Mensa International, organization of individuals with high IQs that aims to identify, understand, and support intelligence; encourage research into intelligence; and create and seek both social and intellectual experiences for its members. The society was founded in England in 1946 by attorney

Fernando Pessoa: …his first book in Portuguese, Mensagem (Message), appeared. It attracted little attention, and Pessoa died the next year a virtual unknown.

Dilma Rousseff: Presidency: The case, dubbed the mensalão (“big monthly bribe”), involved a scheme to bribe members of the Chamber of Deputies, and it was alleged that Lula had been involved.

Max Frisch: …included Montauk: Eine Erzählung (1975), Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän (1979; Man in the Holocene), and Blaubart (1982; Bluebeard).

Herta Müller: …Fasan auf der Welt (The Passport), was published in Germany in 1986. Although her circumstances had changed, her work continued to present and examine the formative experiences of her life: themes such as totalitarianism and exile pervade her work. Her style was described by Romanian journalist Emil Hurezeanu as…

Leonhard Frank: …on repressive educational systems, and Der Mensch ist gut (1917; “Man Is Good”), a revolutionary denunciation of war.

Vicki Baum: Grand Hotel) became a best-seller and was adapted as a successful play (1930), an Academy Award-winning film (1932), a film musical (1945; renamed Weekend at the Waldorf), and a Broadway stage musical (1989).

Walter Hasenclever: In his best-known work, Die Menschen (1918; “Humanity”), Expressionist techniques are carried to an extreme form. The characters are symbolic types, speech is reduced to staccato monosyllables, and meaning is conveyed by pantomime and stylized overacting. Later, Hasenclever abandoned the Expressionist style and wrote conventional comedies. He also wrote…

Friedrich Froebel: …most important treatise, Menschenerziehung (The Education of Man), a philosophical presentation of principles and methods pursued at Keilhau.

Magnus Gustaf Retzius: Retzius’ Das Menschenhirn, 2 vol. (1896; “The Human Brain”) was perhaps the most important work written on the gross anatomy of the brain during the 19th century. He served as a professor of histology at the Karolinska Mediko-Kirurgiska Institutet, Stockholm (1877–1900), where he made important contributions…

Israël Querido: …such novels as Menschenwee (1903; Toil of Men), a detailed description of the miseries he witnessed among the people of Beverwijk, where he was then living. Querido also wrote historical novels, including De oude wereld (1919; “The Old World”), in which his rather heavy style is especially obvious.

Friedrich Nietzsche: Basel years (1869–79): …his aphoristic Menschliches, Allzumenschliches (Human, All-Too-Human) appeared. Because his health deteriorated steadily, he resigned his professorial chair on June 14, 1879, and was granted a pension of 3,000 Swiss francs per year for six years.

Neue Sachlichkeit: Georg Schrimpf, Alexander Kanoldt, Carlo Mense, Georg Scholz, and Heinrich Davringhausen.

menstruation, periodic discharge from the vagina of blood, secretions, and disintegrating mucous membrane that had lined the uterus. The biological significance of the process in humans can best be explained by reference to the reproductive function in other mammals. In a number of species of wild

Men Shen, in Chinese religion, the two door gods whose separate martial images are posted on respective halves of the double front door of private homes to guarantee protection from evil spirits (guei). One tradition reports that two Tang-dynasty generals stood guard at the imperial gates during a

Menshevik, member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which evolved into a separate organization. It originated when a dispute over party membership requirements arose at the 1903 congress of the Social-Democratic Party. One group, led by L. Martov, opposed

Menshevik, member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which evolved into a separate organization. It originated when a dispute over party membership requirements arose at the 1903 congress of the Social-Democratic Party. One group, led by L. Martov, opposed

Vasily Ivanovich Surikov: …Execution of the Streltsy, 1881; Menshikov at Beryozovo, 1883; and The Boyarynya Morozova, 1887) stems from actual childhood impressions.

Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov was a prominent Russian political figure during and after the reign of Peter I the Great. A gifted general and administrator, he eventually became the most powerful official in the empire, but his insatiable greed and ambition ultimately resulted in his downfall. Of

Aleksandr Sergeyevich, Prince Menshikov was the commander of the Russian forces in the first half of the Crimean War. He began his army career in 1809 and achieved the rank of major general in 1816. In 1853, during the conflict over the protection of Christians’ privileges at the holy places in

menstrual cycle, recurring fluctuations in hormone levels that produce physical changes in the uterus and ovaries to prepare the female body for pregnancy. In adult women, the menstrual cycle lasts anywhere from 21 to 40 days, with the average being 28 days. The cycle recurs until menopause, or

menstruation, periodic discharge from the vagina of blood, secretions, and disintegrating mucous membrane that had lined the uterus. The biological significance of the process in humans can best be explained by reference to the reproductive function in other mammals. In a number of species of wild

duel: The Mensur (student duel) is still a feature of German university life as a form of sporting event. Most German universities have long-established Verbindungen (fighting corps) with strict rules, secret meetings, distinctive uniforms, and great prestige. In such duels, which involve a method of swordplay distinct…

mensural notation, European system of musical notation used from c. 1260 to 1600. It evolved as a method to notate complex rhythms beyond the possibilities of previous notation (neumes) and reached its classical development after 1450. A major step forward was made by Philippe de Vitry in his

mathematics: Greek trigonometry and mensuration: After the 3rd century bce, mathematical research shifted increasingly away from the pure forms of constructive geometry toward areas related to the applied disciplines, in particular to astronomy. The necessary theorems on the geometry of the sphere (called spherics) were compiled into textbooks, such…

Toni Collette: …in the offbeat Australian comedy Mental (2012) before playing Alfred Hitchcock’s personal assistant in the biographical Hitchcock (2012).

human intelligence: Psychometric theories: …he identified as the “primary mental abilities.” These seven abilities, according to Thurstone, were verbal comprehension (as involved in the knowledge of vocabulary and in reading), verbal fluency (as involved in writing and in producing words), number (as involved in solving fairly simple numerical computation and arithmetical reasoning problems), spatial…

Richard Thaler: In the phenomenon of “mental accounting,” for example, individuals mentally divide their expenses into different categories, or accounts (e.g., mortgage, home maintenance, food, clothing, entertainment, and savings), and make spending decisions based solely on the effects on the relevant account rather than on total assets. Although mental accounting may…

mental age, intelligence test score, expressed as the chronological age for which a given level of performance is average or typical. An individual’s mental age is then divided by his chronological age and multiplied by 100, yielding an intelligence quotient (IQ). Thus, a subject whose mental and

neurasthenia, a syndrome marked by physical and mental fatigue accompanied by withdrawal and

insanity, in criminal law, condition of mental disorder or mental defect that relieves persons of criminal responsibility for their conduct. Tests of insanity used in law are not intended to be scientific definitions of mental disorder; rather, they are expected to identify persons whose incapacity

depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. A person who is depressed usually experiences several of the following symptoms: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or pessimism; lowered self-esteem and

pedagogy: Mental-discipline theories: The earliest mental-discipline theories of teaching were based on a premise that the main justification for teaching anything is not for itself but for what it trains—intelligence, attitudes, and values. By choosing the right material and by emphasizing rote methods of learning, according…

mental disorder, any illness with significant psychological or behavioral manifestations that is associated with either a painful or distressing symptom or an impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. (Read Sigmund Freud’s 1926 Britannica essay on psychoanalysis.) Mental disorders,

Ben Okri: …countries, and the long poem Mental Flight (1999). Other volumes of poetry included Wild (2012), Rise Like Lions: Poetry for the Many (2018), and A Fire in My Head: Poems for the Dawn (2021). His short-story collections from this time included Prayer for the Living (2019). A Way of Being…

mental health, capacity of an individual to think and behave in ways that support their ability to achieve well-being and to cope with distress while also respecting personal and social boundaries. Since the founding of the United Nations, the concepts of mental health and hygiene have achieved

mental health, capacity of an individual to think and behave in ways that support their ability to achieve well-being and to cope with distress while also respecting personal and social boundaries. Since the founding of the United Nations, the concepts of mental health and hygiene have achieved

mental health: National agencies: The Mental Health Act of 1959 nullified earlier British laws governing policies toward psychiatric disturbance and intellectual disability. The act provided that a person requiring treatment for a psychological disorder could obtain it in a hospital on the same basis as any medical complaint. Community mental…

social service: Administration of services in the United States: …it was not until the Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 that priority federal funding began to reach those with the worst economic or ethnic disadvantages among the chronically ill, the retarded, and the elderly. There is a growing problem of homelessness among the more mobile patients discharged from mental…

mental health: Early institutions: The earliest known mental hospitals were established in the Arab world, in Baghdad (918 ce) and in Cairo, where such individuals were often described as the “afflicted of Allah.” Some contemporary African tribes benignly regard hallucinations as communications from the realm of the spirits; among others, Hindu culture…

mental disorder, any illness with significant psychological or behavioral manifestations that is associated with either a painful or distressing symptom or an impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. (Read Sigmund Freud’s 1926 Britannica essay on psychoanalysis.) Mental disorders,

outsider art: History and characteristics: …subject: Swiss psychiatrist Walter Morgenthaler’s A Mental Patient as Artist (1921), which provided the first monograph of an outsider artist, Adolf Wölfli, a long-term patient whose oeuvre the Surrealist writer André Breton considered one of the three or four best of the 20th century; and the German psychiatrist and art…

intellectual disability, any of several conditions characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning and impaired adaptive behaviour that are identified during the individual’s developmental years. Increasingly, sensitivity to the negative connotations of the label mentally retarded prompted the

developmental disability: The concept of developmental disability: …(later known generally as the Developmental Disabilities Act), the term developmental disability was used in place of mental retardation. When the act was reauthorized in 1970, the two terms appeared together, where developmental disability was defined as a “disability attributable to mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or another neurological condition”…

thought: Obstacles to effective thinking: A mental set, or “entrenchment,” is a frame of mind involving a model that represents a problem, a problem context, or a procedure for problem solving. When problem solvers have an entrenched mental set, they fixate on a strategy that normally works well but does not…

Pierre Janet: …L’État mental des hystériques (1892; The Mental State of Hystericals, 1901), in which he attempted to classify forms of hysteria. Charcot, in his introduction to the thesis, concurred with Janet’s plea to unite the efforts of clinical and academic psychology.

historiography: Social and cultural history: These were studies of mentalités, which naturally often lay at the intersection between superstition and religion. Although the field was pioneered by French historians, Anglo-American scholars also studied mentalités; their works were concerned with the history of witchcraft and witch persecutions as well as with the decline in belief…

Wolfgang Köhler: …classic Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen (1917; The Mentality of Apes), a work that emphasized insight and led to a radical revision of learning theory. Another major work, Die physischen Gestalten in Ruhe und im stationären Zustand (1920; “Physical Gestalt in Rest and Stationary States”), was based on an attempt to determine…

Mentawai Islands, group of about 70 islands, West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) propinsi (province), Indonesia. They lie off the western coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. The major islands are Siberut, Sipura, North Pagai (Pagai Utara), and South Pagai (Pagai Selatan), the last two also known as the

rat: General features: …as the Mentawai rat (R. lugens) native to islands off the west coast of Sumatra. It has brownish black upperparts and a grayish black belly. Although the tail is uniformly gray to dark brown in most rats (sometimes nearly black), a few species show one of two bicoloured patterns:…

Mentawai Islands, group of about 70 islands, West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) propinsi (province), Indonesia. They lie off the western coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. The major islands are Siberut, Sipura, North Pagai (Pagai Utara), and South Pagai (Pagai Selatan), the last two also known as the

biblical literature: German versions: …first printed German Bible (the Mentel Bible) appeared at Strassburg no later than 1466 and ran through 18 editions before 1522. Despite some evidence that ecclesiastical authority did not entirely look with favor upon this vernacular development, the printed Bible appeared in Germany earlier, in more editions, and in greater…

history of publishing: Early printer-publishers in Germany: …Strassburg (Strasbourg) where, in 1460–61, Johann Mentelin, with an eye for the lay market, brought out a Bible compressed into fewer pages and followed this with the first printed Bible in German or any other vernacular. A few years later, Cologne had its first press (1464) and became an important…

Maud Leonora Menten was a Canadian biochemist and organic chemist best known for her work on enzyme kinetics. She also made important discoveries contributing to the science of histochemistry (the staining of cells with chemicals such as dyes, enabling microscopic visualization and quantification

Menteşe Dynasty: Founded by Menteşe, the dynasty’s principality extended along the Aegean and the Mediterranean coasts, and its fleet engaged in trade and piracy. After repulsing a Byzantine attack in 1296, Menteşe’s son Mesud occupied part of the island of Rhodes in 1300. Menteşe Ibrahim was compelled in 1355…

Menteşe Dynasty, Turkmen dynasty (c. 1290–1425) that ruled in the Muğla-Milas region of southwestern Anatolia. Founded by Menteşe, the dynasty’s principality extended along the Aegean and the Mediterranean coasts, and its fleet engaged in trade and piracy. After repulsing a Byzantine attack in

Menteşe Dynasty: Menteşe Ibrahim was compelled in 1355 to allow the Venetians to establish a trading colony at Balat (Miletus).

Pierre Corneille: Contribution to comedy. of Pierre Corneille: …successfully turned to comedy with Le Menteur (The Liar), following it with the less successful La Suite du Menteur (performed 1645; Sequel to the Liar). Both were lively comedies of intrigue, adapted from Spanish models; and Le Menteur is the one outstanding French comedy before the plays of Molière, Corneille’s…

Ethiopia: Challenge, revival, and decline (16th–19th century): …century under the sponsorship of Empress Mentewwab (reigned 1730–69), a remarkable woman who ruled jointly with her son and grandson. However, ethnic, regional, and religious factionalism undermined the kingdom and led in 1769 to its collapse. The Zamana Masafent (“Age of the Princes”; 1769–1855), an era of feudal anarchy, had…

mint, (genus Mentha), genus of 25 species of fragrant herbs of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Native to Eurasia, North America, southern Africa, and Australia, mints are widely distributed throughout the temperate areas of the world and have naturalized in many places. A number of species,

peppermint, (Mentha ×piperita), strongly aromatic perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Peppermint has a strong sweetish odour and a warm pungent taste with a cooling aftertaste. The leaves are typically used fresh as a culinary herb, and the flowers are dried and used to flavour candy,

mint: Major species: Water mint (M. aquatica) commonly grows in ditches and has rounded flower spikes and stalked hairy leaves. Wild mint (M. arvensis), native in North America and Eurasia, reaches about 1 metre (about 3.3 feet) in height.

mint: Major species: Wild mint (M. arvensis), native in North America and Eurasia, reaches about 1 metre (about 3.3 feet) in height.

mint: Major species: Pennyroyal (M. pulegium) has small oval obtuse leaves and flowers in axillary whorls and is remarkable for its creeping habit and pungent odour. It has been used in folk medicine to induce perspiration and menstruation. The plant has also been used as an herbal abortifacient,…

spearmint, (Mentha spicata), aromatic herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), widely used for culinary purposes. Spearmint is native to Europe and Asia and has been naturalized in North America and parts of Africa. The leaves are used fresh or dried to flavour many foods, particularly sweets,

Jelly Roll Morton was an American jazz composer and pianist who pioneered the use of prearranged, semiorchestrated effects in jazz-band performances. Morton learned the piano as a child and from 1902 was a professional pianist in the bordellos of the Storyville district of New Orleans. He was one

menthol, terpene alcohol with a strong minty, cooling odour and taste. It is obtained from peppermint oil or is produced synthetically by hydrogenation of thymol. Menthol is used medicinally in ointments, cough drops, and nasal inhalers. It is also used as flavouring in foods, cigarettes, liqueurs,

drum: …fish of the Americas; the kingfish, or whiting (Menticirrhus saxatilis), of the Atlantic, notable among drums in that it lacks an air bladder; and the sea drum, or black drum (Pogonias cromis), a gray or coppery red, western Atlantic fish.

Menton, town, Alpes-Maritimes département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur region, southeastern France. Situated near the Italian border 17 miles (28 km) northeast of Nice and 6 miles (10 km) northeast of Monte-Carlo by road, it is reputedly the warmest winter resort on the French Riviera’s Côte d’Azur;

Menton, town, Alpes-Maritimes département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur region, southeastern France. Situated near the Italian border 17 miles (28 km) northeast of Nice and 6 miles (10 km) northeast of Monte-Carlo by road, it is reputedly the warmest winter resort on the French Riviera’s Côte d’Azur;

Mentor, city, Lake county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies on Lake Erie, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Cleveland. Mentor township, organized in 1815, was named either for Hiram Mentor, an early settler, or for the Mentor of Homeric verse (the tutor of Telemachus, Odysseus’s son). Mentor

Artaxerxes III: Mentor of Rhodes, who had helped betray Sidon, rose high in the king’s favour and entered into a close understanding with the eunuch Bagoas, the king’s favourite. Artaxerxes then advanced on Egypt with a great land and naval force and, at Pelusium in the Nile…

mentoring, professional relationship between two individuals, usually a senior and a junior employee in an organization, in which the senior employee teaches the junior employee about his job, introduces the junior employee to contacts, orients him to the industry and organization, and addresses

Montu, in ancient Egyptian religion, god of the 4th Upper Egyptian nome (province), whose original capital of Hermonthis (present-day Armant) was replaced by Thebes during the 11th dynasty (c. 2080–c. 1940 bce). Montu was a god of war. In addition to falcons, a bull was his sacred animal; from the

Mentuhotep II, king (ruled c. 2009–c. 1959 bce) of ancient Egypt’s 11th dynasty (c. 2080–c. 1940 bce) who, starting as the ruler of southernmost Egypt in about 2009 bce, reunified the country by defeating his rivals and ushered in the period known as the Middle Kingdom (c. 1980–c. 1760 bce). At his

Dayr al-Baḥrī: …the funerary temple of King Mentuhotep II (built c. 1970 bce), has lost much of its superstructure. The second, the terraced temple of Queen Hatshepsut (built c. 1470 bce), was uncovered (1894–96) beneath the monastery ruins and subsequently underwent partial restoration. A fuller restoration of the third terrace, sanctuary, and…

ancient Egypt: The Middle Kingdom: Mentuhotep II’s successors, Mentuhotep III (c. 1958–47 bce) and Mentuhotep IV (c. 1947–40 bce), also ruled from Thebes. The reign of Mentuhotep IV corresponds to seven years marked “missing” in the Turin Canon, and he may later have been deemed illegitimate. Records of a quarrying expedition to the…

ancient Egypt: The Middle Kingdom: 1958–47 bce) and Mentuhotep IV (c. 1947–40 bce), also ruled from Thebes. The reign of Mentuhotep IV corresponds to seven years marked “missing” in the Turin Canon, and he may later have been deemed illegitimate. Records of a quarrying expedition to the Wadi Ḥammāmāt from his second regnal…

Loasaceae: Species of the genus Mentzelia have nonstinging but hooked hairs. Some have satiny orange blooms smaller than the 6-cm (2.4-inch), cupped, five-petalled flowers of blazing star (M. laevicaulis) of western North America. The yellow, fragrant blooms of blazing star open in the early evening. A few Loasaceae grow in…

Loasaceae: 4-inch), cupped, five-petalled flowers of blazing star (M. laevicaulis) of western North America. The yellow, fragrant blooms of blazing star open in the early evening. A few Loasaceae grow in Africa, western Asia, and Polynesia (Marquesas Islands).

Estée Lauder was an American businesswoman who cofounded (1946) Estée Lauder, Inc., a large fragrance and cosmetics company. She learned her first marketing lessons as a child in her father’s hardware store: assertive selling, perfectionism, promotion of quality products, and, above all, attention

information processing: Query languages: …popular query modes are the menu, the “fill-in-the-blank” technique, and the structured query. Particularly suited for novices, the menu requires a person to choose from several alternatives displayed on the video terminal screen. The fill-in-the-blank technique is one in which the user is prompted to enter key words as search…

Hong Chau: The Whale and roles at the turn of the 2020s: …fine-dining chef in Mark Mylod’s The Menu. In between acting, Chau and her husband welcomed their first child, a daughter. Chau planned not to work during her first year of motherhood and hesitated to read the script for Darren Aronofsky’s The Whale (2022). Her husband and her agent, however, convinced…

millefleur tapestry, kind of tapestry characterized by its background motif of many small flowers. Most often they show secular scenes or allegories. Millefleur tapestries are thought to have been made first in the Loire district in France in the middle of the 15th century. They became popular and

Yehudi Menuhin, Lord Menuhin of Stoke d’Abernon was one of the leading violin virtuosos of the 20th century. Menuhin grew up in San Francisco, where he studied violin from age four and where his performance of Felix Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto at age seven caused a sensation. He studied in Paris

Yehudi Menuhin, Lord Menuhin of Stoke d’Abernon was one of the leading violin virtuosos of the 20th century. Menuhin grew up in San Francisco, where he studied violin from age four and where his performance of Felix Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto at age seven caused a sensation. He studied in Paris

Mnevis, in ancient Egyptian religion, sacred bull deity worshipped at Heliopolis. As one of several sacred bulls in Egypt, he was most closely associated with the sun god Re-Atum. Although not attested with certainty until the Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bce), the Mnevis bull may be that which is

Corporation des Menuisiers-Ébénistes, 18th-century French craft guild concerned with woodworking, the menuisiers doing principally the work of the carpenter and joiner and the ébénistes applying the veneered finish. Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the finance minister of Louis XIV, took the guild system

Guilford, town (township), New Haven county, southern Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound. Settled by Puritans in 1639 as Menunketuck, it was admitted to New Haven colony as a town in 1643 and probably renamed for Guildford, England. The village of Guilford was incorporated as a borough in

Mēness, in Baltic religion, the moon, the god whose monthly renewal of strength is imparted to all growing things. The “young,” or “new,” moon, sometimes called Dievaitis (Lithuanian: “Little God” or “Prince”), is especially receptive to human prayers and is honoured by farmers. Mēness, dressed in

lyrebird, (genus Menura), either of two species of Australian birds (family Menuridae, order Passeriformes) named for the shape of their tail when spread in courtship display. The name also aptly suggests a musician. Inhabiting forests of southeastern Australia, lyrebirds are ground dwellers, and

lyrebird: Albert’s lyrebird (M. alberti) is a much less showy bird than the superb lyrebird but an equally good mimic. It is rarely seen because its range is restricted to deep rainforest.

lyrebird: In the so-called superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae), the male’s tail consists of eight pairs of ornate feathers, which resemble a lyre when erect. There are six pairs of filmy whitish feathers. One pair of 60–75-cm (24–30-inch) feathers that form the arms of the “lyre” are broad and curled…

lyrebird: In the so-called superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae), the male’s tail consists of eight pairs of ornate feathers, which resemble a lyre when erect. There are six pairs of filmy whitish feathers. One pair of 60–75-cm (24–30-inch) feathers that form the arms of the “lyre” are broad and curled…

Menyanthaceae, flowering plant family of the order Asterales, consisting of five genera and about 40 species of aquatic or marsh herbs that are native to temperate areas of the world. Menyanthaceae species often spread vegetatively by creeping underwater rhizomes (stems) and bear floating or

Menyanthaceae: Buckbean, or bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), is the sole member of the genus Menyanthes and is native to North America. Buckbean inhabits wet soils. It has bitter-tasting leaves and is used in folk medicine. The plant bears white or pink flowers that produce hard, light brown…

Menzel Bourguiba, town located in north-central Tunisia. It lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Bizerte, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Bizerte town and the Mediterranean Sea. Menzel Bourguiba, which is of modern origin, owes its development to the adjacent naval base and dockyard at Sidi

Adolf von Menzel was a German painter and printmaker, best known in his own day as a brilliant historical painter, whose patriotic works satisfied the public’s taste, engendered by Prussia’s continual expansion throughout the 19th century, for propagandistic art. In the 20th century he was chiefly

Adolf von Menzel was a German painter and printmaker, best known in his own day as a brilliant historical painter, whose patriotic works satisfied the public’s taste, engendered by Prussia’s continual expansion throughout the 19th century, for propagandistic art. In the 20th century he was chiefly