bacteria: Temperature: Mesophilic bacteria are those in which optimum growth occurs between 20 and 45 °C (68 and 113 °F), although they usually can survive and grow in temperatures between 10 and 50 °C (50 and 122 °F). Animal pathogens are mesophiles.

parenchyma: mesophyll (internal layers) of leaves and the cortex (outer layers) and pith (innermost layers) of stems and roots; it also forms the soft tissues of fruits. Cells of this type are also contained in xylem and phloem

angiosperm: Leaves: Mesomorphic leaves are adapted to conditions of abundant water and relatively humid conditions; xeromorphic leaves are adapted to dry conditions with relatively low humidity; and hydromorphic leaves are adapted to aquatic situations, either submerged or in standing water. Mesomorphic leaves (the most common type) are…

beaked whale: Paleontology and classification: Genus Mesoplodon 15 species found worldwide, all possessing a single pair of teeth. Bahamonde’s beaked whale (M. bahamondi), first described in 1995, is known only on the basis of a damaged skull from the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile. In 2002 M. perrini…

beaked whale: Natural history: In the strap-toothed whale (M. layardii), these two tusklike teeth are remarkable in that they curve upward out of the mouth, holding the jaws partially shut. Shepherd’s beaked whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi) is unusual in having numerous small functional teeth.

beaked whale: Natural history: …feet) for the dwarf, or pygmy, beaked whale (Mesoplodon peruvianus) to nearly 13 metres (42.7 feet) for the giant bottlenose whale (Berardius bairdii), these mammals weigh between 1,000 and 14,000 kg (2,200 and 31,000 pounds). Colour is variable but usually consists of some combination of gray or black with white.…

Mesopotamia, narrow northeast–southwest-oriented geographic region of northeastern Argentina, comprising Misiones, Corrientes, and Entre Ríos provincias (provinces), bounded on the west by the Gran Chaco of Argentina, on the north by Paraguay, on the northeast by Brazil, and on the southeast by

history of Mesopotamia, history of the region in southwestern Asia where the world’s earliest civilization developed. The name comes from a Greek word meaning “between rivers,” referring to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but the region can be broadly defined to include the area

Mesopotamian art and architecture: …and architecture, the art and architecture of the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations.

Mesopotamian art and architecture, the art and architecture of the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. The name Mesopotamia has been used with varying connotations by ancient writers. If, for convenience, it is to be considered synonymous with the modern state of Iraq, it can be seen in terms of

Persian deer, fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) of western Asia. The maral, an Asiatic red deer, also is often called Persian deer. See fallow

Ashurbanipal: Personality and significance of Ashurbanipal: …East (of which approximately 20,720 Assyrian tablets and fragments have been preserved in the British Museum). At royal command, scribes searched out and collected or copied texts of every genre from temple libraries. These were added to the basic collection of tablets culled from Ashur, Calah, and Nineveh itself. The…

Mesopotamian mythology, the myths, epics, hymns, lamentations, penitential psalms, incantations, wisdom literature, and handbooks dealing with rituals and omens of ancient Mesopotamia. A brief treatment of Mesopotamian mythology follows. For full treatment, see Mesopotamian religion. The literature

Mesopotamian religion, beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Akkadians, and their successors, the Babylonians and Assyrians, who inhabited ancient Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) in the millennia before the Christian era. These religious beliefs and practices form a single stream of tradition.

mesopredator release: Mesopredators, such as coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and raccoons (Procyon lotor), are typically outcompeted by top carnivores, such as wolves (Canis lupus) and cougars (Puma concolor). for food and other resources. Because top carnivores are

mesopredator release, in ecology, a phenomenon in which populations of medium-sized predators rapidly increase in ecosystems after the removal of larger, top carnivores. Such rapid increases in mesopredator populations can force sudden changes in the structure of ecosystems as these animals assume

Precambrian: Microfossils and stromatolites: …increasingly oxygen-rich atmosphere of the early Proterozoic (the Proterozoic Eon extended from 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago). The eukaryotes were capable of cell division, which allowed DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic coding material, to be passed on to succeeding generations.

mesoregionalism: …to inaugurate, consolidate, and develop mesoregions. As with the broader debate about regionalism in the global political economy, a key question is the extent to which mesoregions emerge through deliberate collective decisions versus the degree to which they reflect the de facto growth of transnational economic spaces.

mesoregionalism, process of cooperation and integration in the development of intermediary regions, or “regions within regions.” The prefix meso is used to describe the middle or intermediate part of a structure or phenomenon. Applied to regionalism, the idea and classification of mesoregionalism

reptile: Annotated classification: †Order Mesosauria (mesosaurs) Lower Permian. One family, three genera. Aquatic reptiles with slender elongate jaws filled with long pointed teeth. Tail as long as or longer than body and flattened side to side; limbs well developed, hind feet enlarged and paddlelike. Total length to about 1…

Mesosaurus, (genus Mesosaurus), early aquatic relative of reptiles, found as fossils from the Early Permian Period (299 million to 271 million years ago) in South Africa and South America. Mesosaurus lived in freshwater lakes and ponds. Elongated and slim, it measured about 1 metre (3.3 feet) long.

climate: Scale classes: Known as the mesoscale, this class is characterized by spatial dimensions of ten to a few hundred kilometres and lifetimes of a day or less. Because of the shorter time scale and because the other forces may be much larger, the effect of the Coriolis force in mesoscale…

thunderstorm: Multiple-cell thunderstorms and mesoscale convective systems: …of storms is called a mesoscale convective system (MCS). Severe multiple-cell thunderstorms and supercell storms are frequently associated with MCSs. Precipitation produced by these systems typically includes rainfall from convective clouds and from stratiform clouds (cloud layers with a large horizontal extent). Stratiform precipitation is primarily due to the remnants…

weather forecasting: Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models: …has been the construction of mesoscale numerical prediction models. The prefix meso- means “middle” and here refers to middle-sized features in the atmosphere, between large cyclonic storms and individual clouds. Fronts, clusters of thunderstorms, sea breezes, hurricane bands, and jet streams are mesoscale structures, and their evolution and behaviour are…

mesoscaphe, diving vessel built by the Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard that suspended itself automatically at predetermined depths. The first mesoscaphe was built for the 1964 Swiss National Exhibition in Lausanne and designed as a tourist submarine for 40 passengers. Although it could descend to

stony iron meteorite: The other common type, the mesosiderites (formerly called siderolites), are impact breccias. They are probably related to the basaltic achondrite group of stony meteorites, but they contain an unusually large quantity of interspersed metal. The source of the metal is not known for certain, but it may be from the…

arachnid: External features: …abdomen is subdivided into the mesosoma, or preabdomen, and the metasoma, or postabdomen, which is mobile and more slender. Similar arrangements are found among whip scorpions, schizomids, and ricinuleids. Among the daddy longlegs the division between the two parts is indistinct, and among most of the mites and ticks the…

beard worm: Form and function: …regions are called protosome and mesosome; the long trunk section is called the metasome. Each segment has its own coelom. The small protosome bears tentacles. The mesosome contains a structure known as a bridle, also called a frenulum, a pair of oblique cuticular ridges that extend backward to meet in…

mesosphere, region of the upper atmosphere between about 50 and 80 km (30 and 50 miles) above the surface of the Earth. The base of the mesosphere is defined as the temperature maximum existing at the top of the stratosphere, with the boundary between the two regions usually called the stratopause.

sternum: …and first ribs; (2) the mesosternum, often divided into a series of segments, the sternebrae, to which the remaining true ribs are attached; and (3) the posterior segment, called the xiphisternum. In humans the sternum is elongated and flat; it may be felt from the base of the neck to…

acarid: Annotated classification: Order Mesostigmata Generally with a number of sclerotized plates; 0.2–2 mm in size; eyes absent; pair of stigmata between coxae of 2nd, 3rd, or 4th pair of legs; usually associated with elongated peritremes; palpal apotele present; tritosternum usually well developed but reduced to absent in some…

crocodile: Annotated classification: †Suborder Mesosuchia Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous; choanae in posterior part of palatine bones. †Suborder Sebecosuchia Upper Cretaceous to Miocene; skull laterally flattened; choanae in depression in anterior part of pterygoids. Suborder Eusuchia Upper Jurassic to

crocodile: Annotated classification: †Suborder Mesosuchia Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous; choanae in posterior part of palatine bones. †Suborder Sebecosuchia Upper Cretaceous to Miocene; skull laterally flattened; choanae in depression in anterior part of pterygoids. Suborder Eusuchia Upper Jurassic to

spider: Annotated classification: Suborder Mesothelae (segmented spiders) About 100 species in 1 family, Liphistiidae, found from Japan to Southeast Asia. Inhabit trapdoor tubes in ground; remnants of abdominal segmentation clearly visible dorsally from 7th segment (pedicel) to 18th; 8 spinnerets at middle of abdomen; male pedipalps relatively complicated; epigynum…

mesothelioma, tumour that arises from the sheet of cells known as the mesothelium, which lines body cavities and forms the tissue layers referred to as the pleura and the peritoneum. The pleura is located in the chest cavity, either lining the chest wall (parietal pleura) or covering the lung

river: Variation of stream regime: In the mesothermal class some regimes resemble those of tropical and equatorial areas, with single or double summer maxima corresponding to heavy seasonal rainfall, while others include sustained flow with slight warm-season minima. Where midlatitude climates include dry summers, streamflow decreases markedly and may cease altogether in…

Lepidoptera: Thorax: The much larger mesothorax bears the second pair of legs, a second pair of spiracles, and the pair of forewings. The metathorax bears the third pair of legs and the pair of hind wings. In many moths the metathorax bears a pair of complex auditory organs (tympana). In…

meson, any member of a family of subatomic particles composed of a quark and an antiquark. Mesons are sensitive to the strong force, the fundamental interaction that binds the components of the nucleus by governing the behaviour of their constituent quarks. Predicted theoretically in 1935 by the

inland water ecosystem: Biological productivity: Mesotrophic lakes are lakes of intermediate productivity: net primary production is between 250 and 1,000 milligrams of carbon per square metre per day. Models that relate levels of lake productivity to levels of nutrient input or loading have been useful in controlling eutrophication in many…

felsic and mafic rocks: …and 65 percent silica are intermediate; those with between 45 and 55 percent silica are mafic; and those with less than 45 percent are ultramafic. Compilations of many rock analyses show that rhyolite and granite are felsic, with an average silica content of about 72 percent; syenite, diorite, and monzonite…

water treader, any insect of the approximately 30 species of the family Mesoveliidae (order Heteroptera). These small, slender insects are yellowish or greenish in colour and are 5 millimetres (0.2 inch) or less in length. Mesoveliids are predaceous and are usually seen on floating vegetation or on

mesozoan, any of approximately 50 species of small, ciliated, multicellular animals that parasitize other marine invertebrates belonging to the phyla Rhombozoa and Orthonectida. These wormlike organisms lack digestive, respiratory, nervous, and excretory systems; their bodies consist of two layers

Mesozoic Era, second of Earth’s three major geologic eras of Phanerozoic time. Its name is derived from the Greek term for “middle life.” The Mesozoic Era began 252.2 million years ago, following the conclusion of the Paleozoic Era, and ended 66 million years ago, at the dawn of the Cenozoic Era.

North America: Mesozoic and Cenozoic orogenic belts: The youngest mountain ranges (the Cordilleras) formed along the western margin of the continent and around the Caribbean Sea. The development of the Cordilleras occurred mainly after the Atlantic Ocean began to open and North America started drifting westward over…

orb weaver: The oldest known orb weaver, Mesozygiella dunlopi, was described in 2006 from fossils discovered in Álava, Spain. The species was dated to the Early Cretaceous Epoch (about 145.5 million to 99.6 million years ago).

medlar, (genus Mespilus), either of two species of the genus Mespilus of the rose family (Rosaceae). The common medlar (M. germanica) is a small, much-branched, deciduous, spinous tree known for its edible fruits. The plant is native to Europe, from the Netherlands southward, and to southwestern

medlar: Stern’s medlar (M. canescens) was discovered in 1990 in Arkansas, though its taxonomy has been controversial. Stern’s medlar reaches heights of 4.5–6 metres (15–20 feet). It is a deciduous tree or shrub that bears showy white flowers. The fruit is a glossy red pome and…

medlar: The common medlar (M. germanica) is a small, much-branched, deciduous, spinous tree known for its edible fruits. The plant is native to Europe, from the Netherlands southward, and to southwestern Asia. The flowers are white or pink-tinged, with five petals, and produce a brown globular fruit…

Fox, an Algonquian-speaking tribe of North American Indians who called themselves Meshkwakihug, the “Red-Earth People.” When they first met French traders in 1667, the tribe lived in the forest zone of what is now northeastern Wisconsin. Tribes to their east referred to them as “foxes,” a custom

Iowa: Early history: …buy back a small reservation—the Mesquakie Settlement—near Tama in central Iowa, the only reservation in the state today.)

Mesquite, city, Dallas county, northeastern Texas, U.S., adjacent to the city of Dallas (west). It was established in 1873 when the Texas and Pacific Railway acquired land for the town site (named for the mesquite shrubs that once covered the area), built a depot, and offered lots for sale. Until

mesquite, (genus Prosopis), genus of spiny deep-rooted shrubs or small trees in the pea family (Fabaceae). They form extensive thickets in areas from South America into the southwestern United States. They are considered pests and have been eradicated in some places. The wood of the mesquite,

St. Mesrop Mashtots ; Western feast day, Thursday following 4th Sunday after Pentecost, and Monday following 3rd Sunday after the Assumption; Armenian feast day, February 19) was a monk, theologian, and linguist who, according to tradition, invented the Armenian script in 405 and helped establish

St. Mesrop Mashtots ; Western feast day, Thursday following 4th Sunday after Pentecost, and Monday following 3rd Sunday after the Assumption; Armenian feast day, February 19) was a monk, theologian, and linguist who, according to tradition, invented the Armenian script in 405 and helped establish

St. Mesrop Mashtots: …popular Armenian Bible, the “Mesropian” Bible (c. 410). Mesrop Mashtots himself was responsible for translating the New Testament and the Old Testament book of Proverbs. He subsequently revised the entire text.

Requiem, requiem mass by Giuseppe Verdi, intended as a memorial to a departed hero—the poet, playwright, and novelist Alessandro Manzoni. Requiem premiered in Milan on May 22, 1874. It is Verdi’s largest-scale nonoperatic work. The leading Italian writer of the 1800s, Manzoni played the role in

speech: The basic registers: …is the physiologic basis of messa di voce, the technique of swelling tones. Thus, the characteristic mechanism of each register represents a continuum of intralaryngeal adjustments. In the male voice, the gradual and overlapping transitions of phonic function may be aligned as follows: low chest tones, loud–soft; transition; middle register,…

communication: Linear models: Messages (electronic messages, initially) were supposed to travel along this path, to be changed into electric energy by the transmitter, and to be reconstituted into intelligible language by the receiver. In time, the five elements of the model were renamed so as to specify components…

Fernando Pessoa: …his first book in Portuguese, Mensagem (Message), appeared. It attracted little attention, and Pessoa died the next year a virtual unknown.

Paul Baran: …of computer data into “message blocks”—separate pieces of data that would be sent independently to the target destination, where they would be rejoined into the original message. By foregoing dedicated communication lines in favour of using any number of available circuits, Baran’s system increased transmission capacity (bandwidth) and created…

dream: Dreams as a source of divination: …the most confidence about so-called message dreams. Characteristically, a god or some other respected figure appears to the dreamer (typically a king, a hero, or a priest) in time of crisis and states a message. Such reports are found on ancient Sumerian and Egyptian monuments; frequent examples appear in the…

Chadwick Boseman: …in the little-seen revenge thriller Message from the King. However, his most notable film that year was Captain America: Civil War, in which he first appeared as Marvel superhero T’Challa/Black Panther, king of the fictional African country Wakanda who has an alter ego. Boseman next portrayed a young Thurgood Marshall…

Nicholas Sparks: …more novels, two of which, Message in a Bottle (1998) and A Walk to Remember (1999), had already arrived in cinemas, in 1999 and 2002, respectively.

Walker Percy: …also wrote such nonfiction as The Message in the Bottle (1975), a sophisticated philosophical treatment of semantics, and Lost in the Cosmos: The Last Self-Help Book (1985), an offbeat amalgam of a self-help-book parody and a philosophical treatise.

Elbert Hubbard: …number of The Philistine, “A Message to Garcia” appeared, in which the importance of perseverance was drawn as a moral from a Spanish-American War incident. In 1908 Hubbard began to edit and publish a second monthly, The Fra. His printing establishment in time expanded to include furniture and leather shops,…

Iris Murdoch: …Book and the Brotherhood (1987), The Message to the Planet (1989), and The Green Knight (1993). Murdoch’s last novel, Jackson’s Dilemma (1995), was not well received; some critics attributed the novel’s flaws to the Alzheimer’s disease with which she had been diagnosed in 1994. Murdoch’s husband, the novelist John Bayley,…

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: …realities of ghetto life in “The Message” (1982), they became the pioneers of socially conscious protest rap, inspiring the likes of Public Enemy’s Chuck D and Boogie Down Production’s KRS-One to create provocative social commentary in the manner of Bob Dylan and Bob Marley. The group also tackled drug abuse…

Ta-Nehisi Coates: Books: …to nonfiction in 2024 with The Message, a book of interrelated essays that discuss Coates’s trips to three conflict zones: Dakar, Senegal (where he visited a former site of the slave trade); Columbia, South Carolina (where there had been attempts to ban his book Between the World and Me and…

André Messager was a French conductor and composer whose operettas achieved popularity in France and England. Messager established his reputation with his operetta La Béarnaise (performed Paris, 1885; London, 1886). Between 1890 and 1926 he produced 14 operettas, including Madame Chrysanthème

André Messager was a French conductor and composer whose operettas achieved popularity in France and England. Messager established his reputation with his operetta La Béarnaise (performed Paris, 1885; London, 1886). Between 1890 and 1926 he produced 14 operettas, including Madame Chrysanthème

Charles Vildrac was a French poet, playwright, and essayist whose idealistic commitment to humanitarianism characterized his artistic and personal life. Vildrac, along with the writer Georges Duhamel (later his brother-in-law) and others, founded the Abbaye de Créteil, a community of young artists

Air France, French international airline originally formed in 1933 and today serving all parts of the globe. With British Airways, it was the first to fly the supersonic Concorde. Headquarters are in Paris. On May 17, 1933, four airlines—Société Centrale pour l’Exploitation de Lignes Aériennes

Ahmed Messali Hadj was a revolutionary Algerian nationalist leader. Messali emerged in 1927 as the head of an Algerian workers’ association in Paris and spent most of the rest of his life forming pro-independence organizations, agitating both in France and Algeria, suffering imprisonment, and

Christianity: Eastern Christianity: …denounced as heretics were the Messalians (Syriac for “praying people”) of the 4th century. They were accused of neglecting the sacraments for ceaseless prayer and of teaching a materialistic vision of God. Later mystics, both orthodox and suspect, have been accused of Messalianism.

Messalina Valeria was the third wife of the Roman emperor Claudius, notorious for licentious behaviour and instigating murderous court intrigues. The great-granddaughter of Augustus’s sister, Octavia, on both her father’s and mother’s sides, she was married to Claudius before he became emperor.

Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus was a Roman aristocrat, public servant, orator, and patron of literature. Messalla was proscribed by the Second Triumvirate in 43, but he escaped to the camp of Brutus and Cassius and after their defeat at Philippi (42) went over to Mark Antony. Later he joined

Messalina Valeria was the third wife of the Roman emperor Claudius, notorious for licentious behaviour and instigating murderous court intrigues. The great-granddaughter of Augustus’s sister, Octavia, on both her father’s and mother’s sides, she was married to Claudius before he became emperor.

Mozambique: Drainage of Mozambique: …important drainage systems include the Messalo River in the north, the Púngoè (Púnguè), Revuè, and Búzi rivers, which enter the Mozambique Channel together just south of the port of Beira, and the Limpopo River in the south.

Messina, city and port, extreme northeastern Sicily, Italy, on the lower slopes of the Peloritani Mountains, on the Strait of Messina opposite Reggio di Calabria. It was an ancient Siculan colony, first mentioned about 730 bce, founded by settlers from Chalcis, who called it Zankle (“Sickle”), from

Messapic alphabet, one of two Italian offshoots of the Tarentine–Ionic variety of the Greek alphabet. It was adopted c. 500 bc by the Messapii, who inhabited southeastern Italy in pre-Roman

Messapic language, Indo-European language spoken by tribes (Messapii and Iapyges) living in the southeastern part of Italy in pre-Roman and early Roman times. Messapic inscriptions date from the 6th to the 1st century bc. The language is believed to be related to the extinct Illyrian languages that

Messapic alphabet, one of two Italian offshoots of the Tarentine–Ionic variety of the Greek alphabet. It was adopted c. 500 bc by the Messapii, who inhabited southeastern Italy in pre-Roman

Messapic language, Indo-European language spoken by tribes (Messapii and Iapyges) living in the southeastern part of Italy in pre-Roman and early Roman times. Messapic inscriptions date from the 6th to the 1st century bc. The language is believed to be related to the extinct Illyrian languages that

Messapii, ancient pre-Roman people of the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula (Calabria and Apulia) who, with the closely related Iapyges, probably penetrated Italy from the other side of the Adriatic Sea about 1000 bc. They spoke an Indo-European language, Messapic. They frequently fought

Misau, town and traditional emirate, northern Bauchi state, northern Nigeria, 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the Misau River, the upper stretch of the Komadugu Gana. Originally inhabited by Hausa people, the town was captured in 1827 by the emirs Yakubu of Bauchi and Dan Kauwa of Katagum. The ensuing

mass: …first complete Ordinary cycle, the Messe de Notre Dame.

Charles Gounod: In his Messe de Sainte-Cécile (1855) he attempted to blend the sacred with a more secular style of composition. An excursion into comic opera followed with Le Médecin malgré lui (1858; The Mock Doctor), based on Molière’s comedy. From 1852 Gounod worked on Faust, using a libretto…

Hans Lietzmann: …his Messe und Herrenmahl (1926; The Mass and the Lord’s Supper), which detected a possible fusion of two distinct types of 1st- and 2nd-century prayer services. His extensive research on St. Peter and St. Paul provided insights into the development of the church’s organization in 1st-century Rome. Geschichte der alten…

Western architecture: Germany and Austria: …more indigenous German classicism encouraged Alfred Messel in Berlin to study the austere Neoclassicism of Gentz and Gilly of a century earlier, hence the Greek Revival flavour of Messel’s offices for the AEG (formerly the Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft) and his National Bank, both built in Berlin in 1905–07. This style was…

Messene, ancient city, southwestern Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopónnisos), Greece, not to be confused with the modern township of the same name farther south. It was probably founded in 369 bce after the defeat of Sparta by Athens and the Boeotian League in the Battle of Leuctra (371) for the

Messina, city and port, extreme northeastern Sicily, Italy, on the lower slopes of the Peloritani Mountains, on the Strait of Messina opposite Reggio di Calabria. It was an ancient Siculan colony, first mentioned about 730 bce, founded by settlers from Chalcis, who called it Zankle (“Sickle”), from

Messenger, (foaled 1780), racehorse who, though a Thoroughbred who sired many successful Thoroughbred (flat) racers, was most important as the foundation sire of the Standardbred (harness racehorse) breed. A son of Mambrino and grandson of Matchem, he was foaled in England but was taken to

Messenger, U.S. spacecraft that studied Mercury’s surface and environment. The name was selected in honour of ancient Greek observers who perceived Mercury in its 88-day orbit of the Sun and named it for the messenger of the gods (Hermes, known to the Romans as Mercury). Messenger was launched on

subatomic particle: Finding the messenger particles: In addition to the Higgs boson, or bosons, electroweak theory also predicts the existence of an electrically neutral carrier for the weak force. This neutral carrier, called the Z0, should mediate the neutral current interactions—weak interactions in which electric charge is not transferred…

messenger RNA (mRNA), molecule in cells that carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes). The molecule that would eventually become known as mRNA was first described in 1956 by scientists Elliot Volkin and Lazarus Astrachan. In

messenger RNA (mRNA), molecule in cells that carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes). The molecule that would eventually become known as mRNA was first described in 1956 by scientists Elliot Volkin and Lazarus Astrachan. In

mRNA vaccine, type of vaccine that uses a synthetic version of a molecule known as messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct cells in the body to produce a specific protein that trains the immune system to recognize and destroy the targeted disease-associated entity. Vaccines based on mRNA rely primarily on

the Smiths: …his first official solo release, The Messenger, in 2013. His solo career continued with Playland (2014) and Call the Comet (2018).

Woody Harrelson: …soldiers to their families in The Messenger (2009). He costarred in the popular horror comedy Zombieland (2009) and its 2019 sequel, and he won praise for his role as the damaged survivor Haymitch Abernathy in the Hunger Games series (2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015), which was adapted from

Messenia, ancient district and modern perifereiakí enótita (regional unit), southwestern Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopónnisos) periféreia (region), southern Greece. It is bounded on the east by the Taïyetos (Táygetos) Mountains, on the north by the Nédha Potamós (river) and the Arcadian