Shen Kuo: …high official whose famous work Mengxi bitan (“Brush Talks from Dream Brook” [Dream Brook was the name of his estate in Jingkou]) contains the first reference to the magnetic compass, the first description of movable type, and a fairly accurate explanation of the origin of fossils. The Mengxi bitan also…

Mencius, Confucian text, named for its author, that earned for the 4th-century-bce philosopher the title ya sheng (“second sage”). Though the book was not generally recognized as a classic until the 12th century, a doctoral chair was established as early as the 2nd century bce to teach the Mencius.

Mengzi, county, southern Yunnan sheng (province), China. The county seat is in Wenlan town. In the 19th century, Mengzi was a trading centre for commerce between the interior of Yunnan and the Hanoi-Haiphong area of Vietnam. Communications were inconvenient: goods were shipped to Hekou on the

Mencius was an early Chinese philosopher whose development of orthodox Confucianism earned him the title “second sage.” Chief among his basic tenets was an emphasis on the obligation of rulers to provide for the common people. The book Mencius records his doings and sayings and contains statements

menhaden, any of several species of valuable Atlantic coastal fishes in the genus Brevoortia of the herring family (Clupeidae), utilized for oil, fish meal, and fertilizer. Menhaden have a deep body, sharp-edged belly, large head, and tooth-edged scales. Adults are about 37.5 cm (about 15 inches)

menhir, megalithic monument erected singly or in formations. See

Menes was the legendary first king of unified Egypt, who, according to tradition, joined Upper and Lower Egypt in a single centralized monarchy and established ancient Egypt’s 1st dynasty. Manetho, a 3rd-century-bce Egyptian historian, called him Menes, the 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus

Al-Minyā, city and capital of Al-Minyā muḥāfaẓah (governorate), in the Nile River valley of Upper Egypt. Al-Minyā is linked to Cairo (140 miles [225 km] north-northeast) by rail; it is a trading and administrative centre on the west bank of the Nile. Besides serving as a market and financial centre

Ménière disease, recurrent and generally progressive group of symptoms that include loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, dizziness, and a sense of fullness or pressure in the ears. Ménière disease can affect one or both ears. The disease causes episodic attacks that seldom last longer than 24

Ménière disease: …is named for French physician Prosper Ménière, who in 1861 provided a description of patients affected by hearing loss and episodic vertigo and offered the first evidence linking vertigo to inner-ear damage.

Charismatic: …win by a neck over Menifee. The Preakness was a close replica of the Derby. The difference was that Menifee chased Charismatic rather than the other way around, but the result was the same: a win by Charismatic (this time by one and a half lengths).

Renzo Piano: His design for the Menil Collection museum (1986; with Richard Fitzgerald) in Houston utilized ferroconcrete leaves in the roof, which served as both a heat source and a form of protection against ultraviolet light. At the same time, the building’s low scale and continuous veranda are in keeping with…

Aksum: …Jerusalem to Aksum by King Menilek I, legendary son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Makeda). According to tradition, the Church of St. Mary of Zion contains the Ark of the Covenant. Over the centuries, however, the church has been destroyed and rebuilt several times; the present structure dates…

Menilek II was the king of Shewa (or Shoa; 1865–89) and emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913). One of Ethiopia’s greatest rulers, he expanded the empire almost to its present-day borders, repelled an Italian invasion in the Battle of Adwa in 1896, and carried out a wide-ranging program of modernization.

Paris: The Buttes: …also is home to the Ménilmontant neighbourhood and Père-Lachaise Cemetery—the site of the Federalists’ Wall (Mur des Fédérés), against which the last of the fighters of the Commune of Paris were shot in 1871. The cemetery is both the largest park and the largest cemetery in Paris and is a…

Paul Nash: …scenes of war such as The Menin Road (1919), a shattered landscape painted in a semiabstract, Cubist-influenced style.

Bernardim Ribeiro: …by its opening words as Menina e moca (“Childhood and Adolescence”), is generally considered a masterpiece of Portuguese literature of the Renaissance. Innovative in its use of prose, Ribeiro’s tale established a stylistic tradition that has endured as a major force in Portuguese literature.

Menindee Lakes, series of reservoirs, part of the Darling River Conservation Scheme, western New South Wales, Australia, near the town of Menindee. Primarily natural features, the lakes are flooded through creeks linking them, at high water, eastward to the Darling River, which has been dammed for

human skeleton: Interior of the cranium: …are formed by the middle meningeal artery and its branches, which supply blood to the brain coverings. Injury to these vessels may lead to extradural hematoma, a mass of blood between the dura mater and the bone.

meninges, three membranous envelopes—pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater—that surround the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles of the brain and the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to

nervous system disease: Tumours: …from the meninges are called meningiomas. These tumours occur over the convexity of the brain and on the floor of the cranium, where they compress and damage the brain or cranial nerves and may cause seizures. Meningiomas may be removed successfully.

meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most life-threatening forms. The patient usually experiences fever, headache,

neural tube defect: Meningocele occurs when these meninges protrude through the vertebral defect, forming a fluid-filled sac. Meningomyelocele is a compound defect in which the protruding sac contains some nervous tissue as well. If any of these defects communicate with the central canal of the spinal cord, the…

meningococcus: …bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, who are the only natural hosts in which it causes disease. The bacteria are spherical, ranging in diameter from 0.6 to 1.0 μm (micrometre; 1 μm = 10−6 metre); they frequently occur in pairs, with adjacent sides flattened. They are strongly…

infectious disease: Meningococcal vaccine: Neisseria meningitidis can cause meningitis (infection of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord) or severe bloodstream infection known as meningococcemia. In the general population, less than 1 per 400,000 persons is attacked by the bacterium, while among those younger than one…

meningococcus, the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, who are the only natural hosts in which it causes disease. The bacteria are spherical, ranging in diameter from 0.6 to 1.0 μm (micrometre; 1 μm = 10−6 metre); they frequently occur in pairs, with

mumps: Meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the brain and its membranous covering) is a fairly common concomitant of mumps, but the outlook for recovery is favourable.

neural tube defect: Meningomyelocele is a compound defect in which the protruding sac contains some nervous tissue as well. If any of these defects communicate with the central canal of the spinal cord, the prefix syringo- is added to the name; hence, a syringomyelocele is an open defect…

José Lins do Rego: …first work of the cycle, Menino de engenho (1932; “Plantation Boy”), is based on his own boyhood and family. It was followed in quick succession by Doidinho (1933; “Daffy Boy”), Bangüê (1934; “Old Plantation”), O moleque Ricardo (1935; “Black Boy Richard”), and Usina (1936; “The Sugar Refinery”). The first three…

meninges, three membranous envelopes—pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater—that surround the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles of the brain and the space between the pia mater and the arachnoid. The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to

Menippean satire, seriocomic genre, chiefly in ancient Greek literature and Latin literature, in which contemporary institutions, conventions, and ideas were criticized in a mocking satiric style that mingled prose and verse. The form often employed a variety of striking and unusual settings, such

Menippus was a Greek philosopher who followed the cynic philosophy of Diogenes and who founded a seriocomic literary genre known as Menippean satire. It was imitated by Greek and Latin writers and influenced the development of Latin satire. Menippus was allegedly a slave by birth who became rich by

joint: Intra-articular fibrocartilages: …when incomplete they are called menisci. Disks are found in the temporomandibular joint of the lower jaw, the sternoclavicular (breastbone and collarbone) joint, and the ulnocarpal (inner forearm bone and wrist) joint. A pair of menisci is found in each knee joint, one between each femoral condyle and its female…

joint: Intra-articular fibrocartilages: …when incomplete they are called menisci. Disks are found in the temporomandibular joint of the lower jaw, the sternoclavicular (breastbone and collarbone) joint, and the ulnocarpal (inner forearm bone and wrist) joint. A pair of menisci is found in each knee joint, one between each femoral condyle and its female…

fluid mechanics: Surface tension of liquids: …the tube forms a concave meniscus, which is a virtually spherical surface having the same radius, r, as the inside of the tube. The tube experiences a downward force of magnitude 2πrdσ, where σ is the surface tension of the liquid, and the liquid experiences a reaction of equal magnitude…

Ranunculales: Menispermaceae, or the moonseed family, contains nearly 75 genera and 520 species, most of which are woody climbers in tropical forests, although some genera extend into temperate regions in North America and Japan. Menispermum canadense (Canada moonseed) and other members of the family have characteristic…

moonseed, any of three species of woody vines constituting the genus Menispermum of the family Menispermaceae (order Ranunculales). They occur in East Asia, eastern North America, and Mexico. The North American species, Canada moonseed, or yellow parilla (M. canadense), with lobed leaves and

moonseed: The North American species, Canada moonseed, or yellow parilla (M. canadense), with lobed leaves and greenish-white flowers, bears black, grapelike fruit with crescent-shaped seeds. M. dauricum, from East Asia, and M. mexicanum, from Mexico, have similar properties. In particular, the seeds of all these species may cause a curare-like…

The Front Page: …his editor, Walter Burns (Adolphe Menjou). When Hildy shows up at the city courthouse after his last day of work, however, he becomes caught up in the hubbub surrounding the escape of a convicted murderer (George E. Stone) who is scheduled for execution that night. As Hildy ponders the…

ancient Egypt: The 5th dynasty (c. 2435–c. 2306 bce): …three kings of the dynasty, Menkauhor, Djedkare Izezi, and Unas, did not have personal names compounded with “-Re,” the name of the sun god (Djedkare is a name assumed on accession); and Izezi and Unas did not build solar temples. Thus, there was a slight shift away from the solar…

Menkaure was the fifth or sixth king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2543–c. 2436 bce) of Egypt; he built the third and smallest of the three Pyramids of Giza. He was the son of Khafre and, according to the Turin papyrus, reigned for 18 (or 28) years. According to tradition, Menkaure was a pious and just

Adah Isaacs Menken was an American actress and poet widely celebrated for her daring act of appearing (seemingly) naked, strapped to a running horse. The facts concerning Menken’s early life are obscured by later and confused publicity stories. On various occasions she claimed various original

Alan Menken is an American composer whose captivating scores helped invigorate the animated feature films of the Walt Disney Company. As a young man, Menken enrolled in a premedical program at New York University but ultimately graduated with a degree in music. He then earned money by performing in

Yiddish literature: The 21st century: Yiddish scholar Dovid Katz was born in the United States and later moved to Vilna. In 1992, under the name Heershadovid Menkes, he published the first of three books of short fiction set mainly in 19th-century Lithuania. Oyb nisht nokh kliger (“If Not Wiser”), in the collection…

Menkaure was the fifth or sixth king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2543–c. 2436 bce) of Egypt; he built the third and smallest of the three Pyramids of Giza. He was the son of Khafre and, according to the Turin papyrus, reigned for 18 (or 28) years. According to tradition, Menkaure was a pious and just

Menlo Park, unincorporated community, Middlesex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies 16 miles (25 km) southwest of Newark. Menlo Park is the site of the Edison Memorial Tower and State Park (and museum) on the grounds where Thomas A. Edison maintained his experimental laboratories from

Menlo Park, city, San Mateo county, western California, U.S. It lies on the western shore of San Francisco Bay. The area, originally inhabited by Ohlone Indians, was called El Palo Alto by Spanish explorers in the mid-18th century. It became part of the Rancho de las Pulgas, a Mexican land grant

Thomas Edison was an American inventor who, singly or jointly, held a world-record 1,093 patents. In addition, he created the world’s first industrial research laboratory. Edison was the quintessential American inventor in the era of Yankee ingenuity. He began his career in 1863, in the adolescence

bridge: Christian Menn: The technical and aesthetic possibilities of prestressed concrete were most fully realized in Switzerland with the bridges of Christian Menn. Menn’s early arch bridges were influenced by Maillart, but, with prestressing, he was able to build longer-spanning bridges and use new forms. The…

Mennecy porcelain, a soft-paste porcelain of a particularly light and translucent quality made at a French factory from the 1730s to 1806. The wares are generally small: vases or coffee- or dressing-table sets. Figures are of good quality. Mennecy has a distinctive greenish yellow and soft brown

Olav Duun: …novel, Menneske og maktene (1938; Floodtide of Fate), shows, the struggle between an uplifting human spirit and darker natural forces never ceased to enrich the outcome of his fiction.

pottery: Stoneware: …made in Raeren brownware by Jan Emens, surnamed Mennicken, in the last quarter of the 16th century. Emens also worked in the gray body that was used at Raeren at the turn of the century, employing blue pigment to enhance the decoration. At a later date, blue and manganese pigments…

Peter Mennin was an American composer and educator best known for his symphonic works written in a conservative Neoclassical vein. Mennin studied at Oberlin College and the Eastman School of Music and won the first Gershwin Memorial Award with his Symphony No. 2 (1945). After teaching (1947–58) at

Menninger family, American physicians who pioneered methods of psychiatric treatment in the 20th century. Charles Frederick Menninger (born July 11, 1862, Tell City, Indiana, U.S.—died November 28, 1953, Topeka, Kansas) began practicing general medicine in Topeka in 1889 and became convinced of the

Topeka: …was the home of the Menninger Foundation, an outstanding psychiatric-training institution. The city is the seat of Washburn University (1865); Mulvane Art Museum is located on Washburn’s campus. Other notable attractions include the extensive and well-stocked Topeka Zoological Park and the Kansas International Museum. The State House is modeled after…

Menninger family: …1925 the family established the Menninger Sanitarium and Psychopathic Hospital, a facility designed to apply group medical practice to psychiatric patients. In this and other facilities that followed, the Menningers linked two concepts: (1) the psychoanalytic understanding of behaviour as applied to the treatment of hospitalized patients and (2) the…

Menninger family: Charles Frederick Menninger (born July 11, 1862, Tell City, Indiana, U.S.—died November 28, 1953, Topeka, Kansas) began practicing general medicine in Topeka in 1889 and became convinced of the benefit of group medical practice after visiting the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1908. Menninger…

Menninger family: …in practice by his son Karl Augustus Menninger (born July 22, 1893, Topeka—died July 18, 1990, Topeka), who received a medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1917 and spent two years working under Ernest Southard at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital. In 1919 the two Menningers established the Menninger Diagnostic…

Menninger family: …1924 Charles Menninger’s youngest son, William Claire Menninger (born October 15, 1899, Topeka—died September 6, 1966, Topeka), received an M.D. from Cornell University Medical College and served his internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. The following year he joined the family practice.

Peter Mennin was an American composer and educator best known for his symphonic works written in a conservative Neoclassical vein. Mennin studied at Oberlin College and the Eastman School of Music and won the first Gershwin Memorial Award with his Symphony No. 2 (1945). After teaching (1947–58) at

Menno Simons was a Dutch priest and an early leader of the peaceful wing of Dutch Anabaptism, whose followers formed the Mennonite church. Little is known about Menno’s early life. He was born into a Dutch peasant family, and his father’s name was Simon. At an early age he was enrolled in a

Menno Simons was a Dutch priest and an early leader of the peaceful wing of Dutch Anabaptism, whose followers formed the Mennonite church. Little is known about Menno’s early life. He was born into a Dutch peasant family, and his father’s name was Simon. At an early age he was enrolled in a

Menno Simons was a Dutch priest and an early leader of the peaceful wing of Dutch Anabaptism, whose followers formed the Mennonite church. Little is known about Menno’s early life. He was born into a Dutch peasant family, and his father’s name was Simon. At an early age he was enrolled in a

Mennonite, member of a Protestant church that arose out of the Anabaptists, a radical reform movement of the 16th-century Reformation. It was named for Menno Simons, a Dutch priest who consolidated and institutionalized the work initiated by moderate Anabaptist leaders. Mennonites are found in many

fair trade: History: …sewing group run by the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) in Puerto Rico. Byler began selling the group’s crafts to friends and neighbours in the United States. In 1962 her project was adopted by the MCC as the Overseas Needlework and Crafts Project. It was renamed Ten Thousand Villages in 1996.

Plato: Early dialogues of Plato: The Meno takes up the familiar question of whether virtue can be taught, and, if so, why eminent men have not been able to bring up their sons to be virtuous. Concerned with method, the dialogue develops Meno’s problem: How is it possible to search either…

Hippocrates: Life and works: Meno, a pupil of Aristotle, specifically stated in his history of medicine the views of Hippocrates on the causation of diseases, namely, that undigested residues were produced by unsuitable diet and that these residues excreted vapours, which passed into the body generally and produced diseases.…

Cuban Revolution: Independence, instability, and continued U.S. intervention: …were José Miguel Gómez (1909–13), Mario García Menocal (1913–21), and Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso (1921–25). During this period the U.S. interfered twice in Cuba and threatened to intervene several more times. During the Gómez administration the country prospered, but charges of corruption in the government rose. The government was accused…

Agate Fossil Beds National Monument: …remains of prehistoric mammals including Menoceras (two-horned rhinoceros), Moropus (7 feet [2 metres] at the shoulders with a horselike head), and Dinohyus (a large piglike beast). The site, named because of its proximity to rock formations containing agates, lies in the Carnegie and University hills. Established as a national monument…

Menodotus Of Nicomedia was a philosopher of the Skeptical school of empirical medicine, credited with elaborating the first scientific method of observation. Like many other physicians of the period, he considered medicine an art; this left him free to perfect his art while remaining a Skeptic. He

Zoroastrianism: Sources: …books are anonymous, such as Mēnōk-i Khrat (“Spirit of Wisdom”), a lucid summary of a doctrine based on reason, and the Book of Artāy Virāf, which describes Virāf’s descent into the netherworld as well as heaven and hell and the pleasures and pains awaiting the virtuous and the wicked. There…

diplomatics: The Roman and Byzantine empire: …in red ink of the menologema, a statement of month and indiction. It, too, was sealed with a golden bull. The administrative documents of the Byzantine imperial chancery include the prostagma, or horismos, a plain and short document known since the beginning of the 13th century. If directed to a…

Simeon Metaphrastes: …was a Byzantine hagiographer whose Mēnologion, a 10-volume collection of the lives of early Eastern saints, achieved wide popularity.

Menominee, city, seat (1861) of Menominee county and the southernmost city in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. It is located on Green Bay (an embayment of Lake Michigan) at the mouth of the Menominee River opposite Marinette, Wisconsin, with which it is connected by three bridges. In 1796 a

Menominee, Algonquian-speaking North American Indians who, when first encountered by the missionary-voyageur Jean Nicolet in 1639, lived along the Menominee River, now the eastern portion of the boundary between Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The traditional Menominee economy was

Menominee, Algonquian-speaking North American Indians who, when first encountered by the missionary-voyageur Jean Nicolet in 1639, lived along the Menominee River, now the eastern portion of the boundary between Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The traditional Menominee economy was

Friedrich Hölderlin: …produced the great elegies “Menons Klagen um Diotima” (“Menon’s Lament for Diotima”) and “Brod und Wein” (“Bread and Wine”). In January 1801 he went to Switzerland as tutor to a family in Hauptwyl, but in April of the same year Hölderlin returned to Nürtingen.

Anjolie Ela Menon is an Indian painter and muralist who is best known for her religious-themed works, portraits, and nudes that incorporate a vibrant colour palette and are rendered in a variety of styles ranging from cubism to techniques that recall the artists of the European Renaissance. After

Chinmayananda was an Indian spiritual thinker and authority on the Vedanta system of Indian philosophy. Menon was born into an aristocratic family of Kerala state. After obtaining degrees in law and English literature from Lucknow University, he joined the Indian independence movement in 1942,

Kerala: Cultural life: In 1889 Chandu Menon wrote Indulekha, the first outstanding novel in Malayalam, for which he received a certificate from Queen Victoria. Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, who produced hundreds of works before his death in 1999, has remained among the most widely read Malayali novelists.

V.K. Krishna Menon was an Indian nationalist and champion of India’s anticolonialism and neutralism. After studying at the London School of Economics, Menon was called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He became an ardent socialist and served as a Labour member of the St. Pancras Borough Council

V.K. Krishna Menon was an Indian nationalist and champion of India’s anticolonialism and neutralism. After studying at the London School of Economics, Menon was called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He became an ardent socialist and served as a Labour member of the St. Pancras Borough Council

Menongue, town, southeastern Angola. It was originally named for Alexandre Alberto da Rocha de Serpa Pinto, a late 19th-century Portuguese explorer of the interior of southern Africa. Located on the Cuebe River (a tributary of the Okavango [Kubango] River) at an elevation of 4,462 feet (1,360

Friedrich Hölderlin: …produced the great elegies “Menons Klagen um Diotima” (“Menon’s Lament for Diotima”) and “Brod und Wein” (“Bread and Wine”). In January 1801 he went to Switzerland as tutor to a family in Hauptwyl, but in April of the same year Hölderlin returned to Nürtingen.

menopause, permanent cessation of menstruation that results from the loss of ovarian function and therefore represents the end of a woman’s reproductive life. At the time of menopause the ovaries contain very few follicles; they have decreased in size, and they consist mostly of atretic (shrunken)

Delos: In 88 bce Menophaneses, a general of Mithradates VI of Pontus, sacked the island for remaining faithful to Rome; thousands of people were slaughtered. A pirate attack followed (69 bce), and, though Athenian control was restored by Rome in 42 bce, the Greek geographer Pausanias records that the…

jai alai: Players: …greatest of all time was Erdoza Menor, who played until he was in his 50s; he dropped dead on the court of a heart attack. Management of the fronton in Miami supports training schools in Spain for the development of young players, the one at Guernica having graduated many of…

menorah, multibranched candelabra, used in the religious rituals of Judaism, that has been an important symbol in both ancient and modern Israel. The seven-branched menorah was originally found in the wilderness sanctuary and then later in the Temple in Jerusalem and was a popular motif of

menorah, multibranched candelabra, used in the religious rituals of Judaism, that has been an important symbol in both ancient and modern Israel. The seven-branched menorah was originally found in the wilderness sanctuary and then later in the Temple in Jerusalem and was a popular motif of

Minorca, island of the Balearic Islands provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. It is the second largest of the Balearic Islands and lies in the western Mediterranean Sea. Most of the island’s area of 258 square miles (668 square km) is dry, monotonous tableland

reproductive system disease: Menorrhagia: Excessive menstrual bleeding, or menorrhagia, may be due to an imbalance of the thyroid or adrenal hormones, but it may also be the result of local disease of the pelvic organs. This local disease may be inflammation due to infection; it may be a…

stereotyped response: Taxes: …include the light-compass reaction (menotaxis) and dorsal (or ventral) transverse reaction. Menotaxis is shown by foraging insects such as ants and bees that return to a fixed nest. It has been demonstrated experimentally by covering for 2 12 hours an ant returning to its nest. After being uncovered, the…

Arlington, town (township), Middlesex county, east-central Massachusetts, U.S. It is a northwestern suburb of Boston. Settled in 1635 as part of Cambridge, it was known as Menotomy (from an Algonquian word meaning “swift waters”) until separately incorporated as West Cambridge in 1807. It was

Italy: The rebellions of 1831 and their aftermath: Two Carbonari, Enrico Misley and Ciro Menotti, put their trust in the duke of Modena, Francis IV of Habsburg-Este, who was looking for an opportunity to expand his small state. But when Francis discovered that the Austrian police knew of the plot, he had Menotti and others arrested. Nevertheless, the…

Gian Carlo Menotti was an Italian composer, whose operas gained wider popularity than any others of their time. His realistic operas on his own librettos represent a successful combination of 20th-century dramatic situations with the traditional form of Italian opera. Menotti used largely

Egypt: The French occupation and its consequences (1798–1805): His successor, ʿAbd Allāh Jacques Menou, a French officer (and former nobleman) who had turned Muslim, was determined to maintain the occupation and administered at first a tolerably settled country, although he lacked the prestige of his two predecessors. In 1801 a threefold invasion of Egypt began.…

Minerva, in Roman religion, the goddess of handicrafts, the professions, the arts, and, later, war; she was commonly identified with the Greek Athena. Some scholars believe that her cult was that of Athena introduced at Rome from Etruria. This is reinforced by the fact that she was one of the

mens rea, in Anglo-American law, criminal intent or evil mind. In general, the definition of a criminal offense involves not only an act or omission and its consequences but also the accompanying mental state of the actor. All criminal systems require an element of criminal intent for most crimes.

Mensa, constellation in the southern sky at about 6 hours right ascension and 80° south in declination. Mensa is a particularly dim constellation, its brightest star being Alpha Mensae, which has a magnitude of 5.1. This constellation contains some of the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite of the

Asante empire: …Karikari was then deposed, and Mensa Bonsu (ruled 1874–83) assumed power. He attempted to adapt the agencies of Asante government to the changed situation. Although he reorganized the army, appointed some Europeans to senior posts, and increased Asante resources, he was prevented from restoring Asante imperial power by the British…