mouth, in human anatomy, orifice through which food and air enter the body. The mouth opens to the outside at the lips and empties into the throat at the rear; its boundaries are defined by the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, and glottis. It is divided into two sections: the vestibule, the

wind instrument: Trumpet-type aerophones: …against the rim of a mouthpiece or mouth hole (although the behaviour of the lips, strictly speaking, is not exactly comparable to the operation of a reed). When the lips vibrate, the resulting tremor in the flow of the breath is transmitted to the air in the tube, which resonates…

measurement system: The development and establishment of the metric system: Gabriel Mouton, the vicar of St. Paul’s Church in Lyon, France, and a noted mathematician and astronomer, suggested a linear measure based on the arc of one minute of longitude, to be subdivided decimally. Mouton’s proposal contained three of the major characteristics of the metric…

Battle of Waterloo: The first hours of battle: …path, and a corps under Georges Mouton, count de Lobau, was placed behind them. By 1:30 pm those arrangements had been completed. The battery near La Belle Alliance opened fire, and 18,000 infantry under Ney and Drouet advanced on the allied centre a half hour later. No cavalry accompanied the…

Jean Mouton was a composer in the Franco-Flemish style of the early 16th century, known for his sacred music. Mouton was a chorister in Nesle (1477–83) and worked in Amiens and Grenoble from 1500 to 1502 before joining the French royal chapel under Louis XII and Francis I. He apparently studied

Rwanda: Independence and the 1960s: …Kayibanda, Rwanda’s first president, the Party for Hutu Emancipation (Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation du Peuple Hutu) emerged as the spearhead of the revolution. Communal elections were held in 1960, resulting in a massive transfer of power to Hutu elements at the local level. And in the wake of the…

French literature: Feminist writers: …de Libération des Femmes (MLF; Movement for the Liberation of Women) developed within the radical thinking and action that marked 1968 and produced feminist extensions of the work of Lacan, Derrida, and Deleuze. Combining the disciplines of literary theory and psychology to explore language as an instrument for radical change,…

Gabon: Gabon since independence: …a new opposition group, the Movement for National Renewal (Mouvement de Redressement National), called for multiparty democracy, exercise of civil liberties, and an end to governmental corruption, but it was quickly suppressed; Bongo was again reelected in 1986.

March 23 Movement (M23), rebel group primarily based in North Kivu, a mineral-rich province in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is one of many armed groups in the conflict-ridden eastern DRC that have been fighting against other armed groups as well as the DRC’s army, the Armed

Burkina Faso: Independence of Burkina Faso: His party, the People’s Movement for Progress (Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès; MPP), won the most seats in the National Assembly but did not take an absolute majority.

Canadian literature: The literary movement of 1860: …Mouvement Littéraire de Québec (Literary Movement of Quebec). Often congregating at the bookstore of poet Octave Crémazie, its dozen members shared patriotic, conservative, and strongly Roman Catholic convictions about the survival of French Canada. Their spokesman, Henri-Raymond Casgrain, promoted a messianic view of the spiritual mission of French Canadians…

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Belgian paternalism and the politics of decolonization: …the statut des villes, the Congolese National Movement (Mouvement National Congolais; MNC) stood out as the most powerful force for Congolese nationalism. The MNC never disavowed its commitment to national unity (unlike ABAKO, whose appeal was limited to Bakongo elements), and, with the arrival of Patrice Lumumba—a powerful orator, advocate…

Republic of the Congo: Congo since independence: …left, notably by founding the National Revolutionary Movement (Mouvement National de la Révolution; MNR) as the sole party. The country sought assistance from the Soviet Union and China and voted with the more radical African states in world forums. Regionally, Congo extended concrete support and offered a geographic base for…

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political process: The Popular Movement of the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution; MPR) was the sole legal political party from 1970 until 1990. It was presided over by then president Mobutu and had branches at every administrative level throughout the country. The MPR splintered into factions after…

Central African Republic: Political process: The Social Evolution Movement of Black Africa (Mouvement d’Évolution Sociale de l’Afrique Noire; MESAN), founded in 1946 by Barthélemy Boganda, was the first political party. It won control of the first territorial assembly elections in 1957 and was the party of the first president, David Dacko.…

Ahmed Ben Bella: He led the Movement for Democracy in Algeria (Mouvement pour la Démocratie en Algérie), a moderate Islamist opposition party he had founded in 1984 while in exile, in the first round of the country’s abortive 1991 parliamentary elections (see Algeria: Civil war: the Islamists versus the army). The…

Chad: Continuing conflict: …in late 1998 when the Mouvement pour la Démocratie et la Justice au Tchad (MDJT) began an offensive in the northern part of the country. Other opposition groups later joined forces with the MDJT, and the rebellion continued into the 21st century.

Ahmed Messali Hadj: …reemerge in 1946 as the Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD; Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties). His influence, however, declined dramatically in the postwar period. In 1954 he formed the Mouvement National Algérian (Algerian National Movement), but this organization was unable to compete with the Front…

Popular Republican Movement, former French social reform party whose policies corresponded largely to the European Christian Democratic tradition. Founded on Nov. 26, 1944, shortly after the end of the German occupation of France during World War II, the MRP consistently won some 25 percent of the

Juvénal Habyarimana: Presidency: In 1975 he established the National Revolutionary Movement for Development, with himself as sole leader of the single-party state. A new constitution promulgated in December 1978 provided for a return to civilian rule, and in elections held that same month Habyarimana was elected president. He was reelected in 1983 and…

Republic of the Congo: Congo since independence: …parties existed at independence: the African Socialist Movement (Mouvement Socialiste Africain; MSA) and the Democratic Union for the Defense of African Interests (Union Démocratique pour la Défense des Intérêts Africains; UDDIA). The two parties pitted the north against the south, an opposition that stemmed from the privileged place occupied by…

Parti Québécois: In 1968 Lévesque merged his Mouvement Souveraineté-Association (Sovereignty-Association Movement)—which advocated Quebec sovereignty in a new kind of looser association of Canadian provinces—with other separatist groups to form the Parti Québécois. Unsuccessful in the Quebec provincial elections of 1970 and 1973, the party in 1976 won 71 of 110 seats in…

history of Central Asia: The Uyghur empire: The third Uyghur khagan—Mouyu by his Chinese name (759–780)—visited Luoyang in China, where he was converted to an Iranian religion, Manichaeism. Its adoption brought to the Uyghur land many Sogdians, whose growing influence on state affairs was resented by the Turkic Uyghurs and led to Mouyu’s assassination.

movable and immovable, in later Roman and modern civil-law systems, the basic division of things subject to ownership. In general, the distinction rests on ordinary conceptions of physical mobility: immovables would be such things as land or buildings, which are thought to be stationary in space;

movable bridge, any of several types of bridges that can move to accommodate the passage of boats and ships. Movable bridges include drawbridges, vertical-lift bridges, transporter bridges, and swing (pivot) bridges. The drawbridge, or bascule, is the best known; it may be single- or double-leafed.

clef: The C clef, or movable C clef, determines the position of middle C. It is commonly found in two principal positions: as an alto clef (standard for the viola), in which the middle line carries C:

real and personal property: personal property, a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures (such as permanent buildings) were classified as real-property interests. Leasehold interests in land,…

Shen Kuo: …compass, the first description of movable type, and a fairly accurate explanation of the origin of fossils. The Mengxi bitan also contains Shen’s observations on such varied subjects as mathematics, astronomy, atmospheric phenomena, cartography, optics, and medicine. Shen produced a number of works, including commentaries on the Confucian Classics, atlases,…

Mumia Abu-Jamal: Activism and journalism: …the police department’s handling of MOVE, a radical black-liberation group based in Philadelphia. In the early 1980s Abu-Jamal was the president of the Philadelphia chapter of the Association of Black Journalists, and his news broadcasts and commentaries were heard on numerous radio stations. Because of his activism and radical viewpoint,…

Stuart Rosenberg: Films of the 1970s: Rosenberg began the decade with Move (1970), an irreverent black comedy starring Elliott Gould as a failed playwright who writes pornographic novels for a living. Somewhat better was WUSA (1970), a political drama starring Newman as Rheinhardt, a drifter who becomes an announcer at a right-wing radio station, which he…

Cliff Richard: …a British singer whose “Move It” (1958) was the first great British rock-and-roll song.

the Cars: Reunion and legacy: …album by the Cars called Move Like This (2011), which some music critics suggested harkens back to the style and feel of the band’s earlier work. After a brief tour supporting the album, the Cars again disbanded, save for their final performance at their induction ceremony into the Rock and…

Mahalia Jackson: Jackson’s first great hit, “Move on Up a Little Higher,” appeared in 1945; it was especially important for its use of the “vamp,” an indefinitely repeated phrase (or chord pattern) that provides a foundation for solo improvisation.

Rosabeth Moss Kanter: …the Frontiers of Management (1997), Move: Putting America’s Infrastructure Back in the Lead (2015), and Think Outside the Building: How Advanced Leaders Can Change the World One Smart Innovation at a Time (2020). She also contributed to many texts on sociology, gender roles, and organizational development and was editor of…

American literature: Hemingway, Faulkner, and Steinbeck: …of Paris between the wars, A Moveable Feast (1964). Hemingway’s writing was influenced by his background in journalism and by the spare manner and flat sentence rhythms of Gertrude Stein, his Paris friend and a pioneer Modernist, especially in such works of hers as Three Lives (1909). His own great…

human nervous system: Lower-level mechanisms of movement: …the physiology and pathology of movement by the study of reflexes caused a lack of interest in any other concept of movements, particularly in English-speaking countries. It was the German physiologist Erich Walter von Holst who, about the mid-20th century, first showed that many series of movements of invertebrates and…

motion, in physics, change with time of the position or orientation of a body. Motion along a line or a curve is called translation. Motion that changes the orientation of a body is called rotation. In both cases all points in the body have the same velocity (directed speed) and the same

dance: The three-phase choreographic process: …three phases: gathering together the movement material, developing movements into dance phrases, and creating the final structure of the work.

concerto: …a cycle of several contrasting movements integrated tonally and often thematically. The individual movements are usually based on certain recognized designs, including sonata form, A B A (the letters refer to large distinct musical sections), variations, and rondo (such as A B A C A).

Margaret Floy Washburn: …The Animal Mind (1908) and Movement and Mental Imagery (1916). The former is a summary of studies that is of lasting importance, and the latter is a development of Washburn’s dualistic motor theory of mental activity, an attempt to find a compromise between the opposed and equally one-sided schools of…

Slovakia: Political process: …of the Hungarian Coalition, the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, and the Christian Democratic Movement.

Cabo Verde: Political process: …to the formation of the Movement for Democracy (Movimento para a Democracia; MpD), which won the democratic elections of 1990.

Ahmed Ben Bella: He led the Movement for Democracy in Algeria (Mouvement pour la Démocratie en Algérie), a moderate Islamist opposition party he had founded in 1984 while in exile, in the first round of the country’s abortive 1991 parliamentary elections (see Algeria: Civil war: the Islamists versus the army). The…

Guinea-Bissau: Independence of Guinea-Bissau: …Alternation Group of 15 (Madem G-15) opposition party founded by former PAIGC members, were the two top vote-getters, taking about 40 percent and 28 percent respectively. Vaz, who ran as an independent, won little more than 12 percent.

Zimbabwe: The issue of land reform and the rise of the Movement for Democratic Change: Throughout the 1980s and ’90s the government continued to struggle with the issue of land reform. Some 4,000 white farmers collectively controlled about one-third of Zimbabwe’s arable land, and hundreds of white-owned farms were either officially redistributed by the government or…

Zambia: Economy: The new government of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) led by Frederick Chiluba, who came into power in November 1991, promised to liberate the economy and introduce a free-market system. Under Chiluba, Zambia embarked upon an aggressive scheme of privatization, largely in response to pressure from the IMF and…

Gabon: Gabon since independence: …a new opposition group, the Movement for National Renewal (Mouvement de Redressement National), called for multiparty democracy, exercise of civil liberties, and an end to governmental corruption, but it was quickly suppressed; Bongo was again reelected in 1986.

Bulgaria: End of party rule: …over the BSP, with the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF; primarily representing the country’s Turkish minority) gaining few seats; no other minority party gained the required minimum percentage of the vote to qualify for participation in parliament. The leader of the UDF, Philip Dimitrov, was elected prime minister and,…

Nigeria: Domestic unrest and insecurity: The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) was the most active of such militant groups, although its activity decreased after the group declared a unilateral ceasefire, and the government introduced an amnesty program in 2009.

flag of Sao Tome and Principe: The leading force was the Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), which had been created in 1960. Its leader, Manuel Pinto da Costa, became the country’s first president and is also credited with designing the national flag. Various alternatives, all incorporating the colours associated with pan-African…

French literature: Feminist writers: …de Libération des Femmes (MLF; Movement for the Liberation of Women) developed within the radical thinking and action that marked 1968 and produced feminist extensions of the work of Lacan, Derrida, and Deleuze. Combining the disciplines of literary theory and psychology to explore language as an instrument for radical change,…

Ken Saro-Wiwa: …broadened the reach of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, an organization he led. In particular, he focused on Britain, where Shell had one of its headquarters. He criticized the destructive impact of the oil industry—the main source of Nigeria’s national revenue—on the Niger delta region and…

Ahmed Messali Hadj: …reemerge in 1946 as the Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD; Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties). His influence, however, declined dramatically in the postwar period. In 1954 he formed the Mouvement National Algérian (Algerian National Movement), but this organization was unable to compete with the Front…

Georgia: Rose Revolution: …he established an opposition party, Movement for United Georgia, and appeared on Imedi TV, an independent television station, to issue a number of direct accusations against President Saakashvili.

Casamance: A separatist group, the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC), emerged in the early 1980s, organized by the Diola. Demonstrations by the MFDC led to a number of arrests, and in 1990 the group attacked several administrative locations in the region. The Senegalese army was sent to Casamance,…

José Mujica: …a legal political party, the Movement of Popular Participation (Movimiento de Participación Popular; MPP), for the 1989 elections. Mujica became one of the MPP’s leading voices. Meanwhile, he moved to a farm outside Montevideo with his longtime partner and fellow former Tupamaro member, Lucía Topolansky, who also remained active in…

Cyprus: Political process: Among them are the Movement of Social Democrats EDEK (Kinima Sosialdimokraton EDEK) and the Democratic Rally (Dimokratikos Synagermos; DISY). In the Turkish Cypriot zone the major parties include the National Unity Party (Ulusal Birlik Partisi), the Communal Liberation Party (Toplumcu Kurtuluș Partisi), and the Republican Turkish Party (Cumhuriyetc̦i Türk…

Lebanon: Civil war: …Musa al-Sadr’s Ḥarakat al-Maḥrūmīn (“Movement of the Deprived”), and to the rise of numerous sectarian-based militias. Unable to maintain a monopoly of force, the state security apparatus was powerless to stop the increase in violence that was gradually destroying the country’s fragile social and political fabric. On the eve…

Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR), nationalist Venezuelan political party established to support the presidential candidacy of Hugo Chávez in 1998. MBR-200 was secretly established within the Venezuelan military in the 1980s by Chávez and his fellow military officers. The movement rejected

Fela Kuti: …formed a political party, the Movement of the People, and ran unsuccessfully for the presidency of Nigeria. Five years later he was jailed for 20 months on charges of currency smuggling. Upon his release, he turned away from active political protest and left his son, Femi, to carry the torch…

movement perception, process through which humans and other animals orient themselves to their own or others’ physical movements. Most animals, including humans, move in search of food that itself often moves; they move to avoid predators and to mate. Animals must perceive their own movements to

China: Formation of a rival southern government: …of this undertaking, termed the Movement to Protect the Constitution, probably were supplied by the German consulate in Shanghai. On September 1 the rump parliament in Guangzhou established a military government and elected Sun commander in chief. Real power, however, lay with military men, who only nominally supported Sun. The…

Luis Arce: Arce was the candidate of Movement Toward Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo; MAS), the leftist party that Morales had helped to found. He had been the architect of the economic transformation during Morales’s presidency, which renationalized Bolivia’s thriving petroleum industry, redistributed agricultural land, increased taxes on the wealthy, and lifted countless…

Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), leftist Venezuelan political party. (Read George Bernard Shaw’s 1926 Britannica essay on socialism.) The MAS was formed in 1971 following a split the previous year in the Venezuelan Communist Party over the dismissal of its leader, Teodoro Petkoff, for remarks

carnivorous plant: Trap types and digestion: …passive based on whether they move to capture prey. Pitfall traps, such as those found in pitcher plants, are among the most common types of traps and employ a hollow, lidded leaf filled with liquid to passively collect and digest prey. Flypaper traps can be active or passive and rely…

population ecology: Metapopulations: …dynamics and evolution of many populations are determined by both the population’s life history and the patterns of movement of individuals between populations. Regional groups of interconnected populations are called metapopulations. These metapopulations are, in turn, connected to one another over broader geographic ranges. The mapped distribution of the perennial…

logistics: Power versus movement: fighting power, mobility, and range of movement. Which of these attributes is stressed depends on the commander’s objectives and strategy, but all must compete for available logistic support. Three methods have been used, in combination, in providing this support for forces in the field: self-containment, local supply, and supply…

social movement, a loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society’s structure or values. Although social movements differ in size, they are all essentially collective. That is, they result from the

English literature: Poetry: …known with characteristic understatement as The Movement. Poets such as D.J. Enright, Donald Davie, John Wain, Roy Fuller, Robert Conquest, and Elizabeth Jennings produced urbane, formally

Internet: Political campaigns and muckraking: …independent action groups such as Moveon.org that used the Internet to raise funds and rally support for particular issues and candidates.

dance: Music: such as Jerome Robbins in Moves (1959), used complete silence even in performance, so that the natural sounds of the dance movements formed the only accompaniment, leaving the spectator to concentrate solely on the patterns and rhythms of the movement. Others have used natural or electronic sounds and even spoken…

figure skating: Figures and moves in the field: Figure-skating movements are performed on either the inside (the edge nearer the inside of the foot) or the outside edge of the blade while moving forward or backward. Most movements are based on what are called school figures, the elements of…

Adam Levine: … (2021)—and singles (notably 2010’s “Moves like Jagger,” featuring Christina Aguilera). In addition, the band headlined the Super Bowl halftime show in 2019; their appearance generated some backlash, as other singers had reportedly rejected offers to perform at the event in a show of support for Colin Kaepernick, a former…

game theory: Theory of moves: Another approach to inducing cooperation in PD and other variable-sum games is the theory of moves (TOM). Proposed by the American political scientist Steven J. Brams, TOM allows players, starting at any outcome in a payoff matrix, to move and countermove within…

choral music: Occasional music: …referred to in the ballet Movete al mio bel suon (Move to my Beautiful Sound), which extols him also as a just and equitable monarch in time of peace—although the Thirty Years’ War did not in fact come to an end for several years. The text used by Monteverdi was…

film, series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and continuous movement. A popular form of mass media, film is a remarkably

motion-picture camera, any of various complex photographic cameras that are designed to record a succession of images on a reel of film that is repositioned after each exposure. Commonly, exposures are made at the rate of 24 or 30 frames per second on film that is either 8, 16, 35, or 70 mm in

Stanley Donen: Later films: In Movie Movie (1978) Donen and a cast that included George C. Scott, Eli Wallach, and Art Carney lovingly parodied two of the most popular genres of the 1930s—the backstage musical and the boxing film—but audiences seemed to have been confounded by its unusual conceit.

motion-picture technology, the means for the production and showing of motion pictures. It includes not only the motion-picture camera and projector but also such technologies as those involved in recording sound, in editing both picture and sound, in creating special effects, and in producing

motion-picture technology: Wide-screen and stereoscopic pictures: …radical attack was made on wide-screen projection in the form of the Cinerama, which used three projectors and a curved screen. The expanded field of view gave a remarkable increase in the illusion of reality, especially with such exciting and spectacular subjects as a ride down a toboggan slide. There…

Motion Picture Patents Company, trust of 10 film producers and distributors who attempted to gain complete control of the motion-picture industry in the United States from 1908 to 1912. The original members were the American companies Edison, Vitagraph, Biograph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, and Kalem;

The Moviegoer, novel by Walker Percy, published in 1961. It won a National Book Award. The story is a philosophical exploration of the problem of personal identity, narrated by Binx Bolling, a successful but alienated businessman. Bolling undertakes a search for meaning in his life, first through

History of film: Introduction of sound: …under the trade name Fox Movietone. Six months later he secretly bought the American rights to the German Tri-Ergon process, whose flywheel mechanism was essential to the continuous reproduction of optical sound. To cover himself completely Fox negotiated a reciprocal pact between Fox-Case and Vitaphone under which each licensed the…

Petro Mohyla was an Orthodox monk and theologian of Moldavian origin who served as metropolitan of Kiev and who authored the Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Church. He reformed Slavic theological scholarship and generally set doctrinal standards for Eastern Orthodoxy that

Ariano Suassuna: …the prime mover in the Movimento Armorial (“Armorial Movement”) in northeastern Brazil, an intellectual and folkloric group devoted to the discovery and re-creation of the historic roots of Luso-Brazilian culture in that region.

Portugal: The Revolution of the Carnations: …300 officers calling themselves the Armed Forces Movement (Movimento das Forças Armadas; MFA), led by Francisco da Costa Gomes and other officers, planned and implemented the coup of April 25, 1974, which came to be known as the Revolution of the Carnations.

Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), centrist Brazilian Christian Democratic political party. The Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB) was founded in 1980 by members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement, which had been created in the mid-1960s as the official opposition

African literature: Portuguese: The Movimento dos Jovens Intelectuais (Movement of Young Intellectuals) in 1947 and 1948 emphasized Angolan traditions and folklore, influencing such writers as Agostinho Neto, Mário Pinto de Andrade, and Viriato da Cruz.

Landless Workers Movement (MST), Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation. The Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra; MST) is one of the largest and most-influential social movements in Latin America. Thousands of Brazilian

Landless Workers Movement (MST), Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation. The Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra; MST) is one of the largest and most-influential social movements in Latin America. Thousands of Brazilian

Cabo Verde: Political process: …to the formation of the Movement for Democracy (Movimento para a Democracia; MpD), which won the democratic elections of 1990.

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Angolan political party. The MPLA, founded in 1956, merged two nationalist organizations and was centred in the country’s capital city of Luanda. From 1962 it was led by Agostinho Neto, who eventually became Angola’s first president. It fought the

National Alliance, former nationalist anticommunist political party of Italy. Historically, some of its members held neofascist views. The MSI was formed in 1946 by supporters of former Italian leader Benito Mussolini from elements of the defunct Uomo Qualunque (Average Man) Party that had appeared

M-19, Colombian Marxist guerrilla group that coalesced in 1973–74 and demobilized in 1990, transforming into a legitimate political party, Alianza Democrática M-19. The group was founded by dissident members of the Gustavo Rojas Pinilla-led Acción Nacional Popular (Anapo), disaffected communists,

26th of July Movement, revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro that overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba (1959). Its name commemorates an attack on the Santiago de Cuba army barracks on July 26, 1953. The movement began formally in 1955 when Castro went to Mexico to form a

Luis Arce: Arce was the candidate of Movement Toward Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo; MAS), the leftist party that Morales had helped to found. He had been the architect of the economic transformation during Morales’s presidency, which renationalized Bolivia’s thriving petroleum industry, redistributed agricultural land, increased taxes on the wealthy, and lifted countless…

Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), leftist Venezuelan political party. (Read George Bernard Shaw’s 1926 Britannica essay on socialism.) The MAS was formed in 1971 following a split the previous year in the Venezuelan Communist Party over the dismissal of its leader, Teodoro Petkoff, for remarks

Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR), nationalist Venezuelan political party established to support the presidential candidacy of Hugo Chávez in 1998. MBR-200 was secretly established within the Venezuelan military in the 1980s by Chávez and his fellow military officers. The movement rejected

Manuel Scorza: …year he also joined the Movimiento Comunal and supported a peasant revolt that was raging in the Cerro de Pasco. He became secretary of the movement and wrote its political manifestos.

Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR), nationalist Venezuelan political party established to support the presidential candidacy of Hugo Chávez in 1998. MBR-200 was secretly established within the Venezuelan military in the 1980s by Chávez and his fellow military officers. The movement rejected