Tanaquil LeClercq was a versatile American ballet dancer, remembered largely for her work in association with George Balanchine, to whom she was married from 1952 to 1969. LeClercq grew up in New York City and began taking ballet lessons at age four. In 1941 she entered the School of American

Charles Lecocq was one of the principal French composers of operettas after Offenbach, especially known for his La Fille de Madame Angot. Lecocq studied at the Paris Conservatoire under François Bazin, Fromental Halévy, and François Benoist. His first operetta, Le Docteur Miracle (1857), written

Charles Lecocq was one of the principal French composers of operettas after Offenbach, especially known for his La Fille de Madame Angot. Lecocq studied at the Paris Conservatoire under François Bazin, Fromental Halévy, and François Benoist. His first operetta, Le Docteur Miracle (1857), written

Lecompton Constitution, (1857), instrument framed in Lecompton, Kan., by Southern pro-slavery advocates of Kansas statehood. It contained clauses protecting slaveholding and a bill of rights excluding free blacks, and it added to the frictions leading up to the U.S. Civil War. Though it was

stagecraft: Costume of the 18th and 19th centuries: Auguste Garneray and Hippolyte Lecomte were leading French ballet designers in the 19th century. The former’s work shows ingenuity in adapting contemporary dress to suggest different lands and other periods. The latter was originally a painter of historical episodes; accuracy rather than imagination is the distinguishing quality of…

The Lesson, one-act play by Eugène Ionesco, a comedic parable of the dangers inherent in indoctrination, performed in 1951 as La Leçon and published in 1953. The absurd plot of the play concerns a timid professor who uses the meaning he assigns to words to establish tyrannical dominance over an

Georges Cuvier: In 1800–05, he published his Leçons d’anatomie comparée (“Lessons on Comparative Anatomy”). In this work, based also on his lectures at the museum, he put forward his principle of the “correlation of parts,” according to which the anatomical structure of every organ is functionally related to all other organs in…

François Couperin: …and greatest liturgical work, the Leçons de ténèbres (c. 1715), brings to the linear subtlety of the French vocal style and the pathos of Italian harmony a quality of mysticism that has no parallel in the French or Italian music of the period. Johann Sebastian Bach knew Couperin’s work and…

François Hollande: Later life: …office Hollande released the memoir Les Leçons du pouvoir (2018; “The Lessons of Power”), in which he discussed his decision not to run for reelection and defended his presidency. In addition, he was highly critical of his successor, Emmanuel Macron.

Henri-Léon Lebesgue: …Lebesgue wrote two major books, Leçons sur l’intégration et la recherche des fonctions primitives (1904; “Lessons on Integration and Analysis of Primitive Functions”) and Leçons sur les séries trigonométriques (1906; “Lessons on the Trigonometric Series”).

Jean-Gaston Darboux: Leçons sur la théorie générale des surfaces et les applications géométriques du calcul infinitésimal, 4 vol. (1887–96; “Lessons on the General Theory of Surfaces and the Geometric Applications of Infinitesimal Calculus”), one of his most important works, deals with infinitesimal geometry and embodies most of…

Jacques-Salomon Hadamard: Hadamard’s Leçons sur le calcul des variations (1910; “Lessons on the Calculus of Variations”) helped to lay the foundations of the modern theory of functional analysis, in connection with which he introduced the term functional. Part of his work in determinants is important in the theory…

Henri-Léon Lebesgue: …Analysis of Primitive Functions”) and Leçons sur les séries trigonométriques (1906; “Lessons on the Trigonometric Series”).

Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle was a poet, leader of the Parnassians, who from 1865 to 1895 was acknowledged as the foremost French poet apart from the aging Victor Hugo. Leconte de Lisle’s theories, reacting against Romanticism and stressing the need for impersonality and discipline in

acoustics: Modern advances: …initiated by the American scientist John LeConte, who in the 1850s developed a technique for observing the existence of ultrasonic waves with a gas flame. This technique was later used by the British physicist John Tyndall for the detailed study of the properties of sound waves. The piezoelectric effect, a…

Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran was a French chemist who developed improved spectroscopic techniques for chemical analysis and discovered the elements gallium (1875), samarium (1880), and dysprosium (1886). In 1858 Lecoq de Boisbaudran began working in the family wine business, though he pursued

savate: …française, or modern savate, was Charles Lecour, who opened a school in Paris in the 19th century. Lecour developed a form in which both punching and kicking were used. The sport became popular for a time, and public exhibitions were staged, but enthusiasm for it waned in the 20th century.

Adrienne Lecouvreur was a leading French actress whose life inspired a tragic drama a century after her death. At the age of 14 she participated in an amateur performance of Pierre Corneille’s Polyeucte. She then received instruction in acting from the actor-manager Paul Legrand and as a

Tournai porcelain: …porcelain were made, notably by Nicolas Lecreux. They are usually of rustic groups and seem to be composed in a sort of spiral, the effect of which is that the view of them is perfect from every angle. Their bases have detailed and delicate modelling of such motifs as flowers,…

lectern, originally a pedestal-based reading desk with a slanted top used for supporting liturgical books—such as Bibles, missals, and breviaries at religious services; later, a stand that supports a speaker’s books and notes. In early Christian times, lecterns, then known as ambos, were

blood group: Sources of antibodies and antigens: Plant agglutinins are called lectins. Some useful reagents extracted from seeds are anti-H from Ulex europaeus (common gorse); anti-A1, from another member of the pulse family Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Dolichos biflorus; and anti-N from the South American plant Vicia graminea. Agglutinins have also been found in animals—for example, the fluid…

lectionary, in Christianity, a book containing portions of the Bible appointed to be read on particular days of the year. The word is also used for the list of such Scripture lessons. The early Christians adopted the Jewish custom of reading extracts from the Old Testament on the Sabbath. They soon

mathematics: The precalculus period: …Cambridge, published in 1670 his Geometrical Lectures, a treatise that more than any other anticipated the unifying ideas of the calculus. In it he adopted a purely geometric form of exposition to show how the determinations of areas and tangents are inverse problems. He began with a curve and considered…

lectisternium, (from Latin lectum sternere, “to spread a couch”), ancient Greek and Roman rite in which a meal was offered to gods and goddesses whose representations were laid upon a couch positioned in the open street. On the first occasion of the rite, which originated in Greece, couches were

lector, in Christianity, a person chosen or set apart to read Holy Scripture in the church services. In the Eastern Orthodox churches lector is one of the minor orders in preparation for the priesthood. Although formerly a minor order in the Roman Catholic Church, the office was named a ministry by

Cino Da Pistoia: …his highly praised Latin commentary, Lectura in Codicem (“Studies on the Code”), on the first nine books of Justinian’s Codex Constitutionum, Cino received his doctorate in law (1314) at the University of Bologna and then taught law at the universities of Siena, Bologna, Florence, Perugia, and Naples. In 1334 he…

Blessed John Duns Scotus: Early life and career: In his early Lectura Oxoniensis, Duns Scotus insisted that theology is not a speculative but a practical science of God and that humankind’s ultimate goal is union with the divine Trinity through love. Though this union is known only by divine revelation, philosophy can prove the existence of…

legal education: Teaching: …in English universities have been lectures and tutorials (or seminars).

John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, 1st Baron Acton: Life: His inaugural Lecture on the Study of History (published in 1895) made a great impression in the university, and his influence on historical study was felt. He delivered two valuable courses of lectures on the French Revolution and on modern history, but it was in private that…

Albert Venn Dicey: …was a British jurist whose Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885) is considered part of the British constitution, which is an amalgam of several written and unwritten authorities. For this treatise, which is noted for its application of legal positivism to the study of…

aesthetics: Relationship between form and content: …Hegel, who argued, in his Vorlesungen über die Aesthetik (1832; “Lectures on Aesthetics”; Eng. trans. Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art), roughly as follows: Our sensuous appreciation of art concentrates upon the given “appearance”—the “form.” It is this that holds our attention and that gives to the work of art its…

August Wilhelm von Schlegel: …dramatische Kunst und Literatur (1809–11; Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature), attack French Neoclassical theatre, praise Shakespeare, and exalt Romantic drama. These lectures were translated into many languages and helped spread fundamental Romantic ideas throughout Europe.

Salomon Bochner: 1959, Lectures on Fourier Integrals). He left Germany in 1933, shortly after Adolph Hitler came to power. (He later convinced his parents and sister’s family to move to England before they could be destroyed by the Holocaust.) Receiving an invitation to join the faculty at Princeton…

Julius Friedrich Cohnheim: Cohnheim’s Vorlesungen über allgemeine Pathologie, 2 vol. (1877–80; Lectures on General Pathology), far outlasted contemporary texts on the subject, and his method of freezing tissue before slicing it into thin sections for microscopic examination is now a standard clinical procedure.

rhetoric: The Renaissance and after: …become, as in Hugh Blair’s Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (1783), something like the sixth office of rhetoric. Besides Blair’s, the most important rhetorical treatises of the period were George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric (1776) and Richard Whately’s Elements of Rhetoric (1828). All three books were written by Protestant…

Gilbert Ames Bliss: …1946 in his major work, Lectures on the Calculus of Variations. Bliss served as president of the American Mathematical Society from 1921 to 1922.

Oskar Bolza: …in 1904, published a treatise, Lectures on the Calculus of Variations (revised and translated by him into German as Vorlesungen über Variationsrechnung, 1908), which became a classic in the field. Several of his papers published in 1913 and 1914 developed an original variational problem known as the problem of Bolza,…

study of religion: The early 19th century: …Feuerbach (1804–72) propounded, in his Lectures on the Essence of Religion, a view of religion as a projection of the aspirations of humans. His understanding of religion as a form of projection—an explanation that goes back to the ancient Greek thinker Xenophanes—was taken up in various ways by, among others,…

Scholasticism: …die Geschichte der Philosophie (1833–36; Lectures on the History of Philosophy), declared that he would “put on seven-league boots” in order to skip over the thousand years between the 6th and 17th centuries and, having at last arrived at René Descartes, said that now he could “cry land like the…

classification of religions: Philosophical: …German philosopher, in his famous Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1832). In general, Hegel’s understanding of religion coincided with his philosophical thought; he viewed the whole of human history as a vast dialectical movement toward the realization of freedom. The reality of history, he held, is Spirit, and the…

political philosophy: T.H. Green: Green, whose Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation (1885) greatly influenced members of the Liberal Party in the British governments of the period 1906–15. Green, like John Stuart Mill and Tocqueville, wished to extend the minority culture to the people and even to use state power…

St. John Henry Newman: Association with the Oxford movement: …than his books, especially the Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church (1837), the classic statement of the Tractarian doctrine of authority; the University Sermons (1843), similarly classical for the theory of religious belief; and above all his Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834–42), which in their published form took…

Ivan Pavlov: Life: …work culminated in his book Lectures on the Work of the Digestive Glands in 1897.

Ericales: Lecythidaceae: Lecythidaceae, the Brazil nut family, is a pantropical group of evergreen trees of about 25 genera and 350 species. There are several groups in the family with distinctive geographic distributions. The Brazil nut group includes about 10 genera and 215 species, all Neotropical; in…

monkey pot, any shrub or tree of the genus Lecythis, of the family Lecythidaceae, particularly L. ollaria of Brazil and L. zabucajo of northeastern South America. The name is also applied to the woody fruit of these plants, so called because it is potlike in shape and suitable in size for a monkey

monkey pot: …or tree of the genus Lecythis, of the family Lecythidaceae, particularly L. ollaria of Brazil and L. zabucajo of northeastern South America. The name is also applied to the woody fruit of these plants, so called because it is potlike in shape and suitable in size for a monkey to…

monkey pot: ollaria of Brazil and L. zabucajo of northeastern South America. The name is also applied to the woody fruit of these plants, so called because it is potlike in shape and suitable in size for a monkey to use.

LED, in electronics, a semiconductor device that emits infrared or visible light when charged with an electric current. LED displays began to be used for consumer electronic devices starting in 1968, when Hewlett-Packard (HP) introduced the first LED display. Visible LED lights are used in many

information processing: Printers: Light-emitting diode (LED) printers resemble laser printers in operation but direct light from energized diodes rather than a laser onto a photoconductive surface. Ion-deposition printers make use of technology similar to that of photocopiers for producing electrostatic images. Another type of nonimpact printer, the ink-jet…

Led Zeppelin, British rock band that was extremely popular in the 1970s. Although their musical style was diverse, they came to be well known for their influence on the development of heavy metal. The members were Jimmy Page (b. January 9, 1944, Heston, Middlesex, England), Robert Plant (b. August

Robert Plant: Led Zeppelin: …a lyricist on the album Led Zeppelin III (1970), with songs such as the rollicking “Bron-Y-Aur Stomp,” which was inspired by his blue-eyed collie Strider, and the melancholy ballad “That’s the Way.”

Robert Plant: Led Zeppelin: …album, commonly referred to as Led Zeppelin IV (1971). Featuring the hard rock anthems “Stairway to Heaven,” “Rock and Roll,” and “Misty Mountain Hop,” Led Zeppelin IV sold more than 37 million copies worldwide and launched the band into superstardom. Led Zeppelin remained popular throughout the 1970s, but from 1975…

Leda, in Greek legend, usually believed to be the daughter of Thestius, king of Aetolia, and wife of Tyndareus, king of Lacedaemon. Some ancient writers thought she was the mother by Tyndareus of Clytemnestra, wife of King Agamemnon, and of Castor, one of the Heavenly Twins. She was also believed

Jupiter: Other satellites: The closer group—Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, and Elara—has prograde orbits. (In the case of these moons, retrograde motion is in the direction opposite to Jupiter’s spin and motion around the Sun, which are counterclockwise as viewed from above Jupiter’s north pole, whereas prograde, or direct, motion is in…

Leonardo da Vinci: Later painting and drawing: …Milan he returned to the Leda theme—which had been occupying him for a decade—and probably finished a standing version of Leda about 1513 (the work survives only through copies). This painting became a model of the figura serpentinata (“sinuous figure”)—that is, a figure built up from several intertwining views. It…

Leda and the Swan, sonnet by William Butler Yeats, composed in 1923, printed in The Dial (June 1924), and published in the collection The Cat and the Moon and Certain Poems (1924). The poem is based on the Greek mythological story of beautiful Leda, who gave birth to Helen and Clytemnestra after

Lead Belly was an American folk-blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist whose ability to perform a vast repertoire of songs in a variety of styles, in conjunction with his notoriously violent life, made him a legend. Born Huddie William Ledbetter in Louisiana, Lead Belly was musical from childhood.

Georg Ledebour was a German socialist politician who was radicalized by the outbreak of war in 1914 and became a leader of the Berlin communist uprising of January 1919. A Social Democratic Party member of the Reichstag (national parliament) from 1900, Ledebour initially stood among the left

Katie Ledecky is an American swimmer who is one of the sport’s leading freestylers, especially dominant in longer races, notably the 800 meters and 1,500 meters. The winner of 14 Olympic medals—9 of which are gold—Ledecky is the most-decorated American woman in the history of the Games. She is also

Katie Ledecky is an American swimmer who is one of the sport’s leading freestylers, especially dominant in longer races, notably the 800 meters and 1,500 meters. The winner of 14 Olympic medals—9 of which are gold—Ledecky is the most-decorated American woman in the history of the Games. She is also

Joshua Lederberg was an American geneticist and a pioneer in the field of bacterial genetics. He shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (with George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum) for discovering the mechanisms of genetic recombination in bacteria. Lederberg studied under Tatum at

chromatography: Early developments: …his student, the French chemist Edgar Lederer, reported the use of this method in the resolution of a number of biologically important materials. In 1941 two British chemists, Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge, began a study of the amino acid composition of wool. Their initial efforts, in which…

The Ugly American: William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick, published in 1958. A fictionalized account of Americans working in Southeast Asia, the book was notable chiefly for exposing many of the deficiencies in U.S. foreign-aid policy and for causing a furor in government circles. Eventually the uproar led…

Leon Max Lederman was an American physicist who, along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988 for their joint research on neutrinos. Lederman was educated at the City College of New York (B.S., 1943) and received a Ph.D. in physics from Columbia

Podostemaceae: … (50 species, tropical South America), Ledermanniella (43 species, tropical Africa and Madagascar), Rhyncholacis (25 species, northern tropical South America), Marathrum (25 species, Central America and northwestern tropical South America), Podostemum (17 species, worldwide tropics and subtropics), Dicraea (12 species, tropics of Asia and Africa),

Sir Anthony Caro: His Ledge Piece (1978), for example, commissioned for the East Building of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., seems to spill over its high perch from the pull of gravity. Caro came to be regarded as the most important sculptor since Smith and exercised great…

bookkeeping: From journal to ledger to financial statements: …in the bookkeeping process—journals and ledgers. A journal contains the daily transactions (sales, purchases, and so on), and the ledger contains the record of individual accounts. The daily records from the journals are entered in the ledgers.

fishing: Methods: …with what is called a ledger in Britain and a sinker in the United States, usually of lead. In this type of fishing, the angler simply holds the rod or lays it down and waits for the telltale tug of the fish to be transmitted through the line. Bait may…

Heath Ledger was an Australian actor renowned for his moving and intense performances in diverse roles. He was posthumously awarded an Oscar for his portrayal of the Joker in The Dark Knight (2008). Ledger was raised in Perth, Australia. He began acting in school productions in junior high and

Heath Ledger was an Australian actor renowned for his moving and intense performances in diverse roles. He was posthumously awarded an Oscar for his portrayal of the Joker in The Dark Knight (2008). Ledger was raised in Perth, Australia. He began acting in school productions in junior high and

Dmitri Shostakovich: Early life and works: … (composed 1930–32; revised and retitled Katerina Izmaylova), marked a stylistic retreat. Yet even this more accessible musical language was too radical for the Soviet authorities.

Stilwell Road, highway 478 mi (769 km) long that links northeastern India with the Burma Road (q.v.), which runs from Burma to China. During World War II the Stilwell Road was a strategic military route. U.S. Army engineers began construction of the highway in December 1942 to link the railheads of

Geraniales: The closely related Vivianiaceae and Ledocarpaceae are native to South America, especially the Andes. Vivianiaceae, with six species in either one (Viviania) or four genera, are herbs or small shrubs covered with glandular hairs; the undersides of the leaves typically are covered in white hairs. Ledocarpaceae, with 12 species in…

Claude-Nicolas Ledoux was a French architect who developed an eclectic and visionary architecture linked with nascent pre-Revolutionary social ideals. Ledoux studied under J.-F. Blondel and L.-F. Trouard. His imaginative woodwork at a café brought him to the notice of society, and he soon became a

Lake Peipus: …“Battle on the Ice” (Ledovoye Poboishche). His victory (April 5) forced the grand master of the Knights to relinquish all claims to the Russian lands that he had conquered and substantially reduced the Teutonic threat to northwestern Russia.

Nicosia, city and capital of the Republic of Cyprus. It lies along the Pedieos River, in the centre of the Mesaoria Plain between the Kyrenia Mountains (north) and the Troodos range (south). The city is also the archiepiscopal seat of the autocephalous (having the right to elect its own archbishop

Cyprus: Efforts toward reunification: …to open a crossing at Ledra Street in the divided capital of Nicosia. The division of Ledra Street, split since 1964, had for many come to symbolize the broader partition of the island. Unification talks between Talat and Christofias were under way in later months, although efforts appeared to come…

Washington, D.C.: Adams-Morgan and beyond: Farther east, LeDroit Park is the home of Howard University. LeDroit Park developed as a wealthy all-white enclave enclosed by a fence that was torn down by African American university students in 1888 in protest of segregation. The area became the centre of Washington’s African American elite…

Alexandre-Auguste Ledru-Rollin was a French lawyer whose radical political activity earned him a prominent position in the French Second Republic; he helped bring about universal male suffrage in France. Called to the bar in 1829, Ledru-Rollin established his reputation by his defense of

French literature: Feminist writers: …writers in this vein were Violette Leduc in La Bâtarde (1964; “The Bastard”; Eng. trans. La Bâtarde) and Marie Cardinal in Les Mots pour le dire (1975; The Words to Say It). Creative writers in the realist mode addressed a widening popular readership with accounts of the lives of women…

Labrador tea: …in the now eliminated genus Ledum, which differed from Rhododendron only in having separate, not fused, petals and capsules that open from the bottom first.

John Ledyard was an American adventurer and explorer who accompanied Captain James Cook on his voyage to find a Northwest Passage to the Orient (1776–79). After trying the life of a missionary among the North American Indians, Ledyard shipped out as a common seaman (1774). In the course of his

Kate Winslet: Mare of Easttown and later credits: She shifted gears with Lee (2023), a biopic about Lee Miller, a fashion model who became a photojournalist during World War II. Winslet then returned to television, appearing as an autocratic ruler in the miniseries The Regime (2024), a dark comedy.

Lee, county, east-central South Carolina, U.S. The northern and northwestern portions lie within the sandhills of the Fall Line zone, while the remainder of the county consists of a generally flat region on the Coastal Plain. The Lynches River forms parts of both the southeastern and northern

Samsung: Early years: …on March 1, 1938, by Lee Byung-Chull. He started his business in Taegu, Korea, trading noodles and other goods produced in and around the city and exporting them to China and its provinces. (The company name, Samsung, came from the Korean for “three stars.”) After the Korean War, Lee expanded…

Lee Commission, body appointed by the British government in 1923 to consider the ethnic composition of the superior Indian public services of the government of India. The chairman was Lord Lee of Fareham, and there were equal numbers of Indian and British members. The Islington Commission’s report

lee cyclone, small-scale cyclone that forms on the leeward, or downwind, side of mountain barriers as the general westerly flow is disturbed by the mountain. Lee cyclones may produce major windstorms and dust storms downstream of a mountain

Mariah Carey: Her later film credits included Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013) and Girls Trip (2017). She also lent her voice to All I Want for Christmas Is You (2017), an animated film inspired by her hit song. In 2013 she joined the television talent show American Idol as a judge for…

The inspired use of an empty silo helped put Phoenix, Arizona, on the rock-and-roll map during the late 1950s. Working at the tiny Audio Recorders studio, disc jockey-turned-producer Lee Hazlewood was obsessed with emulating the power and atmosphere of the then-current hits on Chess (of Chicago)

Lee Hsien Loong is a Singaporean politician who served as the third prime minister of Singapore from 2004 to 2024 and continues to serve as a member of Parliament. Lee was born and raised in Singapore, the son of Lee Kuan Yew, the city-state’s first prime minister (1959–90). Lee distinguished

Lee Kun-Hee: …retained his posts, his son, Lee Jae-Yong, became the de facto leader of the Samsung Group. In 2018 it was announced that the elder Lee was again being investigated for tax evasion.

Lee Jung-Jae is a South Korean actor who garnered international fame for his starring role in the hit Netflix series Squid Game (2021– ; Ojing-eo geim). Before joining the cast, Lee built a diverse and award-winning career in Korean television and film. While Lee was working as a cashier at a café

John Lee is a government official and former police officer in Hong Kong who in 2022 became the chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of China. Lee was born and raised in Hong Kong. Lee, an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith, graduated from Wah Yan College in

Lee Kuan Yew was a politician and lawyer who was prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. Widely regarded as the founding father of modern Singapore, Lee transformed the city-state from a small, resource-deficient British colony with high rates of illiteracy into the most prosperous country

Lee Kun-Hee was a South Korean businessman who was chairman (1987–2008; 2010–20) of the conglomerate Samsung Group and chairman of its flagship company, Samsung Electronics (2010–20). Lee was the youngest son of Lee Byung-Chull, who founded Samsung in 1938. He majored in economics at Waseda

Lee Myung-Bak is a South Korean business executive and politician who was president of South Korea from 2008 to 2013. He previously served as mayor of Seoul (2002–06). Lee was born in wartime Japan and was the fifth of seven children. In 1946 his family returned to Korea, but their boat capsized

Actor, director, and teacher Lee Strasberg was the chief American exponent of the popular but controversial Stanislavsky “method” of acting, in which actors are encouraged to use their own emotional experience and memory in preparing to “live” a role. (Actress Lillian Gish famously quipped, “It’s

Lee Teng-hui was the first Taiwan-born president (1988–2000) of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Lee attended Kyōto University in Japan and National Taiwan University (B.A., 1948) and studied agricultural economics in the United States at Iowa State University (M.A., 1953) and Cornell University

Lee Ufan is a Korean artist, critic, philosopher, and poet who was a prominent theorist and proponent of the Tokyo-based movement of young artists from the late 1960s through the early ’70s known as Mono-ha (Japanese: “School of Things”). Lee has built a body of artistic achievement across a wide

Lee v. Weisman, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 24, 1992, ruled (5–4) that it was unconstitutional for a public school in Rhode Island to have a member of the clergy deliver a prayer at graduation ceremonies. The court held that it violated the First Amendment’s establishment clause,