wiki: ” There Bush envisioned the memex, a machine that would allow readers to annotate and create links between articles and books recorded on microfilm. HyperCard’s “stacks” implemented a version of Bush’s vision, but the program relied upon the user to create both the text and the links. For example, one…

Hans Memling was a leading South Netherlandish painter of the Bruges school during the period of the city’s political and commercial decline. The number of his imitators and followers testifies to his popularity throughout Flanders. His last commission, which has been widely copied, is a

Hans Memling was a leading South Netherlandish painter of the Bruges school during the period of the city’s political and commercial decline. The number of his imitators and followers testifies to his popularity throughout Flanders. His last commission, which has been widely copied, is a

Albert Memmi was a French-language Tunisian novelist and author of numerous sociological studies treating the subject of human oppression. Memmi was the product of a poor Jewish section of the capital city of Tunisia, but he studied at an exclusive French secondary school there. He thus found

Simone Martini: …his brother-in-law, the Sienese painter Lippo Memmi, an associate for many years. The exquisite rhythm of the lines and dematerialized forms of Gabriel and Mary in the central portion of The Annunciation led a number of artists to imitation, but none of them achieved such vibrant contours and such spirited…

Memmingen, city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies on the Ach River (a small tributary of the Iller), south of Ulm. First mentioned in 1128, it was founded as a town by Duke Welf VI in 1160; it later belonged to the Hohenstaufens. It was a free imperial city from 1286 until it was

Christopher Memminger was the Confederate secretary of the treasury, generally held responsible for the collapse of his government’s credit during the American Civil War. Soon after his father’s death while a soldier in Germany, Memminger immigrated to the United States and settled with his mother

Christopher Memminger was the Confederate secretary of the treasury, generally held responsible for the collapse of his government’s credit during the American Civil War. Soon after his father’s death while a soldier in Germany, Memminger immigrated to the United States and settled with his mother

Catullus: Life: …in the retinue of Gaius Memmius, the Roman governor of the province, from which he returned to Sirmio. It also records two emotional crises, the death of a brother whose grave he visited in the Troad, also in Asia Minor, and an intense and unhappy love affair, portrayed variously in…

Alzheimer disease: Treatment: …some patients by the drug memantine, which decreases abnormal brain activity by blocking the binding of glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter) to certain receptors in the brain. While this drug can improve cognition and enable patients to become more engaged in daily activities, it may cause certain patients to become unusually…

Anne Rice: The Vampire Chronicles: …of the Body Thief (1992), Memnoch the Devil (1995), The Vampire Armand (1998), Merrick (2000), Blood and Gold (2001), Blackwood Farm (2002), Blood Canticle (2003), Prince Lestat (2014), Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis

Voltaire: Life with Mme du Châtelet: Vision de Babouc (1748) and Memnon (1749) dispute the philosophic optimism of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Alexander Pope. Zadig (1747) is a kind of allegorical autobiography: like Voltaire, the Babylonian sage Zadig suffers persecution, is pursued by ill fortune, and ends by doubting the tender care of Providence for human…

Memnon, in Greek mythology, son of Tithonus (son of Laomedon, legendary king of Troy) and Eos (Dawn) and king of the Ethiopians. He was a post-Homeric hero, who, after the death of the Trojan warrior Hector, went to assist his uncle Priam, the last king of Troy, against the Greeks. He performed

English literature: Johnson’s poetry and prose: …Cibber (1740) and Cowper’s somber Memoir (written about 1766, first published in 1816) are two notable exceptions. But the drama of Boswell’s self-observations has a richer texture than either of these. In the London Journal especially (covering 1762–63, first published in 1950), he records the processes of his dealings with…

memoir, history or record composed from personal observation and experience. Closely related to, and often confused with, autobiography, a memoir usually differs chiefly in the degree of emphasis placed on external events; whereas writers of autobiography are concerned primarily with themselves as

Phillis Wheatley: …Wheatley’s writing were issued posthumously: Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley (1834)—in which Margaretta Matilda Odell, who claimed to be a collateral descendant of Susanna Wheatley, provides a short biography of Phillis Wheatley as a preface to a collection of Wheatley’s poems—and Letters of Phillis Wheatley: The Negro-Slave Poet of…

Richard Owen: His Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (1832) was a classic, and he became a highly respected anatomist. By 1859, the year of the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species, however, Owen’s judgment was muddied by his sense that his own preeminence in biology was about…

Claudius James Rich: …in 1812, were reprinted in Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon (1815) and expanded in Second Memoir on Babylon (1818).

Charles-Julien Brianchon: …published his first paper, “Mémoire sur les surfaces courbes du second degré” (1806; “Memoir on Curved Surfaces of Second Degree”), in which he recognized the projective nature of a theorem of Blaise Pascal, and then proclaimed his own famous theorem: If a hexagon is circumscribed about a conic (all…

Victor Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau: In his first major work, Mémoire concernant l’utilité des états provinciaux . . . (1750; “Memorandum Concerning the Usefulness of the Provincial Estates . . .”), he criticized the highly centralized governmental system that had been set up by King Louis XIV and proposed that the provincial assemblies, which then…

Édouard Maunick: …of Times Gone By”) and En mémoire du mémorable suivi de Jusqu’en terre Yoruba (1979; “A Memory of the Memorable, Followed by As Far as the Land of the Yoruba”).

Edward Gibbon: Life: …was to note in his Memoirs “at the expense of many tears and some blood, [he] purchased a knowledge of Latin syntax.” In 1749 he was admitted to Westminster School. He was taken in 1750 to Bath and Winchester in search of health and after an unsuccessful attempt to return…

Ewald Friedrich, count von Hertzberg: …the author of the famous Mémoire raisonné (“Reasoned Memorandum”) that justified Prussia’s attack on Saxony at the beginning of the Seven Years’ War (1756). Elevated to undersecretary of state in 1757, he negotiated Prussia’s peace treaties with Russia (1762) and Austria and Saxony (1763). As minister for foreign affairs from…

Michel de L’Hospital: …Reform of Justice”) and his Mémoire sur la nécessité de mettre un terme à la guerre civile (c. 1570; “Memoir on the Necessity of Putting an End to the Civil War”) are the most complete presentations of the case for toleration of his time. He argued that the ruler should…

Ferdinand de Saussure: …brilliant contribution to comparative linguistics, Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes (1878; “Memoir on the Original System of Vowels in the Indo-European Languages”). In it he explained how the knottiest of vowel alternations in Indo-European, those of a, take place. Though he wrote no other…

Abdelkebir Khatibi: His first novel, La Mémoire tatouée (1971; “The Tattooed Memory”), deals semiautobiographically with the typically Maghribian themes of acculturation and decolonization.

Charles de Valois, duke d’Angoulême: Angoulême’s Mémoires, first published in 1667, were reprinted in the Michaud-Poujoulat collection (1836).

Maximilien de Béthune, duke de Sully: …Mémoires, otherwise known as the Économies royales (1638). These memoirs are remarkable for their often-reprinted account of the “Great Design,” which Sully attributes to Henry IV and which was a European confederation, or “Christian republic,” to be established after the defeat of Austria and Spain.

Memoirs of Hadrian, historical novel by Marguerite Yourcenar, published in 1951 as Mémoires d’Hadrien. In the book, Yourcenar creates a vivid and historically accurate portrait of the 2nd-century Roman Empire under Hadrian’s rule. The work is a fictional first-person narrative in the form of

The Memoirs of Chateaubriand, autobiographical work by François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand, published as Mémoires d’outre-tombe (“Memoirs from Beyond the Grave”) in 1849–50. The work may have been started as early as 1810, but it was written for posthumous publication. As much a history

Gustave Flaubert: Mature career: …he completed the manuscript of Mémoires d’un fou (“Memoirs of a Mad Man”), which recounted his devastating passion for Elisa Schlésinger, 11 years his senior and the wife of a music publisher, whom he had met in 1836. This passion was only revealed to her 35 years later when she…

Jean-Sylvain Bailly: …July 1792, where he composed Mémoires d’un témoin de la Révolution (“Memoirs of a Witness of the Revolution”), an incomplete narrative of the extraordinary events of his public life up to October 1789. After the siege of Nantes by the Vendéans, Bailly went to Melun in July 1793 to join…

Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, first and best-known book of a four-volume autobiography by Simone de Beauvoir, published in French as Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée in 1958. In Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, de Beauvoir included travel stories, set pieces, metaphors, intimate portraits,

Giacomo Casanova: …published after his death as Mémoires de J. Casanova de Seingalt, 12 vol. (1826–38). (A definitive edition, based on the original manuscripts, was published in 1960–62 with the title Histoire de ma vie [History of My Life].) This work provides an account of Casanova’s dissolute life and established his reputation…

Gustave Flaubert: Mature career: Another was the manuscript Mémoires de Mme Ludovica, discovered by Gabrielle Leleu in the library of Rouen in 1946. This is an account of the adventures and misfortunes of Louise Pradier (née d’Arcet), the wife of the sculptor James Pradier, as dictated by herself, and, apart from the suicide,…

Alain Mabanckou: Novels: His next fictional offering, Mémoires de porc-épic (2006; Memoirs of a Porcupine), won the Prix Renaudot. It puts a new twist on the legend (found in Africa as well as on other continents) that every human has an animal double. His other novels include Black Bazar (2009; Black Bazaar),…

Philippe de Mornay, seigneur du Plessis-Marly: His Mémoires et correspondance (collected ed., 12 vol., 1824–25) contains many documents of French Protestant policy.

Edward Gibbon: Life: …Deyverdun published two volumes of Mémoires littéraires de la Grande Bretagne (1768–69). In 1770 he sought to attract some attention by publishing Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Aeneid.

Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont: …appear during his lifetime; the Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers siècles, 16 vol. (1693–1712; “Memoirs Useful for the Ecclesiastical History of the First Six Centuries”), and Histoire des empereurs, 6 vol. (1690–1738; “History of the Emperors”), were originally conceived as one work but were published separately.…

Joseph-Nicolas Delisle: His Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire et au progrès de l’astronomie (1738; “Memoirs Recounting the History and Progress of Astronomy”) gave the first method for determining the heliocentric (Sun-centred) coordinates of sunspots. He returned to Paris in 1747, was appointed geographic astronomer to the naval department,…

Bernhard, prince von Bülow: Memoirs, 4 vol., 1931–32), represented an attempt by Bülow to exonerate himself from any blame for the war and for Germany’s collapse; in fact, they reflect his blindness to his own limitations as a statesman.

Matija Nenadović: In his Memoirs Nenadović gives a fascinating account of the course of the first insurrection and of early attempts to establish a native government in Serbia.

Mikhail Glinka: …then wrote his highly entertaining Zapiski (Memoirs; first published in St. Petersburg, 1887), which give a remarkable self-portrait of his indolent, amiable, hypochondriacal character. His last notable composition was Festival Polonaise for Tsar Alexander II’s coronation ball (1855).

English literature: The defeated republicans: …where he compiled his own Memoirs. These were published only in 1698–99, after Ludlow’s death, and the discovery in 1970 of part of Ludlow’s own manuscript revealed that they had been edited and rewritten by another hand before printing. Civil War testimony still had political applications in the last years…

nihilism: Similarly, in his Memoirs, Prince Peter Kropotkin, the leading Russian anarchist, defined nihilism as the symbol of struggle against all forms of tyranny, hypocrisy, and artificiality and for individual freedom.

Edward Gibbon: Life: …was to note in his Memoirs “at the expense of many tears and some blood, [he] purchased a knowledge of Latin syntax.” In 1749 he was admitted to Westminster School. He was taken in 1750 to Bath and Winchester in search of health and after an unsuccessful attempt to return…

Diane di Prima: …and several autobiographical works, including Memoirs of a Beatnik (1969) and Recollections of My Life as a Woman: The New York Years (2001), a memoir of her abusive childhood in Brooklyn and her experiences as a woman in the male-dominated Beat movement.

Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, first and best-known book of a four-volume autobiography by Simone de Beauvoir, published in French as Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée in 1958. In Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, de Beauvoir included travel stories, set pieces, metaphors, intimate portraits,

Gong Li: …Hatsumomo in the visually stunning Memoirs of a Geisha. A product of Hollywood, the film was banned by the Chinese government in 2006 over fears that a Chinese actress portraying a Japanese character would cause outrage and stir existing anti-Japanese sentiment. Gong reunited with Zhang for Man cheng jin dai…

Brazilian literature: Nationalism and Romanticism: …um sargento de milícias (1852–53; Memoirs of a Militia Sergeant). Because it conveys a fanciful tone contrary to the reigning Romantic ideology, this novel of popular humour and folkloric realism is not a “true” Romantic or realist novel. With its description of the marginal figure rather than the dominant class…

Alain Mabanckou: Novels: His next fictional offering, Mémoires de porc-épic (2006; Memoirs of a Porcupine), won the Prix Renaudot. It puts a new twist on the legend (found in Africa as well as on other continents) that every human has an animal double. His other novels include Black Bazar (2009; Black Bazaar),…

George Sanders: According to his autobiography, Memoirs of a Professional Cad (1960), he worked for a time in a textile mill, managed a tobacco plantation in South America, and was employed at an advertising agency in England before deciding to become an actor. He started out in plays in London, and…

Charles Plisnier: …Goncourt for Faux passeports (1937; Memoirs of a Secret Revolutionary) and was the first non-French writer to do so. This set of five novellas about disillusioned militants uses one of his favourite techniques: a first-person witness as a screen between hero and reader. Plisnier’s shorter works, such as Figures détruites…

Doris Lessing: The Memoirs of a Survivor (1975) is a prophetic fantasy that explores psychological and social breakdown. A master of the short story, Lessing has published several collections, including The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972) and Stories (1978); her African stories are collected in This…

Fanny Hill, erotic novel by John Cleland, first published in two volumes in 1748–49 as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. An expurgated version published in 1750 chronicles the life of a London prostitute, describing with scatological and clinical precision many varieties of sexual behaviour. Although

Memoirs of an Egotist, autobiographical work by Stendhal, published posthumously in France in 1892 as Souvenirs d’égotisme. It was also published in the United States as Memoirs of Egotism. Stendhal began writing his memoir in 1832, when he was increasingly aware of his age, isolation, and failing

John Carpenter: Later films: He also helmed the comic Memoirs of an Invisible Man (1992), In the Mouth of Madness (1994), Village of the Damned (1995), Escape from L.A. (1996), Vampires (1998), and The Ward (2010). Although these were not as popular as his earlier movies, some of them developed devoted followers.

Barry Lyndon, historical novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1844 as The Luck of Barry Lyndon: A Romance of the Last Century. The book was published in two volumes in 1852–53, and it was revised (“with admissions”) as The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. in

Carlo, Conte Gozzi: …immodest, autobiography, Memorie inutili (1797; The Memoirs of Carlo Gozzi).

The Memoirs of Chateaubriand, autobiographical work by François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand, published as Mémoires d’outre-tombe (“Memoirs from Beyond the Grave”) in 1849–50. The work may have been started as early as 1810, but it was written for posthumous publication. As much a history

Memoirs of an Egotist, autobiographical work by Stendhal, published posthumously in France in 1892 as Souvenirs d’égotisme. It was also published in the United States as Memoirs of Egotism. Stendhal began writing his memoir in 1832, when he was increasingly aware of his age, isolation, and failing

Fanny Hill, erotic novel by John Cleland, first published in two volumes in 1748–49 as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. An expurgated version published in 1750 chronicles the life of a London prostitute, describing with scatological and clinical precision many varieties of sexual behaviour. Although

Glikl of Hameln: …seven books of memoirs (Zikhroynes), written in Yiddish with passages in Hebrew, reveal much about the history, culture, and everyday life of contemporary Jews in central Europe. Written not for publication but as a family chronicle and legacy for her children and their descendants, the diaries were begun in…

Memoirs of Hadrian, historical novel by Marguerite Yourcenar, published in 1951 as Mémoires d’Hadrien. In the book, Yourcenar creates a vivid and historically accurate portrait of the 2nd-century Roman Empire under Hadrian’s rule. The work is a fictional first-person narrative in the form of

Memoirs of Hecate County, collection of six loosely connected short stories by Edmund Wilson, first published in 1946. Because of the frankly sexual nature of the story “The Princess with the Golden Hair,” the book was suppressed on obscenity charges. Memoirs of Hecate County could not be sold

Lorenzo Da Ponte: His four-volume Memorie (1823–27; Memoirs of Lorenzo Da Ponte), although mainly concerned with portraying the author as a victim of fate and enemies, is valuable for its portrait of early 19th-century America.

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun: Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun), provide a lively account of her life and times. She was one of the most technically fluent portraitists of her era, and her pictures are notable for freshness, charm, and sensitivity of presentation. During her career, according to her own…

John Arbuthnot: …an important share was the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, a mocking exposure of pedantry, first published in the 1741 edition of Pope’s works but largely written as early as 1713–14 by the members of the Scriblerus Club. The other members of the club acknowledged Arbuthnot as the chief contributor and…

English literature: Chroniclers: …but often reliable, is the Memoirs of the Count Grammont, compiled in French by Anthony Hamilton and first translated into English in 1714. A soberer but still free-speaking two-volume History of My Own Time (published posthumously, 1724–34) was composed by the industrious Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury from 1689. In…

John Constable: Legacy of John Constable: …Constable’s death, Charles Robert Leslie’s Memoirs of the Life of John Constable (1843), based on Constable’s edited correspondence, extended his reputation, laying out the fictional life of a sincere and dedicated artist struggling against iniquity and incomprehension; it was Leslie’s loyalty to his friend that perhaps caused him to gloss…

John P. Kennedy: …major work of nonfiction is Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt (1849), about the man who was an attorney for the prosecution in the trial of Aaron Burr for treason. He also coedited the satirical magazine Red Book (1818–19) and wrote political articles for the National Intelligencer. His novels…

Jan Chryzostom Pasek: …19th century, Pasek’s Pamiętniki (1836; Memoirs of the Polish Baroque: The Writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek) is a lively, humorous work that gives a vivid description of the life of an independent, resourceful man of action. In it he relates tales of the 17th-century Swedish and Muscovite wars, the catastrophic…

science fiction: Antecedents: 1771; “The Year 2440”; Memoirs of the Year Two Thousand Five Hundred), a work of French political speculation set in a 25th-century utopian society that worships science. While many writers had depicted some future utopian “Kingdom of God” or a utopian society in some mythical land, this was the…

biography: Antiquity: …the soldier Xenophon, in his Memorabilia, suggests a reasonable faithfulness) and he does not offer a full-scale biography. Yet in his two consummate biographical dialogues—The Apology (recounting the trial and condemnation of Socrates) and the Phaedo (a portrayal of Socrates’ last hours and death)—he brilliantly re-creates the response of an…

Diadochus Of Photice: …chronicle, Historia persecutionis Vandalorum (1535; The Memorable and Tragical History of the Persecution in Africke) by Victor, bishop of Vita, commends Diadochus’ catholic doctrine and indicates that he was abducted by marauding Vandals and taken to Carthage, where he probably died.

Salem witch trials: Fits and contortions: …Cotton Mather in his book Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions (1689) and which may have been known by the girls in Salem Village. In February, unable to account for their behaviour medically, the local doctor, William Griggs, put the blame on the supernatural. At the suggestion of a…

history of Europe: Hopes in Geneva: …closely and cogently argued “Memorandum from the French Government on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union.” The text was elegantly worded; its actual author was the secretary-general of the French Foreign Ministry, Alexis Léger—better known to readers of poetry under his pen name Saint-John Perse and…

Yemen: Territorial disputes: …Arabia that led to the Memorandum of Understanding in January 1995. The agreement called for negotiations to finally determine the border and reaffirmed the Ṭāʾif treaty of 1934, which had both conditionally assigned the disputed territories of Asir, Najrān, and Jīzān to Saudi Arabia and confirmed the right of either…

Zimbabwe: 2008 elections and aftermath: …reach a consensus regarding the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to direct the terms and scope of the discussion, an agreement regarding a new power-sharing government did not progress as quickly. Meanwhile, Mugabe announced that he intended to convene parliament on August 26, 2008. This announcement was met with protest from…

Václav Havel: …his best-known play, Vyrozumění (1965; The Memorandum), an incomprehensible artificial language is imposed on a large bureaucratic enterprise, causing the breakdown of human relationships and their replacement by unscrupulous struggles for power. In these and subsequent works Havel explored the self-deluding rationalizations and moral compromises that characterize life under a…

Tilda Swinton: Later films: In Memoria (2021) Swinton was cast as a woman who hears unexplained noises. In 2022 she appeared in several films, including George Miller’s Three Thousand Years of Longing, in which she played a scholar who encounters a jinni (Idris Elba) and is offered three wishes. Her…

architecture: Shrines and memoria: ) connects the memoria of Asia (the Indian stupa, Chinese pagoda), pagan antiquity (the Pantheon in Rome), and Christianity (the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem). The significance of the form is discussed below under Content.

Gabriel García Márquez: Works: …de mis putas tristes (2004; Memories of My Melancholy Whores), a novel about a lonely man who finally discovers the meaning of love when he hires a virginal prostitute to celebrate his 90th birthday. Several of García Márquez’s works have been adapted for film and television; notably, Love in the…

mnemonic, any device for aiding the memory. Named for Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory in Greek mythology, mnemonics are also called memoria technica (Latin: “memory technique”). The principle is to create in the mind an artificial structure that incorporates unfamiliar ideas or, especially, a

history of the organization of work: Large-scale building: The monumental public-works projects of the ancient world demonstrate a remarkable degree of human organization in the absence of power and machinery. The Great Pyramid at Giza, built about 2500 bce, before the Egyptians knew the pulley or had wheeled vehicles, covers 13 acres (5.3 hectares)…

Memorial, Russian human rights organization. It documented human rights abuses during the Soviet era and played an important role in the transition to democracy after the Soviet Union’s collapse. It won (with Ales Bialiatski and the Center for Civil Liberties) the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2022 and

Georges Clemenceau: Later years of Georges Clemenceau: …posthumous publication of the Marshal’s Mémorial aroused in him bitterness and indignation. With sadness but with pride, he answered it in his own unfinished memoirs, Grandeurs et misères d’une victoire (1930; Grandeur and Misery of Victory, 1930).

Arlington National Cemetery: …of the Unknowns is the Memorial Amphitheater, which was built through the efforts of the Grand Army of the Republic (an organization of Civil War veterans from the Union forces) as a gathering place for Memorial Day services. The holiday had originated at Arlington in 1868. The structure was dedicated…

Memorial Day, in the United States, holiday (last Monday in May) honouring those who have died in the nation’s wars. It originated during the American Civil War when citizens placed flowers on the graves of those who had been killed in battle. More than a half dozen places have claimed to be the

Brazilian literature: Emergence of the republic: …work, Memorial de Ayres (1908; Counselor Ayres’ Memorial), a novel in the form of a diary, takes place during the days of the abolition of slavery (1888) and the declaration of the republic (1889). Yet it focuses primarily upon the enduring power of love. Although racism and slavery do not…

Emmanuel, count de las Cases: …his manuscript, he published his Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (1823), which at once became extremely popular. A deputy for Saint-Denis (1831–34; 1835–39), he sat with the extreme left, opposing the rule of Louis-Philippe.

Kaqchikel language: The Annals of the Cakchiquels (also called Anales de los Cakchiqueles, Memorial de Tecpán-Atitlán, or Memorial de Sololá), written in Kaqchikel between 1571 and 1604, is considered an important example of Native American literature. It contains both mythology and historical information pertaining especially to the Kaqchikel…

José Saramago: Baltasar and Blimunda). With 18th-century Portugal (during the Inquisition) as a backdrop, it chronicles the efforts of a handicapped war veteran and his lover to flee their situation by using a flying machine powered by human will. Saramago alternates this allegorical fantasy with grimly realistic…

Falls Church: Memorial Fountain honours four army chaplains who gave their life jackets to soldiers aboard the troopship Dorchester when it was torpedoed off Greenland in 1943 during World War II. Falls Church was incorporated as a town in 1875 and as a city in 1948. Pop.…

ring: Besides these types, there were memorial rings, upon which were engraved the name, date of death, or even the effigy of a deceased person; posy rings, upon which were engraved an inscription or a few lines of verse; occult rings, which functioned as talismans or amulets and were supposed to…

Cornell University: …New York Hospital and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Noteworthy among the university’s special programs is rural sociology, which reflects the school’s history of service to the community. Total enrollment in the university is approximately 19,500.

Bohuslav Martinů: His Memorial to Lidice (1943) is a short symphonic poem commemorating Czechs killed by the Nazis during their destruction of the village of Lidice in 1942. Martinů’s other works include six symphonies; violin, piano, cello, and flute concerti; six string quartets; and compositions for piano, for…

Peter Eisenman: …later projects were the award-winning Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (2005) in Berlin and the University of Phoenix Stadium (2006; later the State Farm Stadium) in Glendale, Arizona. He then planned a series of buildings that included a museum, library, and performance space for the City of Culture…

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canadian public university in St. John’s, founded in 1925. It offers undergraduate and graduate programs in the sciences, arts and humanities, social sciences, business administration, education, engineering, medicine, and other fields. Campus facilities include

Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canadian public university in St. John’s, founded in 1925. It offers undergraduate and graduate programs in the sciences, arts and humanities, social sciences, business administration, education, engineering, medicine, and other fields. Campus facilities include