Malay language: A Malay pidgin called Bazaar Malay (mĕlayu pasar, “market Malay”) was widely used as a lingua franca in the East Indian archipelago and was the basis of the colonial language used in Indonesia by the Dutch. The version of Bazaar Malay used in Chinese merchant communities in Malaysia is…

Dame Nellie Melba: Melba toast and peach Melba were named for her.

Dame Nellie Melba was an Australian coloratura soprano, a singer of great popularity. She sang at Richmond (Australia) Public Hall at the age of six and was a skilled pianist and organist, but she did not study singing until after her marriage to Charles Nesbitt Armstrong in 1882. She appeared in

Dame Nellie Melba was an Australian coloratura soprano, a singer of great popularity. She sang at Richmond (Australia) Public Hall at the age of six and was a skilled pianist and organist, but she did not study singing until after her marriage to Charles Nesbitt Armstrong in 1882. She appeared in

South Derbyshire: Melbourne, a market gardening town, is the birthplace (1808) of Thomas Cook, the pioneer of the conducted railway excursion. The village of Repton is known for its public school and its medieval church. Shardlow, an inland port on the Trent and Mersey Canal, has enjoyed…

Melbourne, city, capital of the state of Victoria, Australia. It is located at the head of Port Phillip Bay, on the southeastern coast. The central city is home to about 136,000 people and is the core of an extensive metropolitan area—the world’s most southerly with a population of more than

Melbourne, city, Brevard county, east-central Florida, U.S. It lies on the Intracoastal Waterway along the Indian River (a lagoon separated from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands), about 60 miles (95 km) southeast of Orlando. The site, originally known as Crane Creek, was settled in 1878, and

Melbourne 1956 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Melbourne that took place November 22–December 8, 1956. The Melbourne Games were the 13th occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. The 1956 Olympics were the first held in the Southern Hemisphere. Because of the reversal of seasons, the Games

Victoria: Transportation: Melbourne Airport, just northwest of the city, was opened to international flights in 1970 and to domestic flights in 1971; it includes a major freight terminal. Multilane divided highways link all the major centres of the state.

Melbourne: Arts: The Melbourne Concert Hall seats 2,600. Its patrons appreciate not only the technical brilliance of the acoustic engineering but also the hall’s superb decoration in colours derived from the gemstone and mining industry, which makes the hall appear to have been carved out of a hillside.

Melbourne Cricket Ground: The Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1838 and was granted the land on which the club now stands in 1853 when it was forced to move from its most recent site to make way for Australia’s first steam railway line. An 1876 stand—now long…

Melbourne Cricket Ground, sports stadium located in Yarra Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, that is the headquarters and home ground of the Melbourne Cricket Club and is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere and in cricket. Australia is famously a sports-mad nation, and there is no

Melbourne Cup, annual horse race, first held in 1861, that is the most important Australian Thoroughbred race of the year and one of the most prestigious races in the world. The Melbourne Cup takes place at the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne on the first Tuesday of November, which is a public

Melbourne International Film Festival (MIFF), film festival held annually in July and August in Melbourne. It is Australia’s largest film festival. The festival began in 1952 in nearby Olinda, Vic. Several film societies in Victoria collaborated on a program that emphasized the types of films that

Australia: Cultural institutions: The Melbourne Museum, which opened in 2000, is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere and houses a diverse range of cultural and scientific exhibits. The National Museum of Australia in Canberra (opened 2001) maintains an extensive collection of exhibits exploring the history of the land and…

Furnley Maurice: Of his later volumes, Melbourne Odes (1934) contains the ode that won him the Melbourne centenary prize in 1934.

Lord Melbourne was a British prime minister from July 16 to November 14, 1834, and from April 18, 1835, to August 30, 1841. He was also Queen Victoria’s close friend and chief political adviser during the early years of her reign (from June 20, 1837). Although a Whig and an advocate of political

Australian Open: …the National Tennis Centre at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Australia.

Victoria: Cultural life: …of Victoria manages the important State Library of Victoria (founded in 1856 as Melbourne Public Library) and advises the government on the promotion of library services throughout the state. Throughout the 20th century the State Library built up strong collections in many fields, but shortages of funds and rising costs…

Australian rules football, a football sport distinctive to Australia that predates other modern football games as the first to create an official code of play. Invented in Melbourne, capital of the state of Victoria, in the late 1850s, the game was initially known as Melbourne, or Victorian, rules

Ross Sea: …of Cape Adare, Cape Hallett, Mount Melbourne, Franklin and Ross islands, on the western coast, and a number of lesser-known centres in western Marie Byrd Land, on the eastern coast.

University of Melbourne, coeducational institution of higher learning in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, financed mainly by the national government. One of the oldest universities in Australia, it was founded by the Victoria legislature in 1853 and at first offered a liberal arts course. A law

Columbia Records: Folk-Rock Fulcrum: Out in Los Angeles, Terry Melcher produced the Byrds’ chart-topping version of Dylan’s “Mr. Tambourine Man.” The song launched the West Coast’s version of folk rock, which culminated in the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, where Columbia’s new managing director, Clive Davis, proved willing to pay more than anyone…

Gari Melchers was a highly successful portrait painter and genre painter. Melchers worked extensively in both the United States and Europe and achieved an international reputation. When he was 17, he went to Düsseldorf, Germany, to study at the Royal Art Academy, and three years later he went to

Gari Melchers was a highly successful portrait painter and genre painter. Melchers worked extensively in both the United States and Europe and achieved an international reputation. When he was 17, he went to Düsseldorf, Germany, to study at the Royal Art Academy, and three years later he went to

St. Miltiades ; feast day December 10) was the pope from 311 to 314. Miltiades became the first pope after the edicts of toleration by the Roman emperors Galerius (ending the persecution of Christians), Maxentius (restoring church property to Miltiades), and Constantine the Great (favouring

Melchior, in Christian tradition, a legendary figure said to be one of the Magi who paid homage to the infant Jesus. Although their names are not recorded in the biblical account, the names of three Magi—Bithisarea, Melichior, and Gathaspa—appeared in a chronicle known as the Excerpta latina

Johann Peter Melchior was a modeller in porcelain, best known of the artists associated with the great German porcelain factory at Höchst. As a child he showed an interest in drawing, painting, and sculpture, and a relative apprenticed him to a sculptor in Düsseldorf. He became sufficiently well

Lauritz Melchior was a Danish-U.S. tenor. He debuted as a baritone in 1913 but further study extended his range upward, and he made his tenor debut as Tannhäuser in 1918. Additional training readied him for Bayreuth, where he sang (1924–31), and he remained the preeminent Wagnerian tenor of his

Lauritz Melchior was a Danish-U.S. tenor. He debuted as a baritone in 1913 but further study extended his range upward, and he made his tenor debut as Tannhäuser in 1918. Additional training readied him for Bayreuth, where he sang (1924–31), and he remained the preeminent Wagnerian tenor of his

Melchior Hofmann: …converts, who became known as Melchiorites; but upon his return to Strassburg (1533), where he was unpopular with the Anabaptists, he allowed himself to be arrested and imprisoned. Hofmann died in prison, his prophecy unfulfilled. For a short time afterward, Melchiorite groups persisted in Europe and England, but they eventually…

Melchizedek, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), a figure of importance in biblical tradition because he was both king and priest, was connected with Jerusalem, and was revered by Abraham, who paid a tithe to him. He appears as a person only in an interpolated vignette (Genesis 14:18–20) of the

Melchite, any of the Christians of Syria and Egypt who accepted the ruling of the Council of Chalcedon (451) affirming the two natures—divine and human—of Christ. Because they shared the theological position of the Byzantine emperor, they were derisively termed Melchites—that is, Royalists or

Melchizedek, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), a figure of importance in biblical tradition because he was both king and priest, was connected with Jerusalem, and was revered by Abraham, who paid a tithe to him. He appears as a person only in an interpolated vignette (Genesis 14:18–20) of the

Melchizedek priesthood, in the Mormon church (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), the higher of the two priesthoods, concerned with spiritual rather than secular matters. See

Múzquiz, city, north-central Coahuila estado (state), northeastern Mexico. It lies on a small tributary of the Sabinas River, roughly 1,654 feet (504 metres) above sea level and southwest of the city of Piedras Negras, near the Mexico-U.S. border. Múzquiz was founded as a mission called Santa Rosa

George Bubb Dodington, Baron Melcombe of Melcombe-Regis was an English politician, a career office seeker who was the subject of a satirical engraving by William Hogarth, “Chairing the Members” (1758), and kept a diary (published 1784) that remains one of the best sources on British politics of his

belote: …either side for declaring any melds they may hold, provided that they are superior to those of the other side. The possible melds are shown in the table.

Morten P. Meldal is a Danish chemist whose research into the synthesis of peptides and other organic compounds contributed to the development of click chemistry, in which simple, quick, high-yielding reactions are used to make functional biomolecules. Meldal was known in particular for his work on

belote: …either side for declaring any melds they may hold, provided that they are superior to those of the other side. The possible melds are shown in the table.

Tintoretto: Career: …of Tintoretto’s closest collaboration with Andrea Meldolla; together they decorated the Palazzo Zen with frescoes. The fresco technique had an important part in the formation of Tintoretto’s idiom, for it suggested to him the quickness of execution that was to become fundamental to his manner of painting. Unfortunately only some…

meldonium, drug used to protect against tissue damage caused by ischemia—a reduction in blood flow to a part of the body, resulting in decreased oxygen availability in affected tissues. Meldonium is typically used as a cardioprotective agent to defend against ischemic damage to the heart and in the

Meleager was a Greek poet who compiled the first large anthology of epigrams. This was the first of the collections that made up what is known as the Greek Anthology. Meleager’s collection contained poems by 50 writers and many by himself; an introductory poem compared each writer to a flower, and

Meleager, in Greek mythology, the leader of the Calydonian boar hunt. The Iliad relates how Meleager’s father, King Oeneus of Calydon, had omitted to sacrifice to Artemis, who sent a wild boar to ravage the country. Meleager collected a band of heroes to hunt it, and he eventually killed it

turkey, either of two species of birds classified as members of either the family Phasianidae or Meleagrididae (order Galliformes). The best known is the common turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), a native game bird of North America that has been widely domesticated for the table. The other species is

conservation: Freshwater mussels and clams: Margaritiferidae. Of these, 21 have become extinct in the past century, and 70 percent are in danger of extinction. During this same period, engineers have extensively dammed and channeled North America’s rivers. The Tennessee River, for example, is dammed along its entire length from Knoxville,…

turkey: The best known is the common turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), a native game bird of North America that has been widely domesticated for the table. The other species is Agriocharis (or Meleagris) ocellata, the ocellated turkey. For unrelated but similar birds, see bustard (Australian turkey), megapode (brush turkey), and snakebird

turkey: …Agriocharis (or Meleagris) ocellata, the ocellated turkey. For unrelated but similar birds, see bustard (Australian turkey), megapode (brush turkey), and snakebird (water turkey).

tournament: …horsemen and was called the mêlée. (This term is also applied to a predecessor of modern football [soccer]. See mêlée.) Later came the joust, a trial of skill in which two horsemen charged each other with leveled lances from either end of the lists (the palisades enclosing the jousting ground),…

diamond cutting: Faceting: The term melee is used to describe smaller brilliant-cut diamonds as well as all small diamonds that are used in embellishing mountings for larger gems.

mêlée, ancient and medieval game, a predecessor of modern football (soccer), in which a round or oval object, usually the inflated bladder of an animal, was kicked, punched, carried, or driven toward a goal. Its origins are not known, but, according to one British tradition, the first ball used was

grains of paradise, pungent seeds of Aframomum melegueta, a reedlike plant of the family Zingiberaceae. Grains of paradise have long been used as a spice and traditionally as a medicine. The wine known as hippocras was flavoured with them and with ginger and cinnamon. The plant is native to

Melekeok, state in Palau, western Pacific Ocean. It is located on the east coast of the country’s largest island, Babelthuap. Ngerulmud, the site of the country’s capital, is in Melekeok state; in 2006 the Palau government transferred the capital there from Koror city, on the island of Koror. The

Dimitrovgrad, city, eastern Ulyanovsk oblast (region), western Russia. The city is situated at the confluence of the Melekes and Bolshoy (Great) Cheremshan rivers. It was founded in 1714 and became a town in 1919. It is an agricultural processing centre, with sawmilling and metalworking industries,

Ethiopian chant: …the 16th century is called melekket and consists of characters from the ancient Ethiopian language, Geʿez, in which each sign stands for a syllable of text. The semantic meaning of the syllable and its musical meaning generally bear no relationship; the musical meaning is known only through the oral tradition.…

Ferit Melen was a Turkish politician who, as prime minister and minister of defense, headed a military-approved coalition government noted for harsh measures, including martial law court trials and executions of political foes. After graduating from the School of Political Science at the University

Albrecht Dürer: Development after the second Italian trip: Jerome in His Study, and Melencolia I—all of approximately the same size, about 24.5 by 19.1 cm (9.5 by 7.5 inches). The extensive, complex, and often contradictory literature concerning these three engravings deals largely with their enigmatic, allusive, iconographic details. Although repeatedly contested, it probably must be accepted that the…

Juan Meléndez Valdés was a poet and politician. The representative poet of the Spanish Neoclassic period, he is considered by many critics to be the only genuinely readable poet of that period. He is best known for sensual, often erotic, poems written in good taste. After studying law and classics

badger: …badger (Meles leucurus) and the Japanese badger (Meles anakuma).

badger: There are two other species in the genus Meles: the Asian badger (Meles leucurus) and the Japanese badger (Meles anakuma).

badger: The European badger (Meles meles) is omnivorous, consuming earthworms, insects, small mammals, birds and their eggs, and also fruits and nuts. It is grayish, with large black-and-white facial stripes. It is 30 cm tall and 56–81 cm long, excluding the 12–20-cm tail, and weighs 8–10 kg…

Saint Siricius: …became involved with settling the Meletian Schism, a complex situation involving the disputed bishopric of Antioch. His instructions to the Council of Caesarea (393) for recognizing Flavian I as the legitimate Antiochene bishop terminated the long-standing schism. He arbitrated in 394 in a dispute within the Arabian church on the…

Eastern Orthodoxy: Orthodoxy in the United States: …established by the ecumenical patriarch Meletios IV Metaxakis. Further divisions within each national group occurred repeatedly, and several independent jurisdictions added to the confusion.

Meletios Pegas was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria who strove by theological arguments and ecclesiastical diplomacy to maintain the position and prestige of Greek Orthodoxy in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. A monastic superior at Candia, Meletios studied at Padua and Venice, from

Saint Meletius of Antioch ; feast day February 12) was a bishop of Antioch whose name is attached to the Meletian schism that split the church of Antioch in the 4th century. Meletius, who was by origin Armenian, became bishop of Sebaste in 358. He was elected bishop of Antioch in late 360 or 361

Meletius of Lycopolis was a bishop of Lycopolis, in Upper Egypt, near Thebes, who formed an ascetic, schismatic Christian church holding a rigorous attitude in readmitting apostates who had compromised their faith during pagan persecutions, particularly the violent repression decreed by the Eastern

Meletios Pegas was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria who strove by theological arguments and ecclesiastical diplomacy to maintain the position and prestige of Greek Orthodoxy in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. A monastic superior at Candia, Meletios studied at Padua and Venice, from

Socrates: The perceived fragility of Athenian democracy: …nor the other prosecutors (Meletus and Lycon) harboured such fears, it is hard to believe that they were entirely absent from the minds of those who heard his case. In any event, because Socrates openly displayed his antidemocratic ideas in his defense speech, it would have been difficult for…

Melfi, town and episcopal see, Basilicata regione, southern Italy, at the foot of the volcanic mass of Monte Vulture, at an elevation of 1,742 feet (531 m), north of Potenza. Of Roman origin, the town was taken from the Byzantines by the Normans, who, for a period, made it their capital. It was a

Frederick II: Years as a Crusader: In August 1231, at Melfi, the emperor issued his new constitutions for the Kingdom of Sicily. Not since the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in the 6th century had the administrative law of a European state been codified. Frederick’s codes contained many ideas that anticipated enlightened absolutism…

Meliaceae: The chinaberry (Melia azedarach), also called bead tree and Persian lilac, is an ornamental Asian tree with round yellow fruits, often cultivated in many tropical and warm temperate areas.

Georgia: GD-backed presidency of Salome Zurabishvili: …detention of the UNM leader, Nika Melia, for his participation in the 2019 protests. Worried that it would further polarize the country, Gakharia opposed the move and resigned as prime minister. Garibashvili, who had served as prime minister from 2013 to 2015, was selected as his replacement on February 22,…

Meliaceae, the mahogany family of flowering plants (order Sapindales), comprising 51 genera and about 575 species of trees and (rarely) shrubs, native to tropical and subtropical regions. Most members of the family have large compound leaves, with the leaflets arranged in the form of a feather, and

Jean Froissart: …heart to a clock, and Méliador is a chivalrous romance. His ballades and rondeaux expose the poet’s personal feelings. Despite his fame during his lifetime, Froissart apparently died in obscurity.

ancient Greek civilization: Harsh treatment of Melos: …explores in the famous “Melian Dialogue.” It shows that the Athenians, who had made one attempt on Melos in 427 under Nicias, still wanted to round off their Aegean empire irrespective of the Dorian “ancestry” of Melos. Thucydides’ debate is framed in absolute terms, as if there were no…

Geraniales: Melianthaceae, or the honey bush family, consists of 3 genera (Melianthus, Bersama, Greyia) and 11 species from tropical central and southern Africa. Melianthus and Bersama contain shrubs to small trees with pinnately compound leaves with serrate leaflet edges. Their monosymmetric flowers are arranged in a…

Geraniales: …consists of 3 genera (Melianthus, Bersama, Greyia) and 11 species from tropical central and southern Africa. Melianthus and Bersama contain shrubs to small trees with pinnately compound leaves with serrate leaflet edges. Their monosymmetric flowers are arranged in a terminal raceme cluster. Their flowers contain only four stamens and…

honey bush, (Melianthus major), evergreen shrub, of the family Melianthaceae, native to southern Africa. Because of its sweet-scented flowers and handsome foliage, it is cultivated elsewhere, notably southern California. The plant, which grows to about 3 metres (10 feet) tall, has fragrant,

lyric: The latter, the melos, or song proper, had reached a height of technical perfection in “the Isles of Greece, where burning Sappho loved and sung,” as early as the 7th century bc. That poetess, together with her contemporary Alcaeus, were the chief Doric poets of the pure Greek…

Leucothea: …that she and her son, Melicertes, leaped terrified into the sea. Both were changed into marine deities—Ino as Leucothea, Melicertes as Palaemon. The body of Melicertes was carried by a dolphin to the Isthmus of Corinth and deposited under a pine tree. There Melicertes’ body was found by his uncle…

Spanish lime, (Melicoccus bijugus), tree, of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to the West Indies. It grows to about 15 metres (50 feet). The flowers are small, greenish white, and fragrant. The green fruit is a drupe (a single stony seed covered by soft, fleshy tissue) with yellow or

Sapindales: Distribution and abundance: Melicope (about 150 species, including the former genus Pelea) occurs from Indo-Malaysia through Australia and New Zealand to the Pacific Islands. Agathosma (135 species) is endemic to South Africa. Boronia (about 100 species) is one of the largest endemic Australian genera. Haplophyllum (about 70 species)…

Georges Méliès was an early French experimenter with motion pictures, the first to film fictional narratives. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) When the first genuine movies, made by the Lumière brothers, were shown in Paris in 1895, Méliès, a professional magician and

kashruth: …of presoaking and “salting” (meliḥa) to draw off any blood that may remain within the meat after the ritual slaughter (shehitah).

melilite, any member of a series of sorosilicate minerals that consist of calcium silicates of aluminum and magnesium; gehlenite is the aluminous end-member and åkermanite the magnesian end-member. First described in 1796 from a sample taken from Capo di Bove, near Rome, Italy, melilites range in

Melilla, Spanish exclave, military base, and free port on the northern coast of Morocco. The city is located on the eastern side of the Cabo Tres Forcas (French: Cap des Trois Fourches), a rocky peninsula that extends approximately 25 miles (40 km) into the Mediterranean Sea. Colonized by the

Rif War, (1921–26), conflict between Spanish colonial forces and Rif peoples led by Muhammad Abd el-Krim. It was fought primarily in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. The war was the last and perhaps the most significant of many confrontations over the centuries between the Rif—the

mustelid: Classification: Subfamily Melinae (badgers) 7 species. Genus Arctonyx (hog badgers) 3 species. Genus Meles (Eurasian badgers) 4 species. Subfamily

Woody Allen: 2000 and beyond: More interesting though flawed was Melinda and Melinda (2004), in which Radha Mitchell starred in dual story lines as a homeless woman who suddenly appears on the stoop of an old New York friend requesting shelter. The film’s parallel story lines are woven in real time by two playwrights over…

Félix-Jules Méline: …of the years 1890–1902 (the “Méline tariffs”).

Félix-Jules Méline was a French politician and premier (1896–98). In 1872 Méline was elected to the National Assembly and was reelected in 1876, when he served as undersecretary for justice. He became minister of agriculture (1883–85) and later president of the Chamber of Deputies (1888–89). He was

Natal grass, (Melinis repens), tufted grass of the family Poaceae, native to southern Africa. Natal grass is cultivated as a forage and ornamental grass and is considered an invasive species in some areas outside its native range, particularly in Australia and parts of the Americas. Natal grass

melioidosis, a bacterial infection in humans and animals caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (Pseudomonas pseudomallei). Transmission to humans occurs through contact of a skin abrasion with contaminated water or soil rather than through direct contact with a contaminated animal. Inhalation of the

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Meliolales (incertae sedis; not placed in any subclass) Lives on other organisms (biotrophic) in tropical regions; mycelium dark, superficial, typically bearing appendages (hyphopodia or setae); asci in basal layers in ostiolate perithecia without appendages; example genus includes Meliola. Order Phyllachorales (incertae sedis; not placed in…

Sabiaceae: Meliosma, with about 80 species, has two anthers that open explosively after being held under tension by two or three complex staminodes (sterile stamens). Sabia, with some 30 species, and the small genus Kingsboroghia are the other two genera of the family.

honeyeater, any of the more than 180 species in the songbird family Meliphagidae (order Passeriformes) that make up the bellbirds, friarbirds, miners, and wattlebirds. Honeyeaters include some of the most common birds of Australia, New Guinea, and the western Pacific islands. The birds range in

stingless bee: Economic importance: …Mesoamerica were known to practice meliponiculture on a large scale, and such beekeeping is still of local importance in some places. Members of the genera Melipona, Scaptotrigona, and Tetragonisca are among the most prolific honey producers and the most used for meliponiculture, though other genera also make quantities useful to…

stingless bee, (tribe Meliponini), tribe of more than 600 species of social honey-making bees with highly reduced stingers. They are found in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe and are particularly diverse in the Western hemisphere. Stingless bees were the primary honey producers in

Raffi was a celebrated Armenian novelist. Raffi worked as a schoolmaster and a journalist, collaborating with the Russian-Armenian paper Mshak from 1872 to 1884. His principal novels are Jalaleddin (1878), The Fool (1880), David Bek (1880), The Golden Cockerel (1882), Sparks (1883–90), and Samuel

history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia: 1187) and Melishipak (c. 1186–c. 1172) was Babylon able to experience a period of prosperity and peace. Their successors were again forced to fight, facing the conqueror King Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam (c. 1185–c. 1155). Cruel and fierce, the Elamites finally destroyed the dynasty of the Kassites during…