great Indian bustard: Conservation status: …Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), the lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), and their habitats from further declines. The program was modeled after Project Tiger, a massive national effort initiated in the early 1970s to protect the tigers of India and their habitat.

frigate bird: The great and lesser frigate birds, F. minor and F. ariel, breed on islands worldwide.

goldfinch: The 10-cm (4-inch) dark-backed goldfinch (C. psaltria) ranges from the western U.S. (where it is called lesser goldfinch) to Peru.

broadbill: …represented by the 15-cm (6-inch) lesser green broadbill (Calyptomena viridis), of Malaysia; it is green, with a stubby tail and a puff of feathers over its bill.

gymnure: The short-tailed, or lesser, gymnure (Hylomys suillus) ranges from continental Southeast Asia offshore to Tioman Island to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, and northern Borneo in hilly lowlands. The dwarf, or Sumatran, gymnure (H. parvus) occurs in the mountains

tenrec: The lesser and greater hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi and Setifer setosus, respectively) have densely spined upperparts and can curl into a protective ball. The lesser hedgehog tenrec weighs up to 250 grams and has a body up to 18 cm long. The streaked tenrec is about…

Lesser Himalayas, middle section of the vast Himalayan mountain system in south-central Asia. The Lesser Himalayas extend for some 1,550 miles (2,500 km) northwest-southeast across the northern limit of the Indian subcontinent. Areas include the disputed Kashmir region (Gilgit-Baltistan,

Xiao Hinggan Range, mountain range in the northeastern section of Heilongjiang province, northeastern China. The range has a northwest-southeast axis and is located to the southwest of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang). To the west it is connected to the Da Hinggan Range by the Yilehuli Mountains,

kudu: The lesser kudu stands only about 100 cm (39 inches) high and weighs 92–108 kg (202–238 pounds). Females and young have a bright rufous coat, which darkens to slate-gray in males. The lesser kudu is vividly marked with 11–15 vertical white stripes, broad chest and throat…

moa: …lesser moa formed the family Emeidae, with about two-thirds of the species in the order. The greater moa, in the family Dinornithidae, included the giants of the order. The fossil record for moa is poor; the earliest remains are regarded as originating in the Late Miocene Age (11.6 million to…

Javan rhinoceros, (Rhinoceros sondaicus), one of three Asian species of rhinoceroses, found only on the island of Java in Indonesia. It is the rarest living rhinoceros and one of the world’s most endangered mammals. The species is restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, a protected area on a small

rasse, small Asiatic mammal, a species of civet

red panda, (Ailurus fulgens), reddish brown, long-tailed, raccoonlike mammal, about the size of a large domestic cat, that is found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia and subsists mainly on bamboo and other vegetation, fruits, and insects. Once classified as

periwinkle: The lesser periwinkle (V. minor), with lilac-blue flowers, 2 cm (0.75 inch) across, an evergreen, trailing perennial, is native to Europe and is found in the British Isles. Introduced into North America, it is now widespread over much of the eastern continent. The similar greater periwinkle…

armadillo: Natural history: …long, including the tail, the pink fairy armadillo, or lesser pichiciego (Chlamyphorus truncatus), of central Argentina, is only about 16 cm (6 inches). In contrast, the endangered giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) can be 1.5 metres (5 feet) long and weigh 30 kg (66 pounds). It lives in the Amazon basin…

gallinule: A related species is the lesser purple gallinule (P. alleni), of Africa.

roadrunner: The lesser roadrunner (G. velox) is a slightly smaller (46 cm [18 inches]), buffier, and less streaky bird of Mexico and Central America.

pochard: …the wing tip; in the lesser scaup (A. affinis), the wing stripe is about half as long. Scaups gather in huge flocks offshore in winter and dive for shellfish (hence scaup, from scallop).

sheathbill: The lesser sheathbill (C. minor) is black-billed and is about 38 cm (15 inches) long.

sign of the cross: …to right, and (2) the lesser sign, made with the thumb alone on the forehead, lips, and breast. In the mass, the former is used when the priest blesses the congregation with the Trinitarian invocation “In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,”…

siren: The lesser siren (S. intermedia) is about 18–65 cm (7.1–25.6 inches) long and is found from South Carolina to Texas and in the Mississippi River valley northward to Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. The reticulated siren (S. reticulata) is roughly 61 cm (24 inches) long and is…

Lesser Slave Lake, lake in central Alberta, Canada, 130 miles (209 km) northwest of Edmonton and 400 miles (640 km) south of Great Slave Lake (in the Northwest Territories). It is 60 miles (97 km) long by 12 miles (19 km) wide and has an area of 451 square miles (1,168 square km). Fed by many small

snow goose: The lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) breeds in the Arctic and usually migrates to California and Japan. The greater snow goose (C.c. atlantica) breeds in northwestern Greenland and nearby islands and winters on the east coast of the United States from Chesapeake Bay to North…

spoonbill: alba); the lesser spoonbill (P. minor) of eastern Asia; and two Australian species, the royal, or black-billed, spoonbill (P. regia), and the yellow-billed, or yellow-legged, spoonbill (P. flavipes).

shrew rat: Natural history: …earthworms at night, and the lesser Sulawesian shrew rat (Melasmothrix naso) exploits the same resource during the day.

Asia: Southeast Asia: Java, and the Lesser Sunda Islands—consist of fragments of Alpine folds that constitute a complex assemblage of rock types of different ages. Vigorous Cenozoic volcanic activity, continuing up to the present, has formed volcanic mountains, and their steady erosion has filled the adjacent alluvial lowlands with sediment.

Ras al-Khaimah: …small islands of Greater and Lesser Ṭunb (Ṭunb al-Kubrā and Ṭunb al-Ṣughrā), in the gulf about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Ras al-Khaimah town; these islands had long been claimed by both Ras al-Khaimah and Iran. On November 30, 1971, Iranian troops landed on Greater Ṭunb and met armed…

twayblade: The lesser twayblade (N. cordata), also widespread in Eurasia, has heart-shaped leaves.

Hīnayāna, the more orthodox, conservative schools of Buddhism; the name Hīnayāna was applied to these schools by the followers of the Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition in ancient India. The name reflected the Mahāyānists’ evaluation of their own tradition as a superior method, surpassing the others in

beekeeping: Pests: The larvae of the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella, cause damage to stored combs similar to that of the greater wax moth. The Mediterranean flour moth larva, Anagasta kuehniella, feeds on pollen in the combs and causes some damage. Control for both of these moths is the same as…

weever: …species include the greater and lesser weevers (Trachinus draco and T. vipera), of both Europe and the Mediterranean.

migration: Birds: …headed “southwest,” their normal direction; lesser whitethroats (S. curruca) headed “southeast,” their normal direction of migration in that season.

wintergreen: Common, or lesser, wintergreen (P. minor) has pinkish globular flowers growing in a dense cluster. The pinkish globular flowers of intermediate wintergreen (P. media) grow in a rather elongated cylindrical cluster. The flowers of round-leaved wintergreen (P. americana) are white, with widely spread petals.

yam: Major species: Lesser yam (D. esculenta), grown on the subcontinent of India, in southern Vietnam, and on South Pacific islands, is one of the tastiest yams. Chinese yam (D. polystachya), also known as cinnamon vine, is widely cultivated in East Asia.

yellowlegs: The lesser yellowlegs (T. flavipes), about 25 cm (10 inches) long, appears in sizable flocks on mud flats during migration between its breeding grounds across Canada and Alaska and its wintering ground from the Gulf of Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. The greater yellowlegs (T.…

Sol Lesser was an American motion-picture producer best known for his Tarzan movies. Lesser entered the world of motion pictures when in 1907 his father’s death made him the owner of the family nickelodeon. He branched out into distribution and production, producing a series of 19 immensely popular

Natalia Ginzburg: Lessico famigliare (1963; Family Sayings) is a novelistic memoir of her upbringing and career. Ginzburg’s novels of the 1970s and ’80s pessimistically explore the dissolution of family ties in modern society.

Creative Commons: … Law School professor and attorney Lawrence Lessig filed a lawsuit in the federal district court in Washington, D.C., on behalf of online publisher Eric Eldred to challenge the act’s constitutionality. To work on the case, Lessig assembled a team including academics and scholars that he called Copyright Commons. Though a…

Doris Lessing was a British writer whose novels and short stories are largely concerned with people involved in the social and political upheavals of the 20th century. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. Her family was living in Persia at the time of her birth but moved to a

Doris Lessing was a British writer whose novels and short stories are largely concerned with people involved in the social and political upheavals of the 20th century. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. Her family was living in Persia at the time of her birth but moved to a

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was a German dramatist, critic, and writer on philosophy and aesthetics. He helped free German drama from the influence of classical and French models and wrote plays of lasting importance. His critical essays greatly stimulated German letters and combated conservative

podzolic soil, soil usually forming in a broadleaf forest and characterized by moderate leaching, which produces an accumulation of clay and, to some degree, iron that have been transported (eluviated) from another area by water. The humus formed produces a textural horizon (layer) that is less

Samuel Beckett: The humour and mastery: The prose fragment “Lessness” consists of but 60 sentences, each of which occurs twice. His series Acts Without Words are exactly what the title denotes, and one of his last plays, Rockaby, lasts for 15 minutes. Such brevity is merely an expression of Beckett’s determination to pare his…

Ernest J. Gaines: …Book Critics Circle Award for A Lesson Before Dying (1993), the story of two African Americans—an intellectually disabled man wrongly accused of murder and a teacher who visits him in prison—living in Bayonne. The novella The Tragedy of Brady Sims (2017) follows a newspaper journalist as he researches “a human…

The Lesson, one-act play by Eugène Ionesco, a comedic parable of the dangers inherent in indoctrination, performed in 1951 as La Leçon and published in 1953. The absurd plot of the play concerns a timid professor who uses the meaning he assigns to words to establish tyrannical dominance over an

Ian McEwan: …McEwan published his 18th novel, Lessons, which follows a man’s life over some 70 years and addresses the lasting impact of a predatory piano teacher and his wife’s abandonment.

Gabriel Josipovici: …World and the Book (1971), The Lessons of Modernism (1977), Writing and the Body (1982), The Mirror of Criticism (1983), The Book of God (1988), and Text and Voice (1992). His novels grew progressively experimental. The first three—The Inventory (1968), Words

Leon Trotsky: The struggle for the succession: …different tack in his essay The Lessons of October 1917, linking the opposition of Zinovyev and Kamenev to the October Revolution with the failure of the Soviet-inspired German communist uprising in 1923. The party leadership replied with a wave of denunciation, counterposing Trotskyism to Leninism, denigrating Trotsky’s role in the…

The 20th century was a time of great triumph and great tragedy. I draw hope and inspiration from the countless advances that have taken place over the past hundred years, but I also recognize that a fundamental change in values will be necessary in order to ensure that the new millennium will be a

Johann Kaspar Bluntschli: Lehre vom modernen Staat, 3 vol. (1875–76; “Lessons of the Modern State”), which was translated into English and French, is considered by some to be his finest work.

Joseph-Louis Lagrange, comte de l’Empire: …calcul des fonctions (1804; “Lessons on the Calculus of Functions”) and were the first textbooks on real analytic functions. In them Lagrange tried to substitute an algebraic foundation for the existing and problematic analytic foundation of calculus—although ultimately unsuccessful, his criticisms spurred others to develop the modern analytic foundation.…

landlord and tenant, the parties to the leasing of real estate, whose relationship is bound by contract. The landlord, or lessor, as owner or possessor of a property—whether corporeal, such as lands or buildings, or incorporeal, such as rights of common or of way—agrees through a lease, an

science fiction: Time travel: Sprague de Camp’s novel Lest Darkness Fall (1941) has an American archaeologist rescuing Imperial Rome in its decline, an act the hero carries out with such luminous attention to techno-historical detail that it resembles a World Bank bailout of an underdeveloped country. In Stephen King’s 11/22/63 (2011; television series…

Elton John: …and Taupin wrote the musical Lestat (2005), based on a series of novels by Anne Rice, and John composed the score for Billy Elliot, a stage adaptation of the popular film. That musical premiered in London’s West End in 2005 and made its Broadway debut in 2008. The following year…

Canada: Airways: Toronto’s Lester B. Pearson International Airport is by far the busiest in the country, handling annually some one-third of Canada’s passenger traffic and more than two-fifths of its air cargo. Montreal has two major airports: Pierre Elliot Trudeau, the chief business airport, and Mirabel, some 20…

ice hockey: The National Hockey League: …dedication to hockey; and the Lester Patrick Trophy, for outstanding service to U.S. hockey.

Everleigh sisters: American madams whose luxurious and notorious Chicago brothel indulged wealthy and influential patrons from that city and around the world. Ada Everleigh (b. Feb. 15, 1876, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d. Jan. 3, 1960, Virginia) and Minna Everleigh (b. July 5/13, 1878, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d.…

Everleigh sisters: madams whose luxurious and notorious Chicago brothel indulged wealthy and influential patrons from that city and around the world. Ada Everleigh (b. Feb. 15, 1876, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d. Jan. 3, 1960, Virginia) and Minna Everleigh (b. July 5/13, 1878, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d. Sept.…

Richard Lester is an American filmmaker who successfully transferred the fast-cut stream-of-consciousness style of television commercials to the big screen. He is best known as the director of the Beatles movies A Hard Day’s Night (1964) and Help! (1965). A piano prodigy, Lester continued his

Patagonian opossum, (Lestodelphys halli), a small insectivorous and carnivorous marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) found only in south-central Argentina, occurring farther south than other American marsupials. Adults reach 24.5 cm (10 inches) in length and weigh up to 90 grams

rat opossum: …Caenolestes) with four species, the Incan caenolestid (Lestoros inca), and the Chilean shrew opossum (Rhyncholestes raphanurus). These six species, together with opossums (family Didelphidae), form the New World section (Ameridelphia) of the cohort Marsupialia. Rat opossums, named for their general appearance and size, have 46–48 teeth and long epipubic bones…

Inspector Lestrade, fictional character, the perennially confounded Scotland Yard inspector who must request the help of Sherlock Holmes in the Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan

Trappist: …number of them, led by Dom Augustine de Lestrange, settled at Val-Sainte in Fribourg, Switzerland, where they adopted an even more rigid life and made several foundations before their expulsion in 1798. Long years of wandering in Russia and Germany were followed in 1814 by a return to La Trappe;…

Lionel-Adolphe Groulx was a Canadian priest and historian who for 50 years strongly influenced the Quebec nationalist movement. The son of a lumberjack, Groulx became a seminarian at Sainte-Thérèse-de-Blaineville and Montreal and was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1903. After teaching at a

Laestrygones, fictional race of cannibalistic giants described in Book 10 of Homer’s Odyssey. When Odysseus and his men land on the island native to the Laestrygones, the giants pelt Odysseus’s ships with boulders, sinking all but Odysseus’s own

Eustache Le Sueur was a painter known for his religious pictures in the style of the French classical Baroque. Le Sueur was one of the founders and first professors of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Le Sueur studied under the painter Simon Vouet and was admitted at an early age into

Jean-François Lesueur was a composer of religious and dramatic works who helped to transform French musical taste during the French Revolution. In 1781 Lesueur was appointed chapelmaster at the cathedral of Dijon and in 1786 at Notre-Dame de Paris. There he aroused controversy by introducing a

Joan Crawford was an American motion-picture actress who made her initial impact as a vivacious Jazz Age flapper but later matured into a star of psychological melodramas. She developed a glamorous screen image, appearing often as a sumptuously gowned, fur-draped, successful career woman. Crawford

guenon: The lesula (C. lomamiensis), which inhabits pockets of habitat in Rwanda’s Nyungwe Forest National Park, possesses a spot of yellowish brown fur on the tip of its nose. The lesula was first described in 2007 and determined to be a new species in 2012. It has…

Lésbos, largest island after Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti) and Euboea (Évvoia) in the Aegean Sea. It constitutes a dímos (municipality) and a perifereiakí enótita (regional unit) in the North Aegean (Vóreio Aigaío) periféreia (region), eastern Greece. Mytilene (Mitilíni) is the chief town of the

leśyā, (Sanskrit: “light,” “tint”), according to Jainism, a religion of India, the special aura of the soul that can be described in terms of colour, scent, touch, and taste and that indicates the stage of spiritual progress reached by the creature, whether human, animal, demon, or divine. The

Marie Leszczyńska was the queen consort of King Louis XV of France (ruled 1715–74). Although she had no direct influence on French politics, her Polish dynastic connections involved France in a European conflict that resulted in the eventual annexation of Lorraine by France. Marie’s father,

Marie Leszczyńska was the queen consort of King Louis XV of France (ruled 1715–74). Although she had no direct influence on French politics, her Polish dynastic connections involved France in a European conflict that resulted in the eventual annexation of Lorraine by France. Marie’s father,

Leszno: …15th century by the prominent Leszczyński family, whose tombs are in the parish church. In the 16th century a band of Protestant Moravian Brothers, expelled from Bohemia, made Leszno a centre of the Reformation. The educator John Amos Comenius lived and taught there. During the 17th and 18th centuries it…

Stanisław I was the king of Poland (1704–09, 1733) during a period of great problems and turmoil. He was a victim of foreign attempts to dominate the country. Stanisław was born into a powerful magnate family of Great Poland, and he had the opportunity to travel in western Europe as a young man. In

Theodor Leschetizky was a Polish pianist and teacher who, with Franz Liszt, was the most influential teacher of piano of his time. Leschetizky studied under Carl Czerny in Vienna and thus was linked indirectly with the playing of Czerny’s teacher, Ludwig van Beethoven. In 1852 he went to St.

Leszno, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland. It is a rail junction and an agricultural and manufacturing centre. Leszno was founded in the 15th century by the prominent Leszczyński family, whose tombs are in the parish church. In the 16th century a band of Protestant

tennis: Principles of play: …court, it is a “let” and is replayed. The server is allowed one miss, or “fault,” either into the net or outside the opponent’s service court. Failure to deliver a correct service on two attempts constitutes loss of the point.

Lashkar-e-Taiba, Islamist militant group, begun in Pakistan in the late 1980s as a militant wing of Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad, an Islamist organization influenced by the Wahhābī sect of Sunni Islam. It sought ultimately to establish Muslim rule over the entire Indian subcontinent. Though based in

radiation: Linear energy transfer and track structure: The stopping power of a medium toward a charged particle refers to the energy loss of the particle per unit path length in the medium. It is specified by the differential -dE/dx, in which -dE represents the energy loss…

PJ Harvey: She later surfaced with Let England Shake (2011), a rollicking folk-influenced album that alluded to the battles of World War I as part of a complex portrait of her relationship to her homeland. In 2011 Let England Shake earned Harvey her second Mercury Prize, making her the first two-time…

Jack Conway: Heyday of the 1930s: The musical Let Freedom Ring (1939) sets a newspaper owner (Nelson Eddy) against a ruthless railroad magnate, while Lady of the Tropics (1939) was a light romance starring Robert Taylor and Hedy Lamarr.

Avril Lavigne: …her sound, her first album, Let Go, debuted in 2002 and went seven times platinum. It featured the hits “Complicated,” “Sk8er Boi,” “I’m with You,” and “Losing Grip.” Her popularity and fame continued with the albums Under My Skin (2004), The Best Damn Thing (2007), Goodbye Lullaby (2011), and Avril…

Kevin Costner: Yellowstone and Horizon: In the drama Let Him Go (2020), he appeared as a former sheriff who seeks to save his grandson from an abusive stepfather.

Roy Medvedev: Perhaps his most important book, Let History Judge (1971), is a comprehensive historical study of Stalinism, with particular attention paid to that movement’s origins and consequences. His books Khrushchev: The Years in Power (1976; written with Zhores), Khrushchev (1983), and Khrushchev: A Political Biography (1986) are landmark biographies of that…

the Replacements: …three eclectic, critically acclaimed albums: Let it Be (1984), Tim (1985), and Pleased to Meet Me (1987). The albums document Westerberg’s growing sophistication as a pop tunesmith, but they promised a commercial breakthrough that never came. In 1986 Bob Stinson was fired for drug and alcohol abuse and replaced the…

Paul McCartney: Early life: …inspiration for his ballad “Let It Be” (1970). His younger brother, Michael, later changed his name to Mike McGear and had a number of hits in the satirical rock group Scaffold. Like fellow Beatles George Harrison and Ringo Starr (Richard Starkey), McCartney grew up in a traditional north of…

Let It Be: …as a theatrical film titled Let It Be; it won an Academy Award and a Grammy Award for its song score. The Let It Be album was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards in 1971.

Let It Be, studio album of the revolutionary British rock group the Beatles, the last of 12 albums released by the group. Let It Be, which was released on May 8, 1970—nearly a month after the Beatles disbanded—is best known for its iconic title track, as well as the popular songs “Across the

the Rolling Stones: Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St.: The studio albums Let It Bleed (1969) and Sticky Fingers (1971) plus the in-concert Get Yer Ya-Ya’s Out! (1970) gave them the repertoire and image that still defines them and on which they have continued to trade ever since: an incendiary blend of sex, drugs, Satanism, and radical…

Tim McGraw: McGraw’s subsequent albums included Let It Go (2007), Southern Voice (2009), and Emotional Traffic (2012). Two Lanes of Freedom (2013) featured a duet with pop-country superstar Taylor Swift, whose debut single, “Tim McGraw” (2006), had memorably paid tribute to his music. His albums Sundown Heaven

poker: Let it ride: Let it ride is a five-card stud poker game. There is no dealer’s hand in this house-banked game. Each player lays three equal bets on the table before receiving three cards facedown. Then each player may let his first bet stay on…

Richard Ford: … in the novellas comprised in Let Me Be Frank with You (2014).

Anna Deavere Smith: …she premiered a one-woman play, Let Me Down Easy, which explored the resiliency and vulnerability of the human body. Smith portrayed more than 20 characters, who spoke out about current events such as genocide in Rwanda, steroid use among athletes, AIDS in Africa, and the U.S. health care system. Another…

Chris Christie: In the memoir Let Me Finish: Trump, the Kushners, Bannon, New Jersey, and the Power of In-Your-Face Politics (2019), Christie focused on his role within Trump’s campaign and transition team. In addition to criticizing key advisers, Christie claimed that he had been considered for a number of government…

Gene Krupa: …North Carolina,” and, especially, “Let Me Off Uptown,” the Krupa band’s biggest hit.

Ludlul bel nemeqi, in ancient Mesopotamian religious literature, a philosophical composition concerned with a man who, seemingly forsaken by the gods, speculates on the changeability of men and fate. The composition, also called the “Poem of the Righteous Sufferer” or the “Babylonian Job,” has been

Joan Didion: Let Me Tell You What I Mean (2021) is a collection of previously released essays. Didion was honoured with the National Humanities Medal in 2013. Her life and career were the focus of the documentary Joan Didion: The Center Will Not Hold (2017).

Our planet today faces tremendous pressures: a burgeoning and aging population, accelerating climate change, polluted waters, threatened food crops, and drug-resistant diseases. Without intervention, these pressures promise to inflate to catastrophes. (Read Britannica’s biography of this author,

vampire: History: …den rätte komma in (2004; Let the Right One In) by John Ajvide Lindqvist, in which the main characters are a perpetually childlike vampire and a young boy she befriends and helps fend off bullies. The book was adapted for film in Sweden in 2008 and in the United States…