Fred Zinnemann: Films of the 1950s: The Men (1950), written by Carl Foreman and produced by Stanley Kramer, also dealt with crippled war veterans, but this time the emphasis was not on vengeance but on the long, laborious process of healing. Marlon Brando, in his film debut, gave a powerhouse performance…

Adam Sandler: …joined the ensemble cast of Men, Women & Children (2014), a drama that explored the isolating effects of modern society. In the surreal action comedy Pixels (2015), he played a video gamer called upon to help save the world from alien invaders who have interpreted a recording of a video-gaming…

Men Shen, in Chinese religion, the two door gods whose separate martial images are posted on respective halves of the double front door of private homes to guarantee protection from evil spirits (guei). One tradition reports that two Tang-dynasty generals stood guard at the imperial gates during a

multiple endocrine neoplasia: MEN1: …a tumour suppressor gene designated MEN1. This gene codes for a protein called menin that normally helps prevent neoplastic proliferation (uncontrolled new growth) of cells. Mutations in MEN1 lead to the synthesis of a form of menin that is less active in preventing neoplastic proliferation. The MEN1 gene is expressed…

multiple endocrine neoplasia: MEN1: The first described and the most frequently occurring of these rare disorders is MEN1. The principal glands involved in this syndrome are the parathyroid glands, the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and the anterior pituitary gland. Patients with tumours of two of these three glands…

multiple endocrine neoplasia: MEN2: MEN2 is characterized by a different constellation of endocrine abnormalities than MEN1 and is associated with some nonendocrine abnormalities. Conditions associated with MEN2 include medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, pheochromocytomas (tumours characterized by high blood pressure), hyperparathyroidism, ganglioneuromas

multiple endocrine neoplasia: MEN2: …three forms of the disorder: MEN2A (accounting for about 75 percent of affected families), familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC-only; accounting for 5 to 20 percent of affected families), and MEN2B (accounting for less than 5 percent of affected families).

multiple endocrine neoplasia: MEN2: …percent of affected families), and MEN2B (accounting for less than 5 percent of affected families).

Menes was the legendary first king of unified Egypt, who, according to tradition, joined Upper and Lower Egypt in a single centralized monarchy and established ancient Egypt’s 1st dynasty. Manetho, a 3rd-century-bce Egyptian historian, called him Menes, the 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus

Pedro de Mena was a Spanish sculptor who created many statues and busts of polychromed wood for churches in Spain and Latin America. His work typifies the late Baroque. Beginning as a student of his father, the sculptor Alonso de Mena, Pedro worked in the studio of Alonso Cano from 1652 to 1657.

Juan de Mena was a poet who was a forerunner of the Renaissance in Spain. Mena belonged to the literary court of King John II of Castile, where he was renowned for the Latin erudition he had acquired at the University of Salamanca and in Italy. He is best known for his poem El laberinto de Fortuna

Pedro de Mena was a Spanish sculptor who created many statues and busts of polychromed wood for churches in Spain and Latin America. His work typifies the late Baroque. Beginning as a student of his father, the sculptor Alonso de Mena, Pedro worked in the studio of Alonso Cano from 1652 to 1657.

Menabé, historic kingdom of the Sakalava people in southwestern Madagascar, situated roughly between the Mangoky and Manambalo rivers. It was founded in the 17th century by King Andriandahifotsy (d. 1685), who led a great Sakalava migration into the area from the southern tip of Madagascar. Under

Elio Vittorini: …edited the Milan literary quarterly Il Menabò with Italo Calvino. He then became head of the foreign-literature section of a major Italian publishing house.

Ada Lovelace: …the Italian mathematician and engineer Luigi Federico Menabrea, “Notions sur la machine analytique de Charles Babbage” (1842; “Elements of Charles Babbage’s Analytical Machine”). Her detailed and elaborate annotations (especially her description of how the proposed Analytical Engine could be programmed to compute Bernoulli numbers) were excellent; “the Analytical Engine,” she…

Manado, city, capital of Sulawesi Utara (North Celebes) provinsi (province), Indonesia, located near the tip of the north-northeastern arm of Celebes island on an inlet of the Celebes Sea. Manado lies at the foot of Mount Klabat (6,634 feet [2,022 metres]), about 600 miles (970 km) northeast of

Menander was the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings and the one best known to Western and Indian classical authors. He is believed to have been a patron of the Buddhist religion and the subject of an important Buddhist work, the Milinda-panha (“The Questions of Milinda”). Menander was born in the

William Shakespeare: The early romantic comedies: …play called the Menaechmi (Twins). The story of one twin (Antipholus) looking for his lost brother, accompanied by a clever servant (Dromio) whose twin has also disappeared, results in a farce of mistaken identities that also thoughtfully explores issues of identity and self-knowing. The young women of the play,…

Menaechmus was a Greek mathematician and friend of Plato who is credited with discovering the conic sections. Menaechmus’s credit for discovering that the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are sections of a cone—produced by the intersection of a plane with the surface of a cone—derives from an

Gilles Ménage was a French scholar and man of letters known for philological works as well as for the mercuriales, Wednesday literary meetings, he sponsored for a period of over 30 years. A lawyer’s son of strong and often controversial personality, Ménage practiced at the bar and frequented Mme de

circus: The menagerie: By the time American circuses achieved their massive character in the 1870s, the menagerie was a major feature, and it remained so through the 1940s. Circus menageries in the United States were exhibited in separate tents, and audiences passed through them before going into…

Paris Zoo: …Zoo, zoological park, comprising the Menagerie of the Botanical Garden (Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes) and the Zoological Park of Paris (Parc Zoologique de Paris), both services of the French National Museum of Natural History.

Paris Zoo: …Zoo, zoological park, comprising the Menagerie of the Botanical Garden (Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes) and the Zoological Park of Paris (Parc Zoologique de Paris), both services of the French National Museum of Natural History.

cookbook: …the first French books, called La Ménagier de Paris, was published in 1394 and contained recipes for such delicacies as frogs and snails.

Menahem was a king of Israel whose 10-year reign was distinguished for its cruelty. Events of his rule are related in II Kings 15:14–22. In about 746 bc, Shallum ben Jabesh assassinated Zechariah, king of Israel (the northern kingdom of the Jews, as distinguished from the southern kingdom, Judah),

Menahem ben Saruq was a Jewish lexicographer and poet who composed the first Hebrew-language dictionary, a lexicon of the Bible; earlier biblical dictionaries were written in Arabic and translated into Hebrew. After travelling to Córdoba, a city in Moorish Spain, Menahem became a protégé of Isaac,

Menai Bridge, suspension bridge spanning the Menai Strait from Bangor, Wales, to the Isle of Anglesey, a distance of 176 metres (580 feet). Designed and built (1819–26) by Thomas Telford, it was the first important modern suspension bridge. The deck, designed for two carriageways, was suspended by

Menai Strait, channel of the Irish Sea separating Isle of Anglesey (Ynys Môn) county from the mainland of North Wales. It extends 15 miles (24 km) from Beaumaris to Abermenai Point and varies in width between 200 yards (180 metres) and 2 miles (3 km). The strait comprises an eastern and a western

church year: Eastern churches: …fixed holy days in the Menaion (liturgical service book for each month) begins on September 1, the New Year’s or Indiction Day of the Byzantine Empire. It includes the invariable feasts of Christ, St. Mary and other Christian saints, and many Old Testament saints.

Mekong River, river that is the longest river in Southeast Asia, the 7th longest in Asia, and the 12th longest in the world. It has a length of about 2,700 miles (4,350 km). Rising in southeastern Qinghai province, China, it flows through the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan

Menander was an Athenian dramatist whom ancient critics considered the supreme poet of Greek New Comedy—i.e., the last flowering of Athenian stage comedy. During his life, his success was limited; although he wrote more than 100 plays, he won only eight victories at Athenian dramatic festivals.

Menander was the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings and the one best known to Western and Indian classical authors. He is believed to have been a patron of the Buddhist religion and the subject of an important Buddhist work, the Milinda-panha (“The Questions of Milinda”). Menander was born in the

Menander Protector was a Byzantine historian whose surviving works are a valuable authority for the 6th century, especially on geography and ethnography. At the suggestion of the Emperor Maurice (582–602), he wrote a history modeled on that of Agathias. It begins at the point where Agathias left

Thomas Nashe: … and the preface to Greene’s Menaphon. Both works are bold, opinionated surveys of the contemporary state of writing; occasionally obscure, they are euphuistic in style and range freely over a great variety of topics.

Menapian Glacial Stage, division of Pleistocene time and deposits in northern Europe (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 2,600,000 years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago). The Menapian Glacial Stage followed the Waal Interglacial Stage and preceded the Cromerian Interglacial Stage, both periods

Julius Caesar: The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul: …Strait of Dover and the Menapii along the south bank of the lower Rhine. Caesar reconquered the Veneti with some difficulty and treated them barbarously. He could not finish off the conquest of the Morini and Menapii before the end of the campaigning season of 56 bce; and in the…

human behaviour: Physiological aspects: …of pubescence in females is menarche, or the onset of menstruation, which occurs about 18 months after the maximum height increase of the growth spurt and typically is not accompanied initially by ovulation. In pubescence the primary sexual characteristics continue the development initiated in prepubescence. In females the vulva and…

Chester: The Menard Correctional Center (the state’s second oldest prison and largest maximum-security prison) was established there in 1878 and is a major factor in the city’s economy. Two other state institutions, the Chester Mental Health Center and the Menard Psychiatric Center, are in the city. Evergreen…

plate tectonics: Gestation and birth of plate-tectonic theory: Heezen, American geologist Henry W. Menard, and American oceanic cartographer Marie Tharp, ocean basins, which constitute more than two-thirds of Earth’s surface, became well enough known to permit serious geologic analysis. The studies revealed three very important types of features present on the ocean floor. The first type…

John Willis Menard was an American publisher and politician who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1868, the first African American to win election to the U.S. Congress. However, he was denied his seat by the House. During the Civil War (1861–65) he served as a clerk in the U.S.

Louis-Nicolas Ménard was a French writer whose vision of ancient Greek religion and philosophy influenced the Parnassian poets. Educated at the Collège Louis-le-Grand and the École Normale, Ménard was a gifted chemist (an early investigator of collodion) as well as a painter and historian. He was a

Cavalleria rusticana: …libretto by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci) that premiered in Rome on May 17, 1890. A short and intense work, it sets to music the Italian writer Giovanni Verga’s short story (1880) and play (produced 1884) of the same name, which tells a story of love, betrayal, and revenge in…

history of medicine: Japan: …medical work was published by Menase Dōsan, who also wrote at least five other works. In the most significant of these, the Keitekishū (1574; a manual of the practice of medicine), diseases—or sometimes merely symptoms—are classified and described in 51 groups; the work is unusual in that it includes a…

Menasha, city, Winnebago and Calumet counties, east-central Wisconsin, U.S. It lies along Lake Winnebago and the north channel of the Fox River, just south of Appleton and 30 miles (50 km) south of Green Bay. Menasha, with the adjoining city of Neenah on the south channel of the Fox River, forms a

Manasseh ben Israel was a major Hebraic scholar of the Jewish community of Amsterdam and the founder of the modern Jewish community in England. Manasseh was born into a family of Marranos (Jews of Spain and Portugal who publicly accepted Christianity but privately practiced Judaism). After his

menat, in Egyptian religion, a necklace composed of many rows of beads and an amulet, usually hung at the back of the neck as a counterpoise. The amulet, frequently made of glazed ware and often found buried with the dead, was a symbol of divine protection. Among women it was believed to foster

Al-Minyā: …ruins of the ancient town Menat Khufu, from which Al-Minyā derives its name. It was the ancestral home of the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465 bce). Remains of the Gerzean prehistoric period have been found, and a small pyramid of the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650–c. 2575 bce)…

Mikhail Khodorkovsky: The company, named Menatep in 1990, was one of the first privately owned banks in post-Soviet Russia. After the fall of communism in 1991, Khodorkovsky made a fortune trading in foreign currency and commodities, but his biggest successes involved the acquisition of assets formerly owned by the Soviet…

Canadian literature: World War II and the postwar period, 1935–60: >Master of the River) deplored in lyrical language Anglo-American takeovers of Quebec’s natural resources, and in 1938 Ringuet (Philippe Panneton) traced the decline of Quebec’s rural economy in Trente arpents (Thirty Acres). After the interruption of the war years (1939–45), French Canadian fiction became increasingly…

Vera Francevna Menchik-Stevenson was a Russian-born British international chess master who was the women’s world chess champion from 1927 until her death. Menchik learned to play chess at the age of nine from her father. In 1921 her family moved to England, where she studied with the Hungarian

Vera Francevna Menchik-Stevenson was a Russian-born British international chess master who was the women’s world chess champion from 1927 until her death. Menchik learned to play chess at the age of nine from her father. In 1921 her family moved to England, where she studied with the Hungarian

Rigoberta Menchú is a Guatemalan Indian-rights activist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992. Menchú, of the Quiché Maya group, spent her childhood helping with her family’s agricultural work; she also likely worked on coffee plantations. As a young woman, she became an activist in

Mencius, Confucian text, named for its author, that earned for the 4th-century-bce philosopher the title ya sheng (“second sage”). Though the book was not generally recognized as a classic until the 12th century, a doctoral chair was established as early as the 2nd century bce to teach the Mencius.

Mencius was an early Chinese philosopher whose development of orthodox Confucianism earned him the title “second sage.” Chief among his basic tenets was an emphasis on the obligation of rulers to provide for the common people. The book Mencius records his doings and sayings and contains statements

H.L. Mencken was a controversial journalist and pungent critic of American life who powerfully influenced U.S. fiction through the 1920s and was known for his humorous but combative opinions, especially his attacks on the middle class. Mencken’s article on Americanism appeared in the 13th edition

H.L. Mencken was a controversial journalist and pungent critic of American life who powerfully influenced U.S. fiction through the 1920s and was known for his humorous but combative opinions, especially his attacks on the middle class. Mencken’s article on Americanism appeared in the 13th edition

Nigeria: Domestic unrest and insecurity: The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) was the most active of such militant groups, although its activity decreased after the group declared a unilateral ceasefire, and the government introduced an amnesty program in 2009.

Australia: The Spanish: …Peru in 1567, commanded by Álvaro de Mendaña, discovered the Solomon Islands. Excited by finding gold, Mendaña hoped that he had found the great southern land and that Spain would colonize there. In 1595 Mendaña sailed again but failed to rediscover the Solomons. One of his officers was Pedro Fernández…

Mende, town, capital of Lozère département, Occitanie région, southern France, lying south-southeast of Clermont-Ferrand. It is situated at 2,425 feet (739 metres) above sea level in the Massif Central, on the left bank of the Lot River at the foot of a limestone plateau. With practically no

Mende, people of Sierra Leone, including also a small group in Liberia; they speak a language of the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Mende grow rice as their staple crop, as well as yams and cassava. Cash crops include cocoa, ginger, peanuts (groundnuts), and palm oil and kernels. They

heredity: Discovery and rediscovery of Mendel’s laws: …first law of Mendel, the law of segregation of unit genes. Equal numbers of gametes, ovules, or pollen grains are formed that contain the genes R and r. Now, if the gametes unite at random, then the F2 generation should contain about 14 white-flowered and 34 purple-flowered plants. The white-flowered

heredity: Discovery and rediscovery of Mendel’s laws: …derived his second law: the law of recombination, or independent assortment of genes.

Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate, the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics, in what came to be called Mendelism. Born to a family with limited means in German-speaking Silesia, Mendel was raised in a rural setting. His academic

Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate, the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics, in what came to be called Mendelism. Born to a family with limited means in German-speaking Silesia, Mendel was raised in a rural setting. His academic

Gregor Mendel was a botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate, the first person to lay the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics, in what came to be called Mendelism. Born to a family with limited means in German-speaking Silesia, Mendel was raised in a rural setting. His academic

Lafayette Benedict Mendel was an American biochemist whose discoveries concerning the value of vitamins and proteins helped establish modern concepts of nutrition. A professor of physiological chemistry at Yale from 1903 to 1935, he worked with the American biochemist Thomas Osborne to determine

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Mendele Moykher Sforim was a Jewish author, founder of both modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew narrative literature and the creator of modern literary Yiddish. He adopted his pseudonym, which means “Mendele the Itinerant Bookseller,” in 1879. Mendele published his first article, on the reform of

Dmitri Mendeleev: Activities outside the laboratory: …Russian Chemical Society (now the Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society) in 1868 and published most of his later papers in its journal. He was a prolific thinker and writer. His published works include 400 books and articles, and numerous unpublished manuscripts are kept to this day in the Dmitri Mendeleev Museum…

Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within

Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within

mendelevium (Md), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 101. It was the first element to be synthesized and discovered a few atoms at a time. Not occurring in nature, mendelevium (as the isotope mendelevium-256) was discovered (1955) by American

Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements. Mendeleev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within

Mendelian inheritance, the principles of heredity formulated by Austrian-born botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate Gregor Mendel in 1865. These principles compose what is known as the system of particulate inheritance by units, or genes. The later discovery of chromosomes as the carriers of

Mendelian inheritance, the principles of heredity formulated by Austrian-born botanist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate Gregor Mendel in 1865. These principles compose what is known as the system of particulate inheritance by units, or genes. The later discovery of chromosomes as the carriers of

victimology: …criminologists (notably Hans von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn, and Henri Ellenberger) examined victim-offender interactions and stressed reciprocal influences and role reversals. These pioneers raised the possibility that certain individuals who suffered wounds and losses might share some degree of responsibility with the lawbreakers for their own misfortunes. For example, the carelessness…

Erich Mendelsohn was a German architect known initially for his Einstein Tower in Potsdam, a notable example of German Expressionism in architecture, and later for his use of modern materials and construction methods to make what he saw as organically unified buildings. While studying architecture

Fanny Mendelssohn was a German pianist and composer, the eldest sister and confidante of the composer Felix Mendelssohn. Fanny is said to have been as talented musically as her brother, and the two children were given the same music teachers. Felix readily admitted that his sister played the piano

Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer, pianist, musical conductor, and teacher, one of the most-celebrated figures of the early Romantic period. In his music, Mendelssohn largely observed Classical models and practices while initiating key aspects of Romanticism—the artistic movement that exalted

Moses Mendelssohn was a German Jewish philosopher, critic, and Bible translator and commentator who greatly contributed to the efforts of Jews to assimilate to the German bourgeoisie. The son of an impoverished scribe called Menachem Mendel Dessau, he was known in Jewry as Moses Dessau but wrote as

Fanny Mendelssohn was a German pianist and composer, the eldest sister and confidante of the composer Felix Mendelssohn. Fanny is said to have been as talented musically as her brother, and the two children were given the same music teachers. Felix readily admitted that his sister played the piano

Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer, pianist, musical conductor, and teacher, one of the most-celebrated figures of the early Romantic period. In his music, Mendelssohn largely observed Classical models and practices while initiating key aspects of Romanticism—the artistic movement that exalted

Mendenhall Glacier, blue ice sheet, 12 miles (19 km) long, southeastern Alaska, U.S. It was originally named Sitaantaagu (“the Glacier Behind the Town”) or Aak’wtaaksit (“the Glacier Behind the Little Lake”) by the Tlingit Indians. Naturalist John Muir later called it Auke (Auk) Glacier, for the

Mendenhall Glacier: Adjacent Mendenhall Lake began to form about 1900 and has become about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long, 1 mile (1.6 km) wide, and 220 feet (65 meters) deep near the center of the glacier’s face.

Thomas Corwin Mendenhall was an American physicist and meteorologist, the first to propose the use of a ring pendulum for measuring absolute gravity. Mendenhall was a professor at Ohio State University, Columbus, in 1873–78 and from 1881 until he was named professor emeritus in 1884, when he became

Menderes River, river, southwestern Turkey. It rises on the Anatolian plateau south and west of Afyon and flows westward through a narrow valley and canyon. At Sarayköy it expands into a broad, flat-bottomed valley with a typical Mediterranean landscape, dotted with fig trees, olive groves, and

Adnan Menderes was a Turkish politician who served as prime minister from 1950 until deposed by a military coup in 1960. The son of a wealthy landowner, Menderes was educated at the American College in İzmir and the Faculty of Law at Ankara. Later in life he sold or distributed most of his estates

Paulo Mendes da Rocha was a Brazilian architect known for bringing a Modernist sensibility to the architecture of his native country. He was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2006, becoming the second Brazilian (after Oscar Niemeyer) to receive the honour. Mendes da Rocha moved to São Paulo as a child

José Maria de Eça de Queirós was a novelist committed to social reform who introduced naturalism and realism to Portugal. He is considered to be one of the greatest Portuguese novelists and is certainly the leading 19th-century Portuguese novelist. His works have been translated into many

Catulle Mendès was a prolific French poet, playwright, and novelist, most noted for his association with the Parnassians, a group of French poets who advocated a controlled, formal art for art’s sake in reaction to the formlessness of Romanticism. A banker’s son, Mendès founded La Revue fantaisiste

Chico Mendes was a Brazilian labour leader and conservationist who defended the interests of the seringueiros, or rubber tree tappers, in the Amazonian state of Acre, calling for land reform and preservation of the Amazon Rainforest. His activism won him recognition throughout Brazil and

Ryan Gosling: Barbie and The Fall Guy: …time with his partner, actress Eva Mendes, and their two children, he returned to film in 2022, starring with Chris Evans in the Netflix thriller The Gray Man.

Chico Mendes was a Brazilian labour leader and conservationist who defended the interests of the seringueiros, or rubber tree tappers, in the Amazonian state of Acre, calling for land reform and preservation of the Amazon Rainforest. His activism won him recognition throughout Brazil and

Murilo Mendes was a Brazilian poet and diplomat who played an important role in Brazilian Modernismo after 1930. From 1956, he was a teacher and cultural attaché in Italy. Mendes’s early poems, characterized by ironic good humour and a colloquial vocabulary, illuminated the creative, chaotic forces

Sam Mendes is an English film and theatre director who is known for his innovative treatments of classic stage productions as well as for his thought-provoking films. Mendes was raised in London by his mother, a writer of children’s fiction; she and his father, a university professor, had divorced

Sam Mendes is an English film and theatre director who is known for his innovative treatments of classic stage productions as well as for his thought-provoking films. Mendes was raised in London by his mother, a writer of children’s fiction; she and his father, a university professor, had divorced

Pierre Mendès-France was a French socialist statesman and premier (June 1954–February 1955) whose negotiations ended French involvement in the Indochina War. He was distinguished for his efforts to invigorate the Fourth Republic and the Radical Party. Born into a Jewish family, Mendès-France became