Mozarabic chant, Latin liturgical chant of the Christian church on the Iberian Peninsula from its beginnings about the 5th century until its suppression at the end of the 11th century in favour of the liturgy and Gregorian chant of the Roman Catholic Church. The term Mozarabic was applied to

Mozarabic language, archaic dialect of Spanish that was spoken in those parts of Spain under Arab occupation from the early 8th century until about 1300. Mozarabic retained many archaic Latin forms and borrowed many words from Arabic. Although almost completely overshadowed by Arabic during the

benediction: …is also used in the Mozarabic liturgy of Spain before the reception of the Host. The Swedish liturgy appends a trinitarian formula to this same benediction. Some Christian churches, however, prefer the Pauline benediction (II Cor. 13:14).

Ernest J. Gaines: In 2005 Gaines published Mozart and Leadbelly, a collection of stories and autobiographical essays about his childhood and his writing career. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 2013.

Russian literature: Aleksandr Pushkin: …remarkable, Motsart i Salyeri (Mozart and Salieri), based on a legend that Salieri poisoned Mozart, meditates on the nature of creativity while introducing, in brilliantly compressed speeches, what was to be one of the important Russian themes—metaphysical rebellion against God.

Eduard Friedrich Mörike: In his Mozart auf der Reise nach Prag (1856), Mörike penetrates deeper into Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s personality than do many longer studies.

Mark Morris: …pieces for his company, including Mozart Dances (2006), Romeo & Juliet, On Motifs of Shakespeare (2008), and Festival Dance (2011). He also conducted performances at Tanglewood Music Center, Lenox, Massachusetts; Lincoln Center, New York; and Brooklyn Academy of Music, New York. In addition, he served as music director for the…

Joshua Bell: …such streaming series as Amazon’s Mozart in the Jungle. His 2007 incognito performances in a Washington, D.C., subway station led to a Pulitzer Prize-winning Washington Post feature and the film Find Your Way: A Busker’s Documentary (2014). They also inspired a children’s book (The Man with the Violin by Canadian…

Eduard Friedrich Mörike: In his Mozart auf der Reise nach Prag (1856), Mörike penetrates deeper into Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s personality than do many longer studies.

Mozart Piano Concertos, compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart not only numerous in quantity and excellent in quality but also standing very early in the existence of the genre and, indeed, of the piano itself. Mozart’s 27 concerti for solo piano and orchestra, composed between 1767, when he was

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer, widely recognized as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. With Haydn and Beethoven he brought to its height the achievement of the Viennese Classical school. Unlike any other composer in musical history, he wrote in all the

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer, widely recognized as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. With Haydn and Beethoven he brought to its height the achievement of the Viennese Classical school. Unlike any other composer in musical history, he wrote in all the

Leopold Mozart was a German violinist, teacher, and composer. He was the father and principal teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Leopold Mozart became a violinist at the court of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg and rose through the orchestra’s ranks to become court composer (1757) and (1762)

Leopold Mozart was a German violinist, teacher, and composer. He was the father and principal teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Leopold Mozart became a violinist at the court of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg and rose through the orchestra’s ranks to become court composer (1757) and (1762)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Early life and works: Mozart and his sister Maria Anna (“Nannerl”) were the only two of their seven children to survive.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Early life and works: Mozart and his sister Maria Anna (“Nannerl”) were the only two of their seven children to survive.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer, widely recognized as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. With Haydn and Beethoven he brought to its height the achievement of the Viennese Classical school. Unlike any other composer in musical history, he wrote in all the

Mzilikazi was a Southern African king who founded the powerful Ndebele (Matabele) kingdom in what is now Zimbabwe. The greatest Bantu warrior after Shaka, king of the Zulus, Mzilikazi took his Kumalo people more than 500 miles (800 km) from what is now South Africa to the region now known as

Concerned Women for America: …in federal district court (Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education). CWA provided legal counsel for the parents. What began as a local controversy developed into a nationally publicized struggle between CWA and the liberal group People for the American Way over the place of religion in American public…

Aleksandr Fyodorovich Mozhaysky was a Russian naval officer and early experimenter with winged flying machines. Having conducted his own studies of aerodynamic phenomena, Mozhaysky constructed a series of flying models and kites. One account suggests that he designed a glider and was towed into the

Mozi was a Chinese philosopher whose fundamental doctrine of undifferentiated love (jianai) challenged Confucianism for several centuries and became the basis of a socioreligious movement known as Mohism. Born a few years after Confucius’s death, Mozi was raised in a period when the feudal

Mozi: Life: The Mozi, the principal work left by Mozi and his followers, contains the essence of his political, ethical, and religious teachings. The gist of it is found in the three sets of chapters of its second section, which give an overview of the 10 major tenets:…

Firefox: …by the American software company Mozilla Corporation.

Firefox, free open-source Web browser created by the American software company Mozilla Corporation. In 1998 the American Internet services company Netscape Communications Corp. decided to designate its Navigator browser as open-source for users, who began the development of Mozilla Firefox. The

Francisco Herrera, the Younger was a painter and architect who figured prominently in the development of the Spanish Baroque style in Sevilla (Seville) and Madrid. He was the son and pupil of Francisco Herrera the Elder. After fleeing from his father (who was noted for his bad temper), Herrera the

Georg Jenatsch: After the Franco-Spanish Treaty of Mozon (1626), however, the Valtellina was virtually abandoned to Spain; Jenatsch took service with Venice, while the Austrians reconquered the Grisons (1629–31). In 1631 Jenatsch successfully assisted Henri, Duke de Rohan, who had been dispatched to the Grisons by Cardinal de Richelieu; but…

Mazyr, city and centre of Mazyr rayon (district), Homel oblast (region), Belarus. It is situated on the high bank of the Pripet River. The city dates from at least the 12th century, and from the 18th century it was a centre of trade and handicrafts. Mazyr was a woodworking centre in the early

mozzarella, mild, smooth-textured cheese made in its authentic Italian version from the milk of the water buffalo; imitations of varying quality are commonly made of cow’s milk. Mozzarella is a plastic or stretched-curd cheese; the curd is mixed with heated whey and stretched and kneaded until it

Moʿed, (Hebrew: “Festival”), second of the six major divisions, or orders (sedarim), of the Mishna (codification of Jewish oral laws), which was completed early in the 3rd century ad by Judah ha-Nasi. Moʿed deals with the observance of major and minor religious holidays and consists of 12 tractates

Noam Chomsky: Rule systems in Chomskyan theories of language: …the introduction of the “minimalist program” (MP) in the early 1990s, deep structure (and surface structure) disappeared altogether. Move α, and thus modification of structure from one derivational step to another, was replaced by “Move” and later by “internal Merge,” a variant of “external Merge,” itself a crucial basic…

Turkey: The 1982 constitution: Instead, a third party, the Motherland Party (MP), emerged as the clear winner, gaining more than half the seats. The MP—a heterogeneous coalition of liberal, nationalist, social democratic, and Islamic groups—owed its success to the unwillingness of Turks to accept the army’s prescription for government and to the reputation of…

air mass: Maritime Polar (mP) air masses develop over the polar areas of both the Northern and the Southern hemispheres. They generally contain considerably more moisture than the cP air masses. As they move inland in middle and high latitudes, heavy precipitation may occur when the air is forced…

air mass: Maritime Polar (mP) air masses develop over the polar areas of both the Northern and the Southern hemispheres. They generally contain considerably more moisture than the cP air masses. As they move inland in middle and high latitudes, heavy precipitation may occur when the air is forced…

submachine gun: …true submachine gun, as the MP18, or the Bergmann Muskete. This weapon was first issued in 1918, the last year of World War I. In Britain submachine guns came to be called machine carbines; in Germany, machine pistols; in the United States, submachine guns. The Thompson submachine gun (q.v.), or…

MP3, a data compression format for encoding digital audio, most commonly music. MP3 files offered substantial fidelity to compact disc (CD) sources at vastly reduced file sizes. In 1993 the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the

small arm: The submachine gun: …led the way with the MP38 and MP40. Known to the Allies as “burp guns,” these weapons operated at 450 to 550 rounds per minute, the optimal rate for controlled fire. Also, they were fed by a box magazine, which did not jam as often as a drum, and had…

small arm: The submachine gun: …way with the MP38 and MP40. Known to the Allies as “burp guns,” these weapons operated at 450 to 550 rounds per minute, the optimal rate for controlled fire. Also, they were fed by a box magazine, which did not jam as often as a drum, and had a wire…

assault rifle: …known variously as the MP43, MP44, or Sturmgewehr (“Assault Rifle”) 44, was loaded by a curved box magazine holding 30 rounds and was designed for most-effective fire at about 300 yards (270 metres). Only some 425,000 to 440,000 of these rifles were built—too few and too late for the German…

assault rifle: …known variously as the MP43, MP44, or Sturmgewehr (“Assault Rifle”) 44, was loaded by a curved box magazine holding 30 rounds and was designed for most-effective fire at about 300 yards (270 metres). Only some 425,000 to 440,000 of these rifles were built—too few and too late for the German…

Motion Picture Association (MPA), in the United States, organization of the major motion-picture studios that rates movies for suitability to various kinds of audiences, aids the studios in international distribution, advises them on taxation, works to prevent film piracy, and carries on a

marine protected area (MPA), discrete parcel of ocean or estuarine ecosystems that is managed according to special regulations. Marine protected areas (MPAs), which are also known as marine reserves or marine sanctuaries, are—like their terrestrial counterparts, biosphere reserves—set-asides

Motion Picture Association (MPA), in the United States, organization of the major motion-picture studios that rates movies for suitability to various kinds of audiences, aids the studios in international distribution, advises them on taxation, works to prevent film piracy, and carries on a

Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), guerrilla movement formed originally to oppose the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II. In December 1941 a rapid Japanese invasion commenced, and within 10 weeks it had conquered Malaya. British military forces had prepared for this

South Africa: The Zulu after Shaka: …civil war between Dingane and Mpande. The latter allied himself with the Boer invaders and so split the kingdom. Between 1839 and 1840 the Boers seized large parts of the Zulu kingdom, including the area between the Tugela and the Swart-Mfolozi. When the British in turn evicted the Boers and…

Rwanda: Moving forward: …Green Party of Rwanda and Philippe Mpayimana, who was running as an independent. Kagame handily defeated them, taking more than 98 percent of the vote.

Cabo Verde: Political process: …to the formation of the Movement for Democracy (Movimento para a Democracia; MpD), which won the democratic elections of 1990.

data compression: …as do various standards of MPEG (moving picture expert group) for videos.

MP3, a data compression format for encoding digital audio, most commonly music. MP3 files offered substantial fidelity to compact disc (CD) sources at vastly reduced file sizes. In 1993 the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the

Mpezeni was a Southern African chief, a son of the great Ngoni king Zwangendaba. Mpezeni found himself in the middle of European competition for control of southeastern Africa, and his unwillingness to grant land and mineral concessions to European colonists earned him their enmity in the 1890s. He

Mpezeni was a Southern African chief, a son of the great Ngoni king Zwangendaba. Mpezeni found himself in the middle of European competition for control of southeastern Africa, and his unwillingness to grant land and mineral concessions to European colonists earned him their enmity in the 1890s. He

Es’kia Mphahlele was a novelist, essayist, short-story writer, and teacher whose autobiography, Down Second Avenue (1959), is a South African classic. It combines the story of a young man’s growth into adulthood with penetrating social criticism of the conditions forced upon black South Africans by

Es’kia Mphahlele was a novelist, essayist, short-story writer, and teacher whose autobiography, Down Second Avenue (1959), is a South African classic. It combines the story of a young man’s growth into adulthood with penetrating social criticism of the conditions forced upon black South Africans by

Es’kia Mphahlele was a novelist, essayist, short-story writer, and teacher whose autobiography, Down Second Avenue (1959), is a South African classic. It combines the story of a young man’s growth into adulthood with penetrating social criticism of the conditions forced upon black South Africans by

Venda: …in a campaign against Chief Mphephu by the Transvaal government. The chief was defeated and the Venda area was annexed in 1898. Venda was a distinct administrative unit within South Africa before it became officially independent. In 1962 South Africa designated it a homeland for the Venda-speaking people, and a…

Venda: …legislative assembly was elected, and Patrick Mphephu became chief minister.

Tibeto-Burman languages: Tones: In Mpi (Southern Loloish), nouns appear only under nonstopped tones 2, 4, and 6 and stopped tones 2 and 4, while verbs occur only with nonstopped tones 1, 3, and 5 and stopped tones 1 and 3. This is probably because Mpi verbs were originally followed…

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Angolan political party. The MPLA, founded in 1956, merged two nationalist organizations and was centred in the country’s capital city of Luanda. From 1962 it was led by Agostinho Neto, who eventually became Angola’s first president. It fought the

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Angolan political party. The MPLA, founded in 1956, merged two nationalist organizations and was centred in the country’s capital city of Luanda. From 1962 it was led by Agostinho Neto, who eventually became Angola’s first president. It fought the

Morten P. Meldal: …optical encoding technique, known as microparticle matrix (MPM) encoding, in which PEG-based resins were used to facilitate the direct identification of structures in molecular libraries. The technique was especially valuable for the study of relationships between peptide structure and bioactivity.

Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, German symphony orchestra, based in Munich. Founded in 1893 by Franz Kaim, the Kaim Orchestra, as it initially was known, became the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO) during Siegmund von Hausegger’s tenure (1920–38) as music director. The municipal government of

Mpondo, group of Nguni-speaking peoples who have for several centuries occupied the area between the Mtata and Mtamvuna rivers in Eastern province of South Africa. The Mpondo homeland formed one of the largest parts of the former Transkei (until 1994), an independent republic that was established

African art: Gabon: …the Ogowe tribes, particularly the Mpongwe, is closely tied to death rituals. Their masks, painted white to symbolize death, represent dead female ancestors, though they are worn by male relatives of the deceased.

mpox, viral disease of animals, particularly certain rodents and primates, including monkeys and humans, that causes symptoms similar to those of smallpox, though less severe. Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the same virus family that causes smallpox and cowpox. Monkeypox virus

mpox: Notable outbreaks: In 2022 a more severe outbreak emerged, involving extensive human-to-human transmission in countries outside of Africa. The outbreak began in May 2022 in the United Kingdom and spread widely in the following months, reaching countries in Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. By late July, with nearly 18,600 cases having…

mpox: Notable outbreaks: In 2022 a more severe outbreak emerged, involving extensive human-to-human transmission in countries outside of Africa. The outbreak began in May 2022 in the United Kingdom and spread widely in the following months, reaching countries in Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. By late July, with nearly 18,600 cases having…

Burkina Faso: Independence of Burkina Faso: His party, the People’s Movement for Progress (Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès; MPP), won the most seats in the National Assembly but did not take an absolute majority.

Mongolia: Political process: …to revert to its original Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) name—has the largest party membership and traditionally draws its support from the countryside. The main opposition party, the Democratic Party (DP), was formed in 2000 through the amalgamation of a number of smaller parties. Most of its supporters are young and…

José Mujica: …a legal political party, the Movement of Popular Participation (Movimiento de Participación Popular; MPP), for the 1989 elections. Mujica became one of the MPP’s leading voices. Meanwhile, he moved to a farm outside Montevideo with his longtime partner and fellow former Tupamaro member, Lucía Topolansky, who also remained active in…

supercomputer: Historical development: …machines quickly became known as massively parallel computers. Besides opening the way for new multiprocessor architectures, Hillis’s machines showed how common, or commodity, processors could be used to achieve supercomputer results.

Motion Picture Patents Company, trust of 10 film producers and distributors who attempted to gain complete control of the motion-picture industry in the United States from 1908 to 1912. The original members were the American companies Edison, Vitagraph, Biograph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, and Kalem;

Motion Picture Association (MPA), in the United States, organization of the major motion-picture studios that rates movies for suitability to various kinds of audiences, aids the studios in international distribution, advises them on taxation, works to prevent film piracy, and carries on a

Indonesia: Constitutional framework: …every five years by the People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat; MPR), but in that year a new law decreed that beginning in 2004 both leaders were to be directly elected. In addition, legislation passed in 1999 limited the president to two five-year terms.

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political process: The Popular Movement of the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution; MPR) was the sole legal political party from 1970 until 1990. It was presided over by then president Mobutu and had branches at every administrative level throughout the country. The MPR splintered into factions after…

Mongolia: Political process: …to revert to its original Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) name—has the largest party membership and traditionally draws its support from the countryside. The main opposition party, the Democratic Party (DP), was formed in 2000 through the amalgamation of a number of smaller parties. Most of its supporters are young and…

Iran: Political process: The Muslim People’s Republic Party, which once claimed more than three million members, and its leader, Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariat-Madari, opposed many of Khomeini’s reforms and the ruling party’s tactics in the early period of the Islamic republic, but in 1981 it too was ordered to…

dwarfism: Several of the mucopolysaccharidoses (disorders of mucopolysaccharide metabolism) are characterized by dwarfism, often with mental retardation. Some infants having hereditary forms of dwarfism are stillborn or die soon after birth because of serious metabolic disorders.

Hurler’s syndrome, one of several rare genetic disorders involving a defect in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides, the class of polysaccharides that bind water to unite cells and to lubricate joints. Onset of the syndrome is in infancy or early childhood, and the disease occurs with equal

Scheie’s syndrome: A related condition is Hurler-Scheie syndrome (MPS I H S), which causes dwarfism, progressive blindness, deafness, and heart failure.

Scheie’s syndrome, uncommon hereditary metabolic disease characterized by clawing of the hands, corneal clouding, incompetence of the aortic valve of the heart, and painful nerve compression in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome). The disease was described by Harold Scheie of the United States in

Hunter’s syndrome, rare sex-linked hereditary disorder that varies widely in its severity but is generally characterized by some degree of dwarfism, mental retardation, and deafness. The disease affects only males and makes its first appearance during the first three years of life. Many patients

Sanfilippo’s syndrome, rare hereditary (autosomal recessive) metabolic disease characterized by severe mental retardation. There are three varieties, each caused by a defect in a different enzyme involved in the breakdown of mucopolysaccharides, a group of substances important in the structure and

Morquio syndrome, rare hereditary disorder of intracartilaginous bone development that results in severe malformation of the skeleton (particularly the spine and long bones) and dwarfing. The disease is recognized within the first two years of life and is usually progressive until bone growth

Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, uncommon hereditary metabolic disease characterized by dwarfism, hearing loss, and progressive skeletal deformity. Onset of the disease is usually in early childhood, with some coarsening of facial features evident by the first birthday. Eye changes, consisting of corneal

end-plate potential: …a slight depolarization, called a miniature end-plate potential (MEPP). One hundred to 200 quanta, released simultaneously or in rapid series by a nerve impulse, cause multiple MEPPs, which summate, or combine, to produce an EPP. If the EPP depolarizes the cell to a crucial threshold level, it will fully activate…

parkinsonism: …neurotoxin known as MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), previously found in contaminated heroin, also causes a form of toxin-induced parkinsonism. The ability of this substance to destroy neurons suggests that an environmental toxin similar to MPTP may be responsible for Parkinson disease. Pugilistic parkinsonism results from head trauma and has affected professional…

historiography: The presentation of history: …lure of the “MPU,” or minimum publishable unit—the smallest bit of a project that an editor will accept and that, duly noted in a curriculum vitae, will reassure department chairs or funding agencies of one’s continuing scholarly vitality.

Mpumalanga, province, northeastern South Africa. It is bounded by Limpopo province to the north, the countries of Mozambique and Eswatini to the east, the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Free State to the south, and Gauteng province to the west. Mpumalanga province (called Eastern Transvaal province

unmanned aerial vehicle: …development of these aircraft—is the MQ-1 Predator, which first flew in 1994 and entered service the following year. The Predator, with a length of 26 feet 8 inches (8 metres) and a wingspan of 41 feet 8 inches (12.5 metres), is powered by a piston engine driving a pusher propeller.…

military aircraft: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): The much larger Northrop Grumman MQ-8 Fire Scout, a 3,150-pound (1,420-kg) single-rotor craft resembling an unmanned helicopter, has been operational with the U.S. Navy since 2009; it was first used in anti-drug-smuggling operations off the coasts of the United States.

unmanned aerial vehicle: …derivative of the Predator, the MQ-9 Reaper, has improved performance and carries a larger ordnance load. Both the Predator and the Reaper have been used in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and have been purchased by allies of the United States.

S.E.K. Mqhayi was a Xhosa poet, historian, and translator who has been called the “father of Xhosa poetry.” Mqhayi, who was born into a family of long Christian standing, spent several of his early years in rural Transkei, a circumstance that is reflected in his evident love of Xhosa history and

S.E.K. Mqhayi was a Xhosa poet, historian, and translator who has been called the “father of Xhosa poetry.” Mqhayi, who was born into a family of long Christian standing, spent several of his early years in rural Transkei, a circumstance that is reflected in his evident love of Xhosa history and

Mount Kazbek, mountain in northern Georgia. One of the country’s highest peaks, Mount Kazbek attains an elevation of 16,512 feet (5,033 meters). It is an extinct volcano with a double conical form and lava flows up to 1,000 feet (300 meters) thick. It is covered by icefields from which rise the

Pakistan: Zia-ul-Haq: …and the formation of the Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) in the mid-1980s was both a cause and a consequence of the violence that was directed against the immigrant community. The founding of the MQM and its increasingly militant posture aroused the native Sindhis as never before. The Sindhi complaint that…

measles: Measles vaccine and eradication efforts: …agents, specifically with rubella (MR), mumps and rubella (MMR), or mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV). The vaccines typically are given in two doses. In the United States, for example, the first dose is given at 12 to 15 months of age, and the second dose is recommended at four…

Angelina Jolie: Film roles: …Jolie scored a hit with Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), in which she played an assassin pretending to be a normal housewife; while working on the film, she met Brad Pitt, who became her partner. In Robert De Niro’s The Good Shepherd (2006), she was the aggrieved wife of an…

Alan Ayckbourn: Singular (1974), Intimate Exchanges (1985), Mr. A’s Amazing Maze Plays (1989), Body Language (1990), Invisible Friends (1991), Communicating Doors (1995), Comic Potential (1999), The Boy Who Fell into a Book (2000), and the trilogy Damsels in Distress (2002). In 2002 he published

comic strip: The United States: Mutt (later Mutt and Jeff). At first set in a horse-racing milieu, it soon became a general interest comic.

bodybuilding: …until the inception of the Mr. America contest in 1939 under the auspices of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) of the United States. Thereafter, Mr. America winners John Grimek (1940–41) and Steve Reeves (1947) served as role models for a generation of aspiring bodybuilders. The sport developed quickly after World…

Madhubala: …naïve heiress in the comedy Mr. and Mrs. ’55 (1955), directed by and costarring Guru Dutt; a young woman raised by poor itinerants in the comedy Phagun (1958), popular for its songs; an intrepid reporter in Kala Pani (1958), costarring Dev Anand; and an independent woman whose car has broken…