Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, oil painting created about 1750 by English artist Thomas Gainsborough. It has been called his first masterpiece, painted early in his career. It shows his blossoming talent, not just as a portraitist but also as a landscape painter, the two genres for which he was best known.

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: … (1965), Heat and Dust (1983), Mr. & Mrs. Bridge (1990), Jefferson in Paris (1995), and adaptations of Henry James’s The Europeans (1979), The Bostonians (1984), and The Golden Bowl (2000).

Alfred Hitchcock: The Hollywood years: Rebecca to Dial M for Murder: The screwball comedy Mr. and Mrs. Smith (1941) was Hitchcock’s first change of pace since coming to Hollywood. The film starred Carole Lombard and Robert Montgomery as the eponymous bickerers who discover that their marriage is legally invalid. It was a box-office success but was Hitchcock’s last comedy…

Orson Welles: Films of the 1950s: Othello, Mr. Arkadin, and Touch of Evil: Mr. Arkadin (1955; also called Confidential Report) was based on an original story by Welles and was financed by European investors, who removed him from the film during editing. It is a Citizen Kane-like story with a different but equally tragic ending: the wealthy and…

Ben Elton: Early life and career in television and film: …exam episode of Atkinson’s show Mr. Bean (1990–95). Elton spearheaded projects such as the police sitcom The Thin Blue Line (1995–96)—again starring Rowan Atkinson—and the historical sitcom Upstart Crow (2016–20), which focuses on the life of playwright William Shakespeare. The film All Is True (2018), written by Elton, similarly concerns…

Rowan Atkinson: Mr. Bean and international fame: …central plot device, and later Mr. Bean’s Holiday (2007), in which the eponymous antihero takes on France. The character also inspired an animated television series in 2002. Atkinson appeared as Mr. Bean in a skit during the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

Virginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, A Room of One’s Own and other major works of Virginia Woolf: …as the Hogarth Press pamphlet Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown. In it she celebrated the breakdown in patriarchal values that had occurred “in or about December, 1910”—during Fry’s exhibit “Manet and the Post-Impressionists”—and she attacked “materialist” novelists for omitting the essence of character.

Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House, American romantic comedy film, released in 1948, that offered a humorous look at the frustrations of owning a home. Cary Grant and Myrna Loy played a Manhattan couple who, tired of city life, decide to build a house in the country. The process, however, is

J.R.R. Tolkien: Other works: Tolkien (1981), the children’s stories Mr. Bliss (1982) and Roverandom (1998), and The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (2009), two narrative poems drawn from northern legend and written in the style of the Poetic Edda. The Fall of Arthur (2013) is an unfinished verse exploration of Arthurian legend inspired by…

Evan S. Connell: Ten years later Connell published Mr. Bridge (1969), which relates the same story from the point of view of the husband. Both novels, which were among Connell’s most-successful works, were adapted as the film Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990). Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Bighorn (1984;…

H.G. Wells: Middle and late works: His next novel, Mr. Britling Sees It Through (1916), though touched by the prejudice and shortsightedness of wartime, gives a brilliant picture of the English people in World War I.

Demi Moore: Movies in the 2000s and marriage to Ashton Kutcher: …Throttle (2003), Bobby (2006), and Mr. Brooks (2007). Meanwhile, she began dating the younger actor Ashton Kutcher in 2003, causing a stir in tabloids because of their 15-year age difference. They married in 2005 and were expecting a child when Moore had a late miscarriage. By then she had begun…

Peter Ackroyd: … (2006), Three Brothers (2013), and Mr. Cadmus (2020). In 2009 Ackroyd also published a retelling of The Canterbury Tales.

Christopher Paul Curtis: ” Mr. Chickee’s Funny Money (2005) details the adventures of Steven Carter, an overachieving seven-year-old who aspires to become a detective.

Eddie Murphy: …A Thousand Words (2012), and Mr. Church (2016). In the biopic Dolemite Is My Name (2019), he played comedian and actor Rudy Ray Moore, who was a blaxploitation star in the 1970s. After an absence of 35 years, Murphy returned to Saturday Night Live in 2019, and, for his performance…

Anne Moody: In 1975 Moody published Mr. Death: Four Stories. She began writing a sequel to Coming of Age in Mississippi, Farewell to Too Sweet, in 1976, the year of her mother’s death, but the book remained unpublished.

Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, American romantic comedy film, released in 1936, that became one of director Frank Capra’s most popular movies. It is noted for its populist theme and for the performances of Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur. Longfellow Deeds (played by Cooper) is a country rube who, after

Ray Bradbury: Early life: …encounter with a carnival magician, Mr. Electrico, in 1932 as a notable influence. Wreathed in static electricity, Mr. Electrico touched the young Bradbury on the nose and said, “Live forever!” The next day, Bradbury returned to the carnival to ask Mr. Electrico’s advice on a magic trick. After Mr. Electrico…

Nick Joaquin: Guevara Story (1993), and Mr. F.E.U., the Culture Hero That Was Nicanor Reyes (1995).

Fantastic Four: Origins: …a quartet of new characters: Dr. Reed Richards, a pompous scientist; Sue Storm, his lovely and somewhat reserved fiancée; Sue’s hotheaded teenaged brother Johnny Storm; and Richards’s beefy longtime friend pilot Ben Grimm. The foursome commandeered an untested spaceship of Richards’s design from the U.S. military in a frantic but…

Traffic: …songs on their debut album, Mr. Fantasy (1967), which reached the British Top Ten. Mason departed briefly, returning just long enough to write half of the songs on Traffic (1968)—a hit in both the United Kingdom and the United States—before leaving again. Shortly thereafter, Winwood (who had already experienced fame…

Mr. Flood’s Party, rhymed narrative poem by Edwin Arlington Robinson, published in his Collected Poems (1921) and considered one of his finest works. The poem is set in the fictional Tilbury Town. The narrative concerns lonely, isolated Eben Flood, resident of Tilbury Town, who climbs a hill above

John Mellencamp: of Van Morrison’s “Wild Night”; Mr. Happy Go Lucky (1996), featuring the hit single “Key West Intermezzo (I Saw You First)”; the self-titled John Mellencamp (1998); and Trouble No More (2003), an album of stripped-down covers that topped the blues charts. Freedom’s Road (2007) yielded the minor hit “Our Country.”…

Richard Dreyfuss: …to teach high school in Mr. Holland’s Opus (1995) earned Dreyfuss another Oscar nomination.

Laura Linney: …Sherlock Holmes (Ian McKellen) in Mr. Holmes (2015). Her credits from 2016 included the action spectacle Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows; Sully, about US Airways flight 1549, which crash-landed in the Hudson River; and Tom Ford’s thriller Nocturnal Animals. Linney then was cast in The

Shekhar Kapur: …next film, the superhero story Mr. India (1987), was a huge success. Its special effects and fun-filled narrative established Kapur’s reputation as a technically savvy director with a flair for storytelling. It also gave Bollywood one of its most fascinating villains in Mogambo (Amrish Puri).

F. Marion Crawford: …India provided the inspiration for Mr. Isaacs (1882). This story, the tale of a diamond merchant whose sale of a unique stone brings protest from Britain, marked the beginning of Crawford’s prosperous career.

Peter Bogdanovich: The 1980s and beyond: …cast in such movies as Mr. Jealousy (1997), Infamous (2006), and While We’re Young (2014). His notable roles on television included that of a psychiatrist on the HBO series The Sopranos.

Bruce Catton: …the Army of the Potomac: Mr. Lincoln’s Army (1951), Glory Road (1952), and A Stillness at Appomattox (1953). The latter earned him both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award in 1954.

Colin MacInnes: Mr. Love and Justice: Criminality and vice are leitmotifs in both City of Spades and Absolute Beginners, but they take centre stage in Mr. Love and Justice (1960). In it MacInnes once again tells his story from two perspectives, this time those of a cop…

Jennifer Garner: Early roles and marriage to Scott Foley: …Washington Square and the comedy Mr. Magoo (both 1997). She was cast in 1998 on the TV series Significant Others and in 1999 on the Party of Five spin-off, Time of Your Life, but both shows were canceled after a few episodes. Garner had a guest appearance in 1998 on…

Dustin Hoffman: … (2006) and the children’s fantasy Mr. Magorium’s Wonder Emporium (2007). Hoffman and Stranger Than Fiction costar Emma Thompson played lonely strangers who fall in love in Last Chance Harvey (2008). He reprised his Meet the Fockers role in its sequel, Little Fockers (2010), and later appeared as the title character’s…

Richard Fleischer: Later work: …largely unsuccessful films, Fleischer directed Mr. Majestyk (1974), in which Charles Bronson starred as a watermelon farmer who becomes targeted for a gang hit and inventively fights back; its screenplay was by Elmore Leonard.

Ted Danson: Career: >Mr. Mayor (2021–22), and A Man on the Inside (2024– ). He made a cameo appearance in the war film Saving Private Ryan (1998).

David E. Kelley: …created and cowrote the series Mr. Mercedes (2017– ), which was based on a novel by Stephen King about a serial killer being hunted by a retired detective.

Stephen King: Serial novels: King’s Mr. Mercedes (2014), Finders Keepers (2015), and End of Watch (2016) form a trilogy of hard-boiled crime novels centering on retired detective Bill Hodges. The trilogy was adapted into a TV series in 2017–19, starring Brendan Gleeson as Hodges. King also wrote a serial novel,…

Michael Keaton: Comedy hits: Night Shift, Mr. Mom, and Beetlejuice: Other comedy hits followed, notably Mr. Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984), Gung Ho (1986), and the Tim Burton horror-comedy Beetlejuice (1988), in which Keaton costarred with Alec Baldwin, Geena Davis, and Winona Ryder and appeared in the

R. Crumb: …in his comic stories featuring Mr. Natural, a cynical and mercenary guru. As the counterculture movement subsided, Crumb curtailed his output, stopping altogether in 1976. Plagued by troubles with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), he lived in seclusion for several years and then resurfaced in 1981, when he published the…

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: Ness (also called Scorpio; original name Eddie Morris), and Raheim (original name Guy Williams).

Jared Leto: Dallas Buyers Club and later roles: …starring in the Belgian drama Mr. Nobody (2009), Leto ceased acting for several years to focus on his music career. He returned to the big screen in 2013 with a performance as the AIDS-stricken transgender woman Rayon in Dallas Buyers Club, which brought him both a Golden Globe and an…

D.H. Lawrence: Later life and works: …Rod (1922), and the uncompleted Mr. Noon (published in its entirety only in 1984). All three novels are in two parts: one set in Eastwood and sardonic about local mores, especially the tribal ritual of finding a mate, the other set in Europe, where the central figure breaks out of…

The Berlin Stories: …the semiautobiographical work consists of Mr. Norris Changes Trains (1935; U.S. title, The Last of Mr. Norris) and Goodbye to Berlin (1939).

Mr. Olympia, annual bodybuilding competition sanctioned by the International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation (formerly the International Federation of BodyBuilders). It was first held in 1965 in Brooklyn, New York, but it has grown into a global contest hosted by cities around the world and

Irving Pichel: Directing: Pichel rebounded with the delightful Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid (1948). William Powell was cast as a married man who lands a comely mermaid (Ann Blyth) while fishing, complicating his life. (Ron Howard’s 1984 comedy Splash is clearly indebted to Pichel’s film.)

Tony Randall: …Weskit in the TV series Mr. Peepers, which ran until 1955. Onstage he appeared in Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1954), and in 1957 he began his Hollywood career with the film version of that play. Roles in three Rock Hudson–Doris Day films—Pillow Talk (1959), Lover Come Back

Arthur Miller: …Ride Down Mount Morgan (1991), Mr. Peters’ Connections (1998), and Resurrection Blues (2002).

Danny Glover: …Revolt (2013), Waffle Street (2015), Mr. Pig (2016), and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). Glover made his feature-film directorial debut with Just a Dream in 2002.

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): Their isolated effort, Mr. Popper’s Penguins (1938), will last as a masterpiece of deadpan humour that few children or adults can resist. The third writer is Laura Ingalls Wilder. Her Little House books, nine in all, started in 1932 with The Little House in the Big Woods. The…

Jim Carrey: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and later films: In the family comedy Mr. Popper’s Penguins (2011), based on the children’s book of the same name, Carrey portrayed a businessman who inherits several gentoo penguins. His later credits included The Incredible Burt Wonderstone (2013), Kick-Ass 2 (2013), and Dumb and Dumber To (2014).

John Chamberlain: Chamberlain’s sculptures are typified by Mr. Press (1961), a construction of fragments from automobiles, crumpled and jammed together to create an effect of isolated, frozen movement. He often coated his pieces with bright industrial paints. During the 1970s oil crisis, Chamberlain often incorporated oil barrels into his work, notably in…

Richard Baxter: His autobiographical Reliquiae Baxterianae, or Mr. Richard Baxter’s Narrative of the Most Memorable Passages of His Life and Times (1696), still of interest, gives an account of his inner spiritual struggles.

Sam Rockwell: …in the comedy action romance Mr. Right (2015).

Jack Lemmon: …performance as Ensign Pulver in Mister Roberts (1955) firmly established him as one of the screen’s brightest new comic actors. He went on to deliver solid performances in other comedies, including My Sister Eileen (1955), Operation Mad Ball (1957), Bell, Book and Candle (1958), and It Happened to Jane (1959),…

Rami Malek: Stardom: Mr. Robot and Bohemian Rhapsody: …role of Elliot Alderson in Mr. Robot. Malek’s character is an asocial cybersecurity engineer and hacker who joins a group determined to overthrow corporate America. The show debuted in 2015 and was a huge success. Malek earned particular praise for his complex portrayal of the brilliant, alienated Alderson, and in…

Mr. Sammler’s Planet, novel by Saul Bellow, published in 1970. It won the National Book Award for fiction in 1971. The setting is New York City during the politically tumultuous late 1960s. The intellectual Mr. Sammler, an elderly Polish Holocaust survivor, has been damaged both physically and

William Castle: King of the Gimmick: …returned to period movies with Mr. Sardonicus (1961), in which a disfigured, evil count (played by Guy Rolfe) has his fate decided at film’s end by the audience’s vote during a “Punishment Poll.” Such innovative promotional campaigns gave Castle the nickname “King of the Gimmick.”

Billy Crystal: …his film directorial debut with Mr. Saturday Night, a dramedy that centred on the life of a fading stand-up comedian, which he also cowrote, produced, and starred in. After a series of flops that included his second effort in the director’s chair, Forget Paris (1995), Crystal gained acclaim for Analyze…

Mrinal Sen: …greatest film, Bhuvan Shome (Mr. Shome, 1969) starred renowned Indian actor Utpal Dutt as a lonely bureaucrat who encounters the wife of a ticket collector accused of taking bribes. The film’s use of improvisation and sardonic humour and its naturalistic depiction of rural India established it as a landmark…

Sarah Silverman: …on the sketch comedy program Mr. Show with Bob and David. She also made a number of appearances on Garry Shandling’s seminal talk show satire The Larry Sanders Show. Silverman continued to hone her blithely savage comic style in clubs and on talk shows. She often adopted a cheerfully narcissistic…

Vincent Sherman: Women’s pictures: Sherman reteamed with Davis on Mr. Skeffington (1944), which was another box-office hit for the duo. The soap opera featured Davis in an Academy Award-nominated performance as a narcissistic woman who enters into a loveless marriage with a financier (Claude Rains). Less popular was Pillow to Post (1945), a screwball…

LL Cool J: …also continued to record, with Mr. Smith (1995) becoming perhaps his most commercially successful release to that date. Though subsequent albums such as 10 (2002), Todd Smith (2006), and Authentic (2013) generated the occasional hit single, in the 21st century LL found himself increasingly overshadowed by younger rappers. Nevertheless, he…

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, American dramatic film, released in 1939, by director Frank Capra that angered the political establishment but won wide acclaim from the public and film industry. The story concerns Jefferson Smith (played by James Stewart), a hokey, idealistic youth leader who is

Star Trek: Kirk’s principal confidante is Mr. Spock (Leonard Nimoy), a half-human, half-Vulcan whose actions are ruled by logic almost entirely unsullied by emotion. The pointedly multicultural crew also includes “Bones” McCoy (DeForest Kelley), the ship’s irascible doctor; Lieut. Uhura (Nichelle Nichols);

Mr. T is an actor and professional wrestler known for his tough appearance and his iconic roles in television and film, including that of Sgt. B.A. Baracus in the TV action series The A-Team (1983–87). He is frequently associated with his signature catchphrase, “I pity the fool,” which originated

Columbia Records: Folk-Rock Fulcrum: …chart-topping version of Dylan’s “Mr. Tambourine Man.” The song launched the West Coast’s version of folk rock, which culminated in the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, where Columbia’s new managing director, Clive Davis, proved willing to pay more than anyone else for new performers. By no means did all…

Milton Berle was an American comedian who, as a popular entertainer in the early days of television in the United States, came to be known as “Mr. Television.” Berle first appeared on the vaudeville stage at age 10. With his mother’s encouragement, he continued in vaudeville throughout his youth,

Mike Leigh: The biopic Mr. Turner (2014) was an acerbic examination of the life of painter J.M.W. Turner (played by Timothy Spall). Leigh’s next film, Peterloo (2018), centres on the Peterloo Massacre (1819), in which a peaceful political rally was attacked by British forces.

bodybuilding: The latter’s Mr. Universe contest, staged in London, was the most prestigious international bodybuilding event for about 25 years. It was surpassed in the 1970s by the Mr. Olympia competition conducted by the Weiders.

Paul Auster: …Music of Chance (1990) and Mr. Vertigo (1994). The Book of Illusions (2002) traces a writer’s immersion in the oeuvre of an obscure silent film star as he copes with his grief at the deaths of his wife and children in a plane crash. Travels in the Scriptorium (2007) centres…

T.F. Powys: Of his eight novels, Mr. Weston’s Good Wine (1927) is the best known. It is an allegory of the “wines” of Love and Death. His collections of short stories include The House with the Echo (1928) and The White Paternoster (1930). Powys’s range of theme and character is narrow—dealing…

First Folio, first published edition (1623) of the collected works of William Shakespeare, originally published as Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies. It is the major source for contemporary texts of his plays. The publication of drama in the early 17th century was usually

First Folio, first published edition (1623) of the collected works of William Shakespeare, originally published as Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies. It is the major source for contemporary texts of his plays. The publication of drama in the early 17th century was usually

Ramón José Sender: Witt en el cantón (1935; Mr. Witt Among the Rebels). Mr. Witt of the novel’s title is an Englishman who brings a detached view to the passions and aspirations of separatist rebels. The book was based on the Murcian rebellion in Cartagena in 1873.

Ramón José Sender: Witt en el cantón (1935; Mr. Witt Among the Rebels). Mr. Witt of the novel’s title is an Englishman who brings a detached view to the passions and aspirations of separatist rebels. The book was based on the Murcian rebellion in Cartagena in 1873.

Jerry Bock: …of Shows and the musical Mr. Wonderful (1956). With the composer-lyricist Sheldon Harnick he had his greatest successes: Fiorello! (1959, Pulitzer Prize) and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). Bock and Harnick’s other musicals included The Body Beautiful (1958), Tenderloin (1960), the

Tommy Kono: …also won physique (bodybuilding) titles: Mr. World in 1954 and Mr. Universe in 1955, 1957, and 1961. He served as national weightlifting coach for Mexico, West Germany, and the United States for the 1968, 1972, and 1976 Olympics, respectively, and from 1987 to 1989 he coached the U.S. Women’s World…

Ellen DeGeneres: …such films as Coneheads (1993), Mr. Wrong (1996), and the animated feature film Finding Nemo (2003), in which she provided the voice of the forgetful but lovable Dory, a blue tang, a type of reef fish. She reprised the latter role in the sequel Finding Dory (2016). Her comedic essays…

Moral Re-Armament (MRA), a modern, nondenominational revivalistic movement founded by American churchman Frank N.D. Buchman (1878–1961). It sought to deepen the spiritual life of individuals and encouraged participants to continue as members of their own churches. Primarily a Protestant movement,

nanotechnology: Information storage: Known as magnetic random access memory (MRAM), a line of electrically switchable magnetic material is separated from a permanently magnetized layer by a nanoscale nonmagnetic interlayer. A resistance change that depends on the relative alignment of the fields is read electrically from a large array of wires…

Myanmar, country, located in the western portion of mainland Southeast Asia. In 1989 the country’s official English name, which it had held since 1885, was changed from the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar; in the Burmese language the country has been known as Myanma (or, more precisely,

armoured vehicle: Wheeled armoured vehicles: …thousands of Mine-Resistant, Ambush-Protected (MRAP) wheeled armoured vehicles. MRAPs are designed with a V-shaped hull to deflect explosions upward and away from the troop compartment. They proved to be twice as effective in safeguarding passengers as M1 Abrams tanks and more than three times as effective as the armoured…

missile: Types: …most often categorized as short-range, medium-range, intermediate-range, and intercontinental ballistic missiles (SRBMs, MRBMs, IRBMs, and ICBMs). SRBMs are effective to 300 miles (480 km), MRBMs from 300 to 600 miles (480 to 965 km), IRBMs from 600 to 3,300 miles (965 to 5,310 km), and ICBMs more than 3,300 miles…

military aircraft: Multimission: … Fighting Falcon, a high-performance single-seat multirole aircraft with impressive air-to-ground capability; the MiG-29 Fulcrum, a single-seat, twin-engined fixed-geometry interceptor with a look-down/shoot-down capability; the MiG-31 Foxhound interceptor, apparently derived from the MiG-25 but with less speed and greater air-to-air capability; and the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, a single-seat carrier-based aircraft…

South Asian arts: The theatre: …based on epic material): the Mṛcchakaṭikā (“Little Clay Cart”), the story of an impoverished merchant and a courtesan who love each other but are thwarted by a powerful rival who tries to kill the woman and place the blame on the hero, Cārudatta. The play offers a fascinating view of…

mridangam, two-headed drum played in Carnatic music of southern India. It is made of wood in an angular barrel shape, having an outline like an elongated hexagon. Thong hoops around each end of the drum, leather thong lacing, and small wooden dowels slipped under the lacings control the skin

mridangam, two-headed drum played in Carnatic music of southern India. It is made of wood in an angular barrel shape, having an outline like an elongated hexagon. Thong hoops around each end of the drum, leather thong lacing, and small wooden dowels slipped under the lacings control the skin

Bulgaria: End of party rule: …over the BSP, with the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF; primarily representing the country’s Turkish minority) gaining few seats; no other minority party gained the required minimum percentage of the vote to qualify for participation in parliament. The leader of the UDF, Philip Dimitrov, was elected prime minister and,…

materials recovery facility (MRF), solid-waste management plant that processes recyclable materials to sell to manufacturers as raw materials for new products. MRFs are generally classified as either “clean” or “dirty,” depending on whether the facility handles materials that are mixed with other

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), three-dimensional diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize organs and structures inside the body without the need for X-rays or other radiation. MRI is valuable for providing detailed anatomical images and can reveal minute changes that occur over time. It

mridangam, two-headed drum played in Carnatic music of southern India. It is made of wood in an angular barrel shape, having an outline like an elongated hexagon. Thong hoops around each end of the drum, leather thong lacing, and small wooden dowels slipped under the lacings control the skin

mridangam, two-headed drum played in Carnatic music of southern India. It is made of wood in an angular barrel shape, having an outline like an elongated hexagon. Thong hoops around each end of the drum, leather thong lacing, and small wooden dowels slipped under the lacings control the skin

transplant: The uterus: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH; also called Müllerian agenesis), characterized by underdevelopment or absence of the vagina and uterus, occurs in about 1 in 4,500 girls at birth. Women with MRKH cannot carry a pregnancy, though those who have functioning ovaries may choose in vitro fertilization (IVF)…

Bulgaria: The arts of Bulgaria: …Anton Mitov and the Czech-born Ivan Mrkvichka produced memorable works, many of them depicting the daily life of the Bulgarian people.

Alfonso López Michelsen: …party of dissident Liberals, the Liberal Revolutionary Movement (MRL), to oppose the National Front. The National Front was a coalition of Liberals and Conservatives established in 1957 to end a decade of violent civil strife. The pact between the two major established parties had guaranteed the peaceful alternation of presidential…

messenger RNA (mRNA), molecule in cells that carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes). The molecule that would eventually become known as mRNA was first described in 1956 by scientists Elliot Volkin and Lazarus Astrachan. In

mRNA vaccine, type of vaccine that uses a synthetic version of a molecule known as messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct cells in the body to produce a specific protein that trains the immune system to recognize and destroy the targeted disease-associated entity. Vaccines based on mRNA rely primarily on

Juvénal Habyarimana: Presidency: In 1975 he established the National Revolutionary Movement for Development, with himself as sole leader of the single-party state. A new constitution promulgated in December 1978 provided for a return to civilian rule, and in elections held that same month Habyarimana was elected president. He was reelected in 1983 and…

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), U.S. satellite that orbited Mars and studied its geology and climate. The MRO was launched on August 12, 2005, and carried instruments for studying the atmosphere of Mars and for searching for signs of water on the planet. Its shallow subsurface radar was designed

Arakanese Kingdom of Mrohaung, in southern Myanmar (Burma), state whose longevity (1433–1785) provided a strong tradition of independence for the Arakan region, a coastal strip on the Bay of Bengal. King Narameikhla founded a strong, stable kingdom in 1433. In 1531 the first European ships appeared

Sławomir Mrożek was a Polish playwright and satirist noted for his subtle parody and stylized language. Mrożek entered journalism as a cartoonist and an author of short humorous articles filled with wordplay and grotesque situations. During the 1950s and ’60s he became a prominent figure in Polish