historiography: Social and cultural history: …kind of cultural history, “microhistory,” which consists essentially of a story about a person or persons. Two famous examples are Carlo Ginzburg’s The Cheese and the Worms (1980), about the unorthodox cosmological and theological beliefs of a 16th-century Italian miller, and Natalie Zemon Davis’s The Return of Martin Guerre…

shrew rat: Natural history: …Guinea are all very small—the groove-toothed shrew mouse (Microhydromys richardsoni) weighs only 9 to 12 grams and has a body 8 to 9 cm long and an equally long tail.

vole: …States and Canada, the semiaquatic American water voles (M. richardsoni) dwell close to clear spring-fed or glacial streams and the edges of ponds. They are adept swimmers and divers whose pathways extend along and cross over springs and streams. Their burrow entrances may be at water level or submerged. Their…

narrow-mouthed toad, any amphibian of the family Microhylidae, which includes 10 subfamilies and more than 60 genera and more than 300 species. Narrow-mouthed toads are found in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Many are small, stocky, and smooth skinned with short legs, small

frog and toad: Annotated classification: …Guinea, northern Australia), Brevicipitinae (Africa), Microhylinae (North and South America, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, western Indo-Australian archipelago, Philippines, and Ryukyu Islands), Melanobatrachinae (east-central Africa, India), Phrynomerinae (Africa), and Otophryninae (South America). Family Ranidae (true frogs)

rare-earth element: Microkelvin cooling: The metallic compound PrNi5 is also a small-market material, but it is a world record setter. It has the same crystal structure as LaNi5, does not order magnetically even down to the microkelvin range (0.000001 K [−273.149999 °C, or −459.669998 °F]), and is…

gravitational microlensing, brightening of a star by an object passing between the star and an observer. Since 2004 many extrasolar planets have been found through gravitational microlensing, including several so-called free-floating planets that do not orbit any star. This technique depends on an

crystallite: Crystallites are distinguished from microlites, which are slightly larger forms recognizable as mineral species.

pyrochlore: …solid-solution series with the mineral microlite [(Na,Ca)2Ta2O6(O,OH,F)]. For detailed physical properties, see oxide mineral (table).

China: Early humans: …most of them small (called microliths), have been found, for example, at Xiaonanhai, near Anyang, at Shuoxian and Qinshui (Shanxi), and at Yangyuan (Hebei); these findings suggest an extensive microlith culture in northern China. Hematite, a common iron oxide ore used for coloring, was found scattered around skeletal remains in…

microcredit, a means of extending credit, usually in the form of small loans with no collateral, to nontraditional borrowers such as the poor in rural or undeveloped areas. This approach was institutionalized in 1976 by Muhammad Yunus, an American-educated Bangladeshi economist who had observed

counterpoint: Counterpoint in the Middle Ages: …Guido of Arezzo in his Micrologus described a variety of organum in which the accompanying or organal voice had become more individualized. In addition to moving parallel to the main voice, it included oblique (diverging or converging) motion and contrary (opposite) motion. In this era the organal voice remains melodically…

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Micromalthidae Rare; 1 to 2 species; most complex life cycle among coleopterans. Family Ommatidae 2 extant genera (Omma and Tetraphalerus), containing 6 species. Suborder Myxophaga Wing with base of Rs

microsurgery, the specialized surgical technique of observing through a compound microscope when operating on minute structures of the human body. Microsurgery has made possible significant advances in surgery on humans, especially in delicate operations on the inner ear, eye, brain, and nerve

Voltaire: Life with Mme du Châtelet: Micromégas (1752) measures the littleness of man in the cosmic scale. Vision de Babouc (1748) and Memnon (1749) dispute the philosophic optimism of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Alexander Pope. Zadig (1747) is a kind of allegorical autobiography: like Voltaire, the Babylonian

annelid: Development: …cap of smaller cells, called micromeres, at one end of the egg and a cap of larger cells, called macromeres, at the other end.

micrometeoroid, a small grain, generally less than a few hundred micrometres in size and composed of silicate minerals and glassy nodules but sometimes including sulfides, metals, other minerals, and carbonaceous material, in orbit around the Sun. The existence of micrometeoroids was first deduced

micrometeoroid, a small grain, generally less than a few hundred micrometres in size and composed of silicate minerals and glassy nodules but sometimes including sulfides, metals, other minerals, and carbonaceous material, in orbit around the Sun. The existence of micrometeoroids was first deduced

micrometer, instrument for making precise linear measurements of dimensions such as diameters, thicknesses, and lengths of solid bodies; it consists of a C-shaped frame with a movable jaw operated by an integral screw. The fineness of the measurement that can be made depends on the lead of the

micrometer, instrument for making precise linear measurements of dimensions such as diameters, thicknesses, and lengths of solid bodies; it consists of a C-shaped frame with a movable jaw operated by an integral screw. The fineness of the measurement that can be made depends on the lead of the

micrometre, metric unit of measure for length equal to 0.001 mm, or about 0.000039 inch. Its symbol is μm. The micrometre is commonly employed to measure the thickness or diameter of microscopic objects, such as microorganisms and colloidal particles. Minute distances—for example, the wavelengths

trace element, in biology, any chemical element required by living organisms in minute amounts (that is less than 0.1 percent by volume [1,000 parts per million]), usually as part of a vital enzyme (a cell-produced catalytic protein). Exact needs vary among species, but commonly required plant

puffbird: The smallest species is the lanceolated monklet (Micromonacha lanceolata) from deep forests of northern South America. This 14-cm species derives its name from its quiet habits and modest brown plumage.

algae: Annotated classification: Class Prasinophyceae (Micromonadophyceae) Paraphyletic, primarily marine; includes Micromonas (sometimes placed in Mamiellophyceae), Ostreococcus, and Pyramimonas. Class Ulvophyceae Primarily marine; includes Acetabularia,

algae: Annotated classification: (Micromonadophyceae) Paraphyletic, primarily marine; includes Micromonas (sometimes placed in Mamiellophyceae), Ostreococcus, and Pyramimonas. Class Ulvophyceae Primarily marine; includes Acetabularia, Caulerpa, Monostroma, and sea lettuce

harvest mouse: Old World harvest mouse: The single species of Old World harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) lives from Great Britain and Europe westward to Siberia and Korea, southern China, Assam, and Japan. As suggested by its scientific name, it is among the smallest of rodents, weighing less…

micrometre, metric unit of measure for length equal to 0.001 mm, or about 0.000039 inch. Its symbol is μm. The micrometre is commonly employed to measure the thickness or diameter of microscopic objects, such as microorganisms and colloidal particles. Minute distances—for example, the wavelengths

micronation, entity that claims to be an independent state but whose sovereignty is not recognized by the international community. Micronations are distinct from microstates, such as Liechtenstein or Vatican City, whose sovereignty over extremely small territories and populations is internationally

Micronesia, country in the western Pacific Ocean. It is composed of more than 600 islands and islets in the Caroline Islands archipelago and is divided roughly along cultural and linguistic lines into the states of—from west to east—Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae. The capital is Palikir, on the

Guam: Cultural life: …shopping mall in Dededo, the Micronesia Mall, is the largest shopping centre on the island and also serves as a cultural and recreational venue, with movie theatres and an indoor amusement park.

national flag consisting of a blue field with four white stars in the centre. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 10 to 19.On United Nations Day, October 24, 1962, a flag was first hoisted for the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), which, under United Nations supervision, was being

history of Micronesia, a survey of notable events and people in Micronesia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, Micronesia is composed of more than 600 islands and islets in the Caroline Islands archipelago and is divided roughly along cultural and linguistic lines into the states of—from west to

Micronesia: Government and society: The College of Micronesia-FSM was founded in 1963 for teacher training and later became a community college offering a range of coursework and vocational training. It has a national campus on Pohnpei and branch campuses in each of the other states and is the only institution…

Micronesian culture, the beliefs and practices of the indigenous peoples of the ethnogeographic group of Pacific Islands known as Micronesia. The region of Micronesia lies between the Philippines and Hawaii and encompasses more than 2,000 islands, most of which are small and many of which are found

Micronesian languages, group of mutually unintelligible languages belonging to the Eastern, or Oceanic, branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family and most closely related to the Melanesian and Polynesian languages. The seven languages in the Micronesian group, all closely

ciliate: … and from one to several micronuclei. The macronuclei control metabolic and developmental functions; the micronuclei are necessary for reproduction.

trace element, in biology, any chemical element required by living organisms in minute amounts (that is less than 0.1 percent by volume [1,000 parts per million]), usually as part of a vital enzyme (a cell-produced catalytic protein). Exact needs vary among species, but commonly required plant

dairy product: Inoculation and curdling: …is then inoculated with fermenting microorganisms and usually with rennet, which promote curdling. The fermenting microorganisms carry out the anaerobic conversion of lactose to lactic acid. The type of organisms used depends on the variety of cheese and on the production process. Rennet is an enzymatic preparation that contains a…

Encyclopædia Britannica: Fifteenth edition: …parts serving different functions: the Micropædia: Ready Reference and Index, Macropædia: Knowledge in Depth, and Propædia: Outline of Knowledge. The articles in the Micropædia tended to be short, specific, and unsigned and were followed (until 1985) by index references to related content elsewhere in the set. The Micropædia also included…

Earth sciences: Micropaleontology: Microscopic fossils, such as ostracods, foraminifera, and pollen grains, are common in sediments of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (from about 251 million years ago to the present). Because the rock chips brought up in oil wells are so small, a high-resolution instrument known…

Morten P. Meldal: …optical encoding technique, known as microparticle matrix (MPM) encoding, in which PEG-based resins were used to facilitate the direct identification of structures in molecular libraries. The technique was especially valuable for the study of relationships between peptide structure and bioactivity.

micropegmatite, quartz and alkali feldspar intergrowth so fine that it can be resolved only under the microscope; it is otherwise indistinguishable from the coarser intergrowths known as graphic granite. The quartz-feldspar interfaces are planar, and the quartz areas tend to be triangular in cross

orthoclase: Because the intermediate members, called orthoclase–microperthites, cannot blend homogeneously, they take the form of intergrowths of microscopic but distinct crystals of the sodium and potassium end-members.

granulocyte, any of a group of white blood cells (leukocytes) that are characterized by the large number and chemical makeup of the granules occurring within the cytoplasm. Granulocytes are the most numerous of the white cells and are approximately 12–15 μm in diameter, making them larger than red

microphone, device for converting acoustic power into electric power that has essentially similar wave characteristics. While those on telephone transmitters comprise the largest class of microphones, the term in modern usage is applied mostly to other varieties. Apart from telephone transmitters,

malformation: Somatic characters: …anophthalmia (absence of eyes) and microphthalmia (abnormally small eyes), both occasionally the result of abnormal heredity. Defective closure of lines of junction in the embryo produces malformations such as cleft palate, in which the ventral laminae of the palate have failed to fuse, and cleft lip, in which the median…

fern: Comparisons with leaves of other plant groups: …scalelike or awl-like leaves (microphylls) of club mosses on the basis of other characteristics, such as the position of the sporangia and the mode of leaf development. A few genera of ferns (e.g., sword ferns, Nephrolepis; Jamesonia; Salpichlaena; and climbing ferns, Lygodium) have members with more or less indeterminate…

plankton: Phytoplankton: Microplankton (also called net plankton) is composed of organisms between 0.05 and 1 mm (0.002 and 0.04 inch) in size and is a mixture of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The lower limit of its size range is fixed by the aperture of the finest cloth used…

microplastics, small pieces of plastic, less than 5 mm (0.2 inch) in length, that occur in the environment as a consequence of plastic pollution. Microplastics are present in a variety of products, from cosmetics to synthetic clothing to plastic bags and bottles. Many of these products readily

microplastics, small pieces of plastic, less than 5 mm (0.2 inch) in length, that occur in the environment as a consequence of plastic pollution. Microplastics are present in a variety of products, from cosmetics to synthetic clothing to plastic bags and bottles. Many of these products readily

swift, any of about 75 species of agile, fast-flying birds of the family Apodidae (sometimes Micropodidae), in the order Apodiformes, which also includes the hummingbirds. The family is divided into the subfamilies Apodinae, or soft-tailed swifts, and Chaeturinae, or spine-tailed swifts. Almost

micropolitics, small-scale interventions that are used for governing the behaviour of large populations of people. In the second half of the 20th century, micropolitics came to be defined by French philosophers Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, and Félix Guattari as a type of political regulation

otter shrew: ruwenzorii) and the Nimba otter shrew (M. lamottei), which weigh 60 to 150 grams and have a body 12 to 20 cm long and a shorter tail. The water-repellent fur of all three is soft and dense. The feet are webbed in the Ruwenzori otter shrew but unwebbed…

otter shrew: …dwarf species (genus Micropotamogale), the Ruwenzori otter shrew (M. ruwenzorii) and the Nimba otter shrew (M. lamottei), which weigh 60 to 150 grams and have a body 12 to 20 cm long and a shorter tail. The water-repellent fur of all three is soft and dense. The feet are webbed…

technology of photography: Focusing aids: …wedge alone or with a microprism area, in the screen centre. The split-image wedge consists of a pair of prism wedges that split an out-of-focus image into two sharp halves laterally displaced relative to one another. When the lens is correctly focused the image becomes continuous across the wedge area—a…

electron-probe microanalyzer, type of electron microscope used to provide chemical information. (A limitation of the conventional electron microscope is that it provides no elemental analysis.) Electron-probe microanalyzers have been developed since 1947 to carry out nondestructive elemental

microprocessor, any of a type of miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry necessary to perform the functions of a digital computer’s central processing unit. In effect, this kind of integrated circuit can interpret and execute program instructions as

microprogramming, process of writing microcode for a microprocessor. Microcode is low-level code that defines how a microprocessor should function when it executes machine-language instructions. Typically, one machine-language instruction translates into several microcode instructions. On some

parrot: …all belong to the genus Micropsitta. The six species are endemic to New Guinea and nearby islands. These are the smallest members of the family. They live in forests, where they eat insects and fungi.

parrot: The pygmy parrots of the subfamily Micropsittinae all belong to the genus Micropsitta. The six species are endemic to New Guinea and nearby islands. These are the smallest members of the family. They live in forests, where they eat insects and fungi.

insect: Critical appraisal: …lepidopterans, members of the family Micropterigidae are more primitive than existing trichopterans (caddisflies). Although some entomologists treat them as a distinct order (Zeugloptera), others place them in the order Lepidoptera.

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Superfamily Micropterigoidea The most primitive lepidopterans; females with no special genital opening; larvae, pupae, and adults with mandibulate mouthparts. Family Micropterigidae (mandibulate moths) 120 small species, a few found in the Northern Hemisphere, more in Australia and New Zealand; adults eat pollen; larvae eat mosses and

black bass, any of about six species of elongated freshwater fishes that constitute the genus Micropterus of the sunfish family, Centrarchidae (order Perciformes). Black basses are found in eastern North America. Two of them, the largemouth and smallmouth basses (M. salmoides and M. dolomieu), have

black bass: …of them, the largemouth and smallmouth basses (M. salmoides and M. dolomieu), have been introduced in other countries and are prized as hard-fighting game fishes.

black bass: Two of them, the largemouth and smallmouth basses (M. salmoides and M. dolomieu), have been introduced in other countries and are prized as hard-fighting game fishes.

insect: Reproductive system: …chorion is also pierced by micropyles, fine canals that permit entry of one or more spermatozoa for fertilization. As the egg passes down the oviduct before egg laying, the micropyles come to lie opposite the duct of the spermatheca; at this stage fertilization occurs. Eggs must be waterproof to prevent…

angiosperm: Ovules: …a small opening called the micropyle at the top. In angiosperms the presence of two integuments is plesiomorphic (unspecialized), and one integument is apomorphic (derived). A single large megasporocyte arises within the nucellus near the micropyle and undergoes meiotic division, resulting in a single linear tetrad of megaspores. Three of…

dromaeosaur: …is debate as to whether Microraptor, the smallest and most birdlike dinosaur known, is a dromaeosaur or a troodontid. Only about the size of a crow, Microraptor appears to have possessed feathers. The single specimen was discovered in China in 2000 from deposits dating to the Early Cretaceous.

microform, any process, photographic or electronic, for reproducing printed matter or other graphic material in a much-reduced size, which can then be re-enlarged by an optical apparatus for reading or reproduction. Microform systems provide durable, extremely compact, and easily accessible file

Kyiv: City layout: The neighbourhood units, known as microregions, consist of groupings of apartment buildings housing 2,500 to 5,000 people, together with basic services, local shops, a health centre, cinema, and primary school. Since the late 1960s the apartment buildings have usually been of 12 to 20 stories and of prefabricated construction. Most…

microform, any process, photographic or electronic, for reproducing printed matter or other graphic material in a much-reduced size, which can then be re-enlarged by an optical apparatus for reading or reproduction. Microform systems provide durable, extremely compact, and easily accessible file

microRNA (miRNA), small molecule in cells, typically about 21–25 nucleotides in length, that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. MicroRNA (miRNA) is unique relative to other forms of RNA, which function primarily to carry and translate the genetic code from DNA into protein.

rice rat: … (Oecomys), dark rice rats (Melanomys), small rice rats (Microryzomys), and pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys), among others. All belong to the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the “true” mouse and rat family Muridae within the order Rodentia.

lapwing: Others are the gray-headed lapwing (Microsarcops cinereus), of eastern Asia, and the long-toed lapwing (Hemiparra crassirostris), of Africa.

heredity: Repetitive DNA: Microsatellite DNA is composed of tandem repeats of two nucleotide pairs that are dispersed throughout the genome. Minisatellite DNA, sometimes called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), is composed of blocks of longer repeats also dispersed throughout the genome. There is no known function for satellite…

amphibian: Annotated classification: †Order Microsauria (microsaurs) Lower Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae, i.e., spool-shaped bony cylinder around the notochord. †Subclass Temnospondyli (temnospondyls) Upper Mississippian to Middle Cretaceous. Vertebral centrum of large intercentrum and pair of small

amphibian: Annotated classification: †Order Microsauria (microsaurs) Lower Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae, i.e., spool-shaped bony cylinder around the notochord. †Subclass Temnospondyli (temnospondyls) Upper Mississippian to Middle Cretaceous. Vertebral centrum of large intercentrum and pair of small

sponge: Mineral skeletons: All of the microscleres apparently are derived from a spherical type with many axons (polyaxon); the result is a series of star-shaped spicules, or asters, with various numbers of rays. Spicules with rays missing or reduced (called spheres, sterrasters, and discasters) often form a protective armour around the…

microscope, instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis. Although optical microscopes are the subject of this article, an image may also be enlarged by many other

histology: The terms histology and microscopic anatomy are sometimes used interchangeably, but a fine distinction can be drawn between the two studies. The fundamental aim of histology is to determine how tissues are organized at all structural levels, from cells and intercellular substances to organs. Microscopic anatomy, on the other…

principle of microscopic reversibility, principle formulated about 1924 by the American scientist Richard C. Tolman that provides a dynamic description of an equilibrium condition. Equilibrium is a state in which no net change in some given property of a physical system is observable; e.g., in a

plant disease: Symptoms: Microscopic disease symptoms are expressions of disease in cell structure or cell arrangement seen under a microscope. Macroscopic symptoms are expressions of disease that can be seen with the unaided eye. Specific macroscopic symptoms are classified under one of four major categories: prenecrotic, necrotic, hypoplastic,…

Microscopium, constellation in the southern sky at about 21 hours right ascension and 35° south in declination. Its brightest star is Gamma Microscopii, with a magnitude of 4.7. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille formed this constellation in 1754; it represents a

microscope, instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis. Although optical microscopes are the subject of this article, an image may also be enlarged by many other

Robert Walser: …2010 an English-language tribute book, The Microscripts, was published, containing colour illustrations, transcriptions, and translations of 25 short pieces by Walser written in the tiny script he perfected.

seismograph: Applications of the seismograph: …oscillations of the ground, called microseisms, that do not originate as earthquakes. The occurrence of some microseisms is related to storms at sea.

Douglas Coupland: The novel Microserfs (1995) had its origins in an assignment for Wired magazine during which Coupland observed employees of Microsoft Corporation in Redmond, Washington, U.S. Microserfs was his fictional account of the experience; it highlighted workers’ pursuit of meaning in a seemingly meaningless environment.

sleep: Sleep deprivation: …to be associated with “microsleep”—momentary lapses into sleep. Changes in body chemistry and in workings of the autonomic nervous system sometimes have been noted during deprivation, but it has proved difficult either to establish consistent patterning in such effects or to ascertain whether they should be attributed to sleep…

Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company that has been a key player in the computer industry since its founding in 1975. Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, Microsoft initially gained dominance in the operating systems market during the 1980s and ’90s with MS-DOS and

MS-DOS, the dominant operating system for the personal computer (PC) throughout the 1980s. The acquisition and marketing of MS-DOS were pivotal in the Microsoft Corporation’s transition to software industry giant. American computer programmer Timothy Paterson, a developer for Seattle Computer

browser: …Explorer and replaced it with Edge in 2015.

Encarta, multimedia digital encyclopaedia produced by Microsoft Corporation (1993–2009). Initially a CD-ROM product, the Encarta brand later expanded to include an Internet-based incarnation and was bundled with other Microsoft products. The possibility of a digital encyclopaedia was first

Microsoft Excel, spreadsheet application launched in 1985 by the Microsoft Corporation. Excel is a popular spreadsheet system, which organizes data in columns and rows that can be manipulated through formulas that allow the software to perform mathematical functions on the data. Lotus 1-2-3, first

Internet Explorer (IE), World Wide Web (WWW) browser and set of technologies created by Microsoft Corporation, a leading American computer software company. After being launched in 1995, Internet Explorer became one of the most popular tools for accessing the Internet. There were 11 versions

Microsoft PowerPoint, virtual presentation software developed by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin for the American computer software company Forethought, Inc. The program, initially named Presenter, was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1987. In July of that year, the Microsoft Corporation, in

James Nicholas Gray: …database technologies, Gray helped develop Microsoft TerraServer, a free searchable database of satellite images of the Earth’s surface, which went online in 1998, many years before the comparable Google Earth was launched. Beginning in 2002 Gray was also instrumental in developing SkySearch—released to the public in 2008 as the Microsoft…

Microsoft Windows, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows.

Microsoft Word, word-processor software launched in 1983 by the Microsoft Corporation. Software developers Richard Brodie and Charles Simonyi joined the Microsoft team in 1981, and in 1983 they released Multi-Tool Word for computers that ran a version of the UNIX operating system (OS). Later that

James Nicholas Gray: …public in 2008 as the Microsoft Worldwide Telescope—which combines astronomical images from various sources into a free searchable and viewable application.

ribosome, particle that is present in large numbers in all living cells and serves as the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes occur both as free particles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and as particles attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. The small