”); and Lecciones de literatura española (1836; “Lessons in Spanish Literature”), lectures given at the University of Madrid in 1822.

Lecco, town, Lombardia (Lombardy) regione, northern Italy. It lies at the southern end of the eastern arm of Lake Como, at the outflow of the Adda River. Earlier the seat of a marquessate, Lecco was granted to the bishops of Como in the 11th century and passed to Milan in the 12th century. It was

Gniezno: Legend attributes Gniezno’s origin to Lech, mythological founder of Poland, who supposedly made it his capital. Archaeological evidence indicates that a stronghold of the Polanie tribe existed there in the 8th century ce. In 1000 Gniezno became capital of the first Roman Catholic archdiocese of Poland; it received town privileges…

lechatelierite, a natural silica glass (silicon dioxide, SiO2) that has the same chemical composition as coesite, cristobalite, stishovite, quartz, and tridymite but has a different crystal structure. Two varieties are included: meteoritic silica glass, produced when terrestrial silica is fused in

Cuba: Drainage: The latter include Leche (“Milk”) Lagoon, which has a surface area of 26 square miles (67 square km). It is technically a sound because several natural channels connect it to the Atlantic Ocean. Sea movements generate disturbances in the calcium carbonate deposits at the bottom of the lake…

wavemeter: …of the simplest is the Lecher wire wavemeter, a circuit containing a sliding (moving) short circuit. By finding two points at which the short circuit gives maximum absorption of the signal, it is possible to measure directly a distance equal to one-half of a wavelength.

Hungary: The Christian kingdom: …I in 955 at the Battle of Lechfeld, outside Augsburg (in present-day Germany). By that time the wild blood of the first invaders was thinning out, and new influences, in particular Christianity, had begun to circulate. Both the Eastern and Western churches strove to draw the peoples of east-central Europe…

Lekhitic languages, group of West Slavic languages composed of Polish, Kashubian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian language. All these languages except Polish are sometimes classified as a Pomeranian subgroup. In the early Middle Ages, before their speakers had become

pottery: Pottery factories: …idiom, and excellent figures by Resl Lechner and others were produced. Lechner succeeded in adapting the 18th-century styles to 20th-century purposes in a manner that was an object lesson to those manufacturers who insisted on adding the scrolls and flourishes of the Rococo.

Jan Lechoń was a poet, editor, diplomat, and political propagandist, considered one of the foremost Polish poets of his generation. A member of the Skamander group of poets, Lechoń published in 1920 his first mature collection of poems, Karmazynowy pemat (“The Poem in Scarlet”), making himself

Carlsbad Caverns National Park: …border of the park is Lechuguilla Cave. Since 1984, when exploration of Lechuguilla began, more than 100 miles (160 km) of passages have been surveyed. It is the fifth longest known cave in the world, the third longest in the United States, and it contains underwater formations unlike those found…

lechwe, (genus Kobus), antelope species of the genus Kobus. The lechwe, a member of the waterbuck and kob tribe (Reduncini), ranks second only to the nyala among the most aquatic African antelopes. The lechwe is one of only three antelopes (including the closely related kob and the topi) known to

fungus: Form and function of lichens: Lecanora and Lecidea, for example, have individual algal cells with as many as five haustoria that may extend to the cell centre. Alectoria and Cladonia have haustoria that do not penetrate far beyond the algal cell wall. A few phycobionts, such as Coccomyxa and Stichococcus, which are…

lecithin, any of a group of phospholipids (phosphoglycerides) that are important in cell structure and metabolism. Lecithins are composed of phosphoric acid, cholines, esters of glycerol, and two fatty acids; the chain length, position, and degree of unsaturation of these fatty acids vary, and this

William Edward Hartpole Lecky was an Irish historian of rationalism and European morals whose study of Georgian England became a classic. Lecky was educated at Kingstown, Armagh, at Cheltenham, and at Trinity College, Dublin. His early works, Religious Tendencies of the Age (1860) and Leaders of

Black Hawk: …story of his life for Antoine LeClair, a mixed-race interpreter, and J.P. Patterson, a newspaper editor. Before the end of the year, they had edited and published Life of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk. While its authenticity was questioned at the time, it is generally accepted now as Black Hawk’s autobiography.…

Jean-Marie Leclair, the Elder was a French violinist, composer, and dancing master who established the French school of violin playing. In 1722 Leclair was principal dancer and ballet master at Turin. After finishing his violin studies with G.B. Somis, he went to Paris and began in 1728 a brilliant

Philadelphia Flyers: …1996–97 Lindros, along with winger John LeClair, propelled the Flyers to the seventh Stanley Cup finals in team history, which, like the previous four appearances, ended in defeat.

battery: Zinc–manganese dioxide systems: There are three variations: the zinc-carbon battery, the zinc chloride battery, and the alkaline battery. All provide an initial voltage of 1.55 to 1.7 volts, which declines with use to an end point of about 0.8 volt.

battery: Zinc–manganese dioxide systems: There are three variations: the zinc-carbon battery, the zinc chloride battery, and the alkaline battery. All provide an initial voltage of 1.55 to 1.7 volts, which declines with use to an end point of about 0.8 volt.

Georges Leclanché was a French engineer who in about 1866 invented the battery that bears his name. In slightly modified form, the Leclanché battery, now called a dry cell, is produced in great quantities and is widely used in devices such as flashlights and portable radios. After completing a

Georges-Louis Leclerc, count de Buffon was a French naturalist, remembered for his comprehensive work on natural history, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (begun in 1749). He was created a count in 1773. Buffon’s father, Benjamin Leclerc, was a state official in Burgundy; his mother was

Jacques-Philippe Leclerc was a French general and war hero who achieved fame as the liberator of Paris. Born into a patrician family, he graduated from the prestigious military schools at Saint-Cyr (1924) and Saumur. In 1939, as a captain of infantry, he was wounded and captured by the Germans, but

Charles Leclerc was a French general, brother-in-law of Napoleon, who attempted to suppress the Haitian revolt led by the former slave Toussaint Louverture. Leclerc joined the army in 1792 and distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon. It was in this campaign that he met Napoleon Bonaparte, who

Charles Leclerc was a French general, brother-in-law of Napoleon, who attempted to suppress the Haitian revolt led by the former slave Toussaint Louverture. Leclerc joined the army in 1792 and distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon. It was in this campaign that he met Napoleon Bonaparte, who

Georges-Louis Leclerc, count de Buffon was a French naturalist, remembered for his comprehensive work on natural history, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (begun in 1749). He was created a count in 1773. Buffon’s father, Benjamin Leclerc, was a state official in Burgundy; his mother was

phytotherapy: History of phytotherapy: …phytotherapy originated with French physician Henri Leclerc, who first used the term in 1913 and who published various editions of the Précis de phytothérapie (“Handbook of Phytotherapy”), the first in 1922. Phytotherapy entered the English language with its common definition in 1934, having been introduced by Eric Frederick William Powell,…

Jacques-Philippe Leclerc was a French general and war hero who achieved fame as the liberator of Paris. Born into a patrician family, he graduated from the prestigious military schools at Saint-Cyr (1924) and Saumur. In 1939, as a captain of infantry, he was wounded and captured by the Germans, but

Jean Leclerc was an encyclopaedist and biblical scholar who espoused advanced principles of exegesis (interpretation) and theological method. Educated at Geneva and also in France at Grenoble and Saumur (all noted for a radical approach to biblical and patristic documents), Leclerc broke with