mollusk: External features: …epithelium called mucus tracts or hypobranchial glands, and the outlets for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. A loss of the ctenidia (along with the mucus tracts) is seen in scaphopods, advanced gastropods, septibranch bivalves, and solenogasters.

Matthew McConaughey: …murderer in the coming-of-age tale Mud (2012), and a male strip-club owner in Steven Soderbergh’s acclaimed drama Magic Mike (2012).

sedimentary rock: Terrigenous clastic rocks: Mud is a mixture of silt- and clay-size material, and mudrock is its indurated product. Shale is any fine clastic sedimentary rock that exhibits fissility, which is the ability to break into thin slabs along narrowly spaced planes parallel to the layers of stratification. Despite…

electronic game: Personal computer games: MUD (Multi User Dungeon), developed in 1979 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex, England, combined interactive fiction, role playing, programming, and dial-up modem access to a shared computer. It inspired dozens of popular multiplayer games, known collectively as MUDs, that…

Henrique Capriles: …candidate for this coalition, the Democratic Unity Table (MUD). Central to the election was the issue of the health of Chávez, whose ongoing battle with cancer had forced him to leave Venezuela several times for treatment but who remained the immensely popular champion of the country’s poor even as others…

brick and tile: History of brickmaking: Mud brick, dried in the sun, was one of the first building materials. It is conceivable that on the Nile, Euphrates, or Tigris rivers, following floods, the deposited mud or silt cracked and formed cakes that could be shaped into crude building units to build…

Abilene, city, seat (1861) of Dickinson county, east-central Kansas, U.S. The city lies along the Smoky Hill River. Settled in 1858 and known as Mud Creek, it was named about 1860 for the biblical Abilene (which means “grassy plain”). Development was slow until Joseph McCoy, a cattle entrepreneur

Hymenoptera: Solitary forms: Mud daubers (Sceliphron, Chalybion) build small nests of mud, often in attics, outbuildings, or eaves, and provision them with the bodies of paralyzed spiders.

eel: Annotated classification: Family Heterenchelyidae (mud eels) No fins, mouth large. 2 genera with 8 species. Tropical Atlantic. Family Moringuidae (spaghetti eels) Anus in posterior half of body, degenerate, burrowing. 2 genera with about 6 species. Tropical Indo-Pacific and western Atlantic. Suborder

leptospirosis, acute systemic illness of animals, occasionally communicable to humans, that is characterized by extensive inflammation of the blood vessels. It is caused by a spirochete, or spiral-shaped bacterium, of the genus Leptospira. Leptospires infect most mammals, particularly rodents and

cave art: … caves in Mexico, the so-called mud-glyph caves in the southeastern United States), in Australia (Koonalda Cave, South Australia), and in Asia (the Kalimantan caves in Borneo, Indonesia, with many hand stencils). Art in the open, on shelters or on rocks, is extremely abundant all over the world and generally belongs…

mud hen, North American species of coot

Battle of Fredericksburg: …failed offensive (later called the Mud March) in January, Lincoln relieved Burnside of his position and appointed Joseph Hooker as the commander of the Army of the Potomac.

mud plantain, any aquatic annual or perennial plant of the genus Heteranthera of the pickerelweed family (Pontederiaceae), consisting of about 10 species, distributed primarily in tropical America. The broad or ribbonlike leaves of these plants have leafstalks that form sheaths around the long

Robert Munsch: …told, and his first book, Mud Puddle, was published in 1979. It successfully captured the spontaneity of his storytelling sessions, and a series of works followed, including The Paper Bag Princess (1980), The Boy in the Drawer (1982), and Angela’s Airplane (1983). Although his tales often are silly, featuring young…

mud puppy, any of five species of entirely aquatic salamanders in a genus (Necturus) belonging to the family Proteidae (or Necturidae), in the order Caudata. Their popular name derives from the mistaken belief that they are able to bark. They are found in lakes, rivers, and swamps of eastern North

mudflow, flow of water that contains large amounts of suspended particles and silt. It has a higher density and viscosity than a streamflow and can deposit only the coarsest part of its load; this causes irreversible sediment entrainment. Its high viscosity will not allow it to flow as far as a

gastropod: Classification: …for boring; dove shells (Columbellidae), mud snails (Nassariidae), tulip shells (Fasciolariidae), whelks (Buccinidae), and crown conchs (Galeodidae) mainly cool-water species; but dove and tulip shells have many tropical representatives. Superfamily Volutacea Harp shells (Harpidae),

undersea exploration: Exploration of the seafloor and the Earth’s crust: Commonly called the mud snapper, this device is approximately 28 centimetres long and weighs 1.4 kilograms. Other grabbing devices include the orange peel bucket sampler, which is used for collecting bottom materials in shallow waters. A small hook attached to the end of the lowering wire supports the…

sea star: The mud star (Ctenodiscus crispatus), about 10 cm (4 inches) across, with blunt, short arms and a broad, yellow disk, is abundant worldwide on mud bottoms of northern coasts. A number of sea star genera distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere have longer, more pointed, spine-fringed arms;…

Watts, southwestern district of Los Angeles, California, U.S. The district, originally called Mud Town, was renamed in 1900 for C.H. Watts, a Pasadena realtor who owned a ranch there. It was annexed to Los Angeles in 1926. The Watts district gained widespread notoriety on August 11–16, 1965, as the

mud turtle, (genus Kinosternon), any of about 18 species of semiterrestrial freshwater turtles belonging to the family Kinosternidae. Mud turtles are found in North and South America from New England to northern Argentina. Like the related musk turtles (Sternotherus), they are small animals

mud volcano, mound of mud heaved up through overlying sediments. The craters are usually shallow and may intermittently erupt mud. These eruptions continuously rebuild the cones, which are eroded relatively easily. Some mud volcanoes are created by hot-spring activity where large amounts of gas and

Bangkok: History of Bangkok: …vast, swampy delta called the Sea of Mud, which could be traversed only with extreme difficulty. Rama I modeled the new city on the former capital, Ayutthaya, 40 miles (64 km) to the north. By the end of his reign the city was established. The walled Grand Palace complex and…

Imam Bondjol was a Minangkabau religious leader and a key member of the Padri faction in the religious Padri War, which divided the Minangkabau people of Sumatra in the 19th century. When in about 1803 three pilgrims inspired by the ideas of the puritan Wahhābī sect returned from Mecca and launched

Associations for the Defense of Rights, patriotic league formed in Anatolia and in Thrace in 1918, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Its purposes were to defend Turkey against foreign occupation and to preserve its territorial integrity, and it served as the political

mudang, in Korean shamanism, a priestess who employs magic to effect cures, to tell fortunes, to soothe spirits of the dead, and to repulse evil. Her male counterpart is called a paksu. Both, however, are also known by numerous other names in various parts of Korea. Hereditary mudang, especially in

Mudanjiang, city in southeastern Heilongjiang sheng (province), China. It is located about 70 miles (110 km) west of the Chinese-Russian border. It is situated on the upper reaches of the Mudan River (Mudan Jiang), which is a tributary of the Sungari (Songhua) River in the mountains of eastern

Bandō Tamasaburō V: …starring in a production of Mudanting (“The Peony Pavilion”) at the Shanghai International Arts Festival in 2009. The opera was widely praised, and it played in Tokyo the following year. During his lengthy career, Tamasaburō was honoured with many awards, including the prestigious Kyoto Prize (2011) for his contributions to…

20th-century international relations: The reorganization of the Middle East: …the Turks relented, and the Armistice of Mudanya (October 11) ended the fighting. Eight days later Lloyd George’s Cabinet was forced to resign. A new peace conference produced the Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923), which returned eastern Thrace to Turkey and recognized the Nationalist government in return for demilitarization…

Morocco: Justice: …have sought reforms in the Mudawwanah, or code of personal status and family law, in an effort to change inequities in inheritance, divorce, and other matters that have traditionally favoured men. In 2004 parliament issued a new, more liberal, personal status code.

Mary J. Blige: Acting career: … (2013), Black Nativity (2013), and Mudbound (2017). For her work in the latter movie, a drama about racism in 1940s Mississippi, Blige earned an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actress. In addition, “Mighty River,” which she cowrote and sang for the film’s soundtrack, received an Oscar nod.

Tom Brokaw: …coanchor the Nightly News with Roger Mudd. After a year, network executives made Brokaw the sole anchor of the show. He was in competition with news anchors Dan Rather at CBS and Peter Jennings at ABC, and for the next two decades the three anchors represented the faces of their…

assassination of Abraham Lincoln: Mourning, manhunt, and aftermath: Samuel Mudd, who would later be convicted of conspiracy, though his descendants waged a protracted battle to prove his innocence. While a massive manhunt, fueled by a $100,000 reward, filled the countryside surrounding Washington with troops and other searchers, Booth and Herold, aided by a…

Henry Muddiman was an English journalist who supported the Royalist cause during the Civil Wars and became a privileged publisher of newsletters after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Muddiman issued the Parliamentary Intelligencer and Mercurius Publicus (Public Mercury), advocating a free

Brookline, town (township), an exclave of Norfolk county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies between Suffolk and Middlesex counties and is almost surrounded by Boston. Settled in 1638 as part of Boston, it was called Muddy River until incorporated as a town of Suffolk county in 1705. Named for a

Brookline, town (township), an exclave of Norfolk county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies between Suffolk and Middlesex counties and is almost surrounded by Boston. Settled in 1638 as part of Boston, it was called Muddy River until incorporated as a town of Suffolk county in 1705. Named for a

Fritz Lang: Early life and German films: …are Der müde Tod (1921; Destiny), an allegorical melodrama; Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler - Ein Bild der Zeit (1922; Dr. Mabuse: The Gambler), a crime thriller; and Die Nibelungen: Siegfried (1924; Siegfried) and Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache (1924; Kriemhild’s Revenge), both of which were based on a 13th-century epic saga.…

Mudejar, (from Arabic mudajjan, “permitted to remain”), any of the Muslims who remained in Spain after the Reconquista, or Christian reconquest, of the Iberian Peninsula (11th–15th century). In return for the payment of a poll tax, the Mudejars—most of whom converted to Islam after the Arab

Mudejar, (from Arabic mudajjan, “permitted to remain”), any of the Muslims who remained in Spain after the Reconquista, or Christian reconquest, of the Iberian Peninsula (11th–15th century). In return for the payment of a poll tax, the Mudejars—most of whom converted to Islam after the Arab

bowfin, (Amia calva), freshwater fish of the order Amiiformes (infraclass Holostei); it is the only recognized living representative of its family (Amiidae), which dates back to the Jurassic Period (201.3 million to 145 million years ago). The bowfin is a voracious fish found in sluggish waters in

mudminnow: …sometimes called rockfish, and the central mudminnow (U. limi) mudfish or dogfish. Mudminnows are often used as bait and sometimes kept in home aquariums.

mudflow, flow of water that contains large amounts of suspended particles and silt. It has a higher density and viscosity than a streamflow and can deposit only the coarsest part of its load; this causes irreversible sediment entrainment. Its high viscosity will not allow it to flow as far as a

Thomas Mudge was considered England’s greatest watchmaker, who was the inventor of the lever escapement, the most dependable and widely used device for regulating the movement of the spring-driven watch. Mudge served as apprentice to the watchmaker George Graham before opening his own a shop a few

H.H. Holmes was an American swindler and confidence trickster who is widely considered the country’s first known serial killer. Mudgett was born into a wealthy family and showed signs of high intelligence from an early age. Always interested in medicine, he allegedly trapped animals and performed

Lake Ḥammār: …houses of woven reeds (Arabic: mudhīf). The structures have Gothic-appearing arches made of bundles of reeds fastened together at the top; the walls are woven in intricate patterns of reeds. A 4th-millennium-bce plaque from the Sumerian city of Uruk on the western edge of the marshes depicts such a structure,…

library: Subscription libraries: …influence over publishers and authors: Mudie’s Circulating Library, for instance, established in London in 1842, would account for the sale of as much as 75 percent of a popular novel’s edition. Nevertheless, these libraries were for the most part unable to survive, and the service they gave is now largely…

muditā, (Sanskrit and Pāli), in Buddhism, the perfect virtue of joy. See

mudlark, bird of the family Grallinidae

Jean Negulesco: Millionaire and Three Coins: The Mudlark (1950) was also a well-received drama about an orphan (Andrew Ray) who sneaks into Windsor Castle to see Queen Victoria (Irene Dunne), who is still mourning the death of Prince Albert. The film featured strong performances, including Alec Guinness as Benjamin Disraeli. Take…

mudminnow, any of several hardy fishes, family Umbridae (order Esociformes), found in cool, mud-bottomed ponds, lakes, and streams of southeastern Europe and North America. Somewhat pikelike fishes with rounded snouts and tails, mudminnows are about 7.5 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) long. They

Grallinidae, bird family (order Passeriformes) that includes the mudlark, apostle bird, and white-winged chough. The four species, generally restricted to Australia and New Zealand, are 19 to 50 cm (7.5 to 20 inches) long. They are sometimes called mudnest builders, because high in a tree they make

Juan Fernández de Navarrete was a painter of the Spanish Mannerist school. He studied in Italy, mostly in Venice, where he was influenced by Sebastiano del Piombo, Tintoretto, and Titian. In 1568 he was appointed painter to the king, who chose him (1576) to play a major role in the decoration of El

mudor šuan, ceremony held by the Votyaks, or Udmurts (people of the Ural Mountains), to consecrate a new family or clan shrine (kuala) and a sacred container (voršud) kept on a shelf within the shrine. Mudor itself means “ground,” so that the ceremony in fact was the blessing of a new site taken

mudra, (“seal,” “mark,” or “gesture”), in Buddhism and Hinduism, a symbolic gesture of the hands and fingers used either in ceremonies and dance or in sculpture and painting. Mudras used in ceremony and dance tend to be numerous, complicated, and often esoteric (the hasta-mudrās of Hindu classical

mudra, (“seal,” “mark,” or “gesture”), in Buddhism and Hinduism, a symbolic gesture of the hands and fingers used either in ceremonies and dance or in sculpture and painting. Mudras used in ceremony and dance tend to be numerous, complicated, and often esoteric (the hasta-mudrās of Hindu classical

South Asian arts: The theatre: …a rare semi-historical play called Mudrārākṣasa (“Minister Rākṣasa and his Signet Ring”), apparently was a courtier at the Gupta court. His play is a dramatization of the Machiavellian political principles expounded in the book Artha-śāstra, by Kauṭilya, who appears as the hero of the play.

sedimentary rock: Terrigenous clastic rocks: …rather simplistically, referred to as mudrocks. Mudrocks actually can include any clastic sedimentary rock in which the bulk of the clasts have diameters finer than 116 millimetre. Varieties include siltstone (average grain size between 116 and 1256 millimetre) and claystone (discrete particles are

Colin Johnson was an Australian novelist and poet who depicted the struggles of modern Aboriginals to adapt to life in a society dominated by whites. Johnson was educated in a Roman Catholic orphanage in Australia. He traveled widely, including a six-year stay in India, where he lived for some time

Colin Johnson was an Australian novelist and poet who depicted the struggles of modern Aboriginals to adapt to life in a society dominated by whites. Johnson was educated in a Roman Catholic orphanage in Australia. He traveled widely, including a six-year stay in India, where he lived for some time

Colin Johnson was an Australian novelist and poet who depicted the struggles of modern Aboriginals to adapt to life in a society dominated by whites. Johnson was educated in a Roman Catholic orphanage in Australia. He traveled widely, including a six-year stay in India, where he lived for some time

Armistice of Mudros, (Oct. 30, 1918), pact signed at the port of Mudros, on the Aegean island of Lemnos, between the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain (representing the Allied powers) marking the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (1914–18). Under the terms of the armistice, the Ottomans

mudskipper, any of about six species of small tropical gobies of the family Gobiidae (order Perciformes). Mudskippers are found in the Indo-Pacific, from Africa to Polynesia and Australia. They live in swamps and estuaries and on mud flats and are noted for their ability to climb, walk, and skip

mudstone, sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay- or silt-sized particles (less than 0.063 mm [0.0025 inch] in diameter); it is not laminated or easily split into thin layers. Some geologists designate as mudstone any similar rock that is blocky or massive; others, however, prefer a broader

Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, wildlife preserve in western Tamil Nadu state, southern India. Established in 1940, it has an area of 124 square miles (322 square km) and is located about 35 miles (56 km) north of Udhagamandalam on the main road to Mysore. The sanctuary is composed of hills and

Malawi: Settlement patterns: A rural village—called a mudzi—is usually small. Organized around the extended family, it is limited by the amount of water and arable land available in the vicinity. On the plateaus, which support the bulk of the population, the most common village sites are at the margins of madambo, which…

Australia: The Western Plateau: In the Kimberleys and the Mueller Range there are extensive outcrops of flat-lying massive sandstone that have been dissected to give rise to striking isolated rock features known variously as plateaus, mesas, and buttes. Under those circumstances, local joints and bedding planes in the rocks, combined with the permeable nature…

Mueller v. Allen, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 29, 1983, ruled (5–4) that a Minnesota law that allowed state taxpayers to deduct various educational expenses—including those incurred at sectarian schools—did not violate the First Amendment’s establishment clause, which generally

Herta Müller is a Romanian-born German writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2009 for her works revealing the harshness of life in Romania under the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu. The award cited Müller for depicting “the landscape of the dispossessed” with “the concentration of

Lisel Mueller was a German-born American poet known for her warm introspective poetry. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1997 for her volume Alive Together: New and Selected Poems. Mueller fled Nazi Germany for the United States with her mother and sister in 1939. Her father, Fritz

Robert Mueller is an American law enforcement official who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013. In 2017–19 he was special counsel to a Department of Justice investigation into possible Russian interference in the U.S. presidential election of 2016.

Robert Mueller is an American law enforcement official who served as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013. In 2017–19 he was special counsel to a Department of Justice investigation into possible Russian interference in the U.S. presidential election of 2016.

Sir Ferdinand von Mueller was a German-born Australian botanist and explorer who was known for his studies of the plants of Australia. After an apprenticeship as pharmacist, Mueller began the study of botany at the University of Kiel. Soon after receiving his Ph.D., he left Germany for Adelaide,

Sir Ferdinand von Mueller was a German-born Australian botanist and explorer who was known for his studies of the plants of Australia. After an apprenticeship as pharmacist, Mueller began the study of botany at the University of Kiel. Soon after receiving his Ph.D., he left Germany for Adelaide,

Luxembourg: Relief and soils: …a great beech forest, the Müllerthal, as well as a sandstone area featuring an attractive ruiniform topography. The country’s eastern border with Germany is formed (successively from north to south) by the Our, Sûre, and Moselle rivers. The slopes of the Moselle River valley, carved in chalk and calcareous clay,…

Münster cheese, semisoft cow’s-milk cheese that originated in a monastery in Alsace. Though noted for its pungent earthy aroma when ripe, Münster is considerably milder as a young cheese. It is customarily flavoured with wild cumin and formed into disks, approximately 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter

The Death of Artemio Cruz, novel by Carlos Fuentes, published in Spanish as La muerte de Artemio Cruz in 1962. An imaginative portrait of an unscrupulous individual, the story also serves as commentary on Mexican society, most notably on the abuse of power—a theme that runs throughout Fuentes’s

René Marqués: These were La muerte no entrará en palacio (“Death Will Not Enter the Palace”), a political allegory in which a governor betrays his youthful ideals by succumbing to foreign imperialism; Un niño azul para esa sombra (“A Blue Child for That Shadow”); and Los soles truncos (“Maimed…

Ariel Dorfman: …muerte y la doncella (1990; Death and the Maiden), perhaps his best-known work, was completed in Chile as he observed his country’s painful transition from authoritarianism to democracy. The politically charged play follows Paulina Salas, a former political prisoner in an unnamed Latin American country, whose husband unknowingly brings home…

Francisco Ayala: …novels, Muertes de perro (1958; Death as a Way of Life) and El fondo del vaso (1962; “The Bottom of the Glass”). His later works include the short-story collections El jardín de las delicias (1971; “Garden of Delights”) and El jardín de las malicias (1988; “Garden of Malice”). In 1991…

Daniel-François-Esprit Auber: …spectacular Muette de Portici (1828; Mute Girl of Portici, also known as Masaniello) has been regarded as an archetype of French grand opera. It greatly impressed Richard Wagner, who modeled his Rienzi (1840) after it. In addition to anticipating the works of Giacomo Meyerbeer, Auber’s Le Philtre (1831) provided the…

muezzin, in Islam, the official who proclaims the call to prayer (adhān) on Friday for the public worship and the call to the daily prayer (ṣalāt) five times a day, at dawn, noon, midafternoon, sunset, and nightfall. To summon worshippers, the Jews use a trumpet and the Christians use a bell, but

Mourad Bourboune: Le Muezzin (1968) presents the principal character in enigmatic terms and uses him to show the rupture of modern-day North Africans with their past. The protagonist is an atheistic muezzin (the caller to daily prayers) whose sacrilegious violence acts to exorcise and delineate the sham…

Al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt: …ancient Arabic poems, compiled by al-Mufaḍḍal ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿlah al-Ḍabbī between 762 and 784. It is of the highest importance as a record of the thought and poetic art of Arabia in the last two pre-Islamic centuries. Not more than five or six of the 126 poems appear to…

Al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt: …ancient Arabic poems, compiled by al-Mufaḍḍal ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿlah al-Ḍabbī between 762 and 784. It is of the highest importance as a record of the thought and poetic art of Arabia in the last two pre-Islamic centuries. Not more than five or six of the 126 poems appear to…

Al-Mufaḍḍaliyyāt, anthology of ancient Arabic poems, compiled by al-Mufaḍḍal ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿlah al-Ḍabbī between 762 and 784. It is of the highest importance as a record of the thought and poetic art of Arabia in the last two pre-Islamic centuries. Not more than five or six of the 126 poems

Barry Jenkins: …into bigger budget fare with Mufasa: The Lion King, which used motion capture and computer animation to narrate the backstory of Disney’s classic The Lion King (1994).

Abu al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar al-Zamakhsharī: Of al-Zamakhsharī’s grammatical works, Al-Mufaṣṣal fī ʿilm al-ʿArabīyah (“Detailed Treatise on Arabic Linguistics,” written 1119–21, published 1859; it is sometimes titled Kitāb al Mufaṣṣal fī al-Naḥw ["Detailed Treatise on Grammar"]) is celebrated for its concise but exhaustive exposition. He was also the author of a collection of old proverbs;…

muff, in wearing apparel, usually cylindrical covering of fur, fabric, feathers, or other soft material, with open ends into which the hands are placed to keep them warm. Originally a purse and hand warmer in one, the muff was first introduced to women’s fashion in 1570, when fur trimming was

Georg Muffat was a composer whose concerti grossi and instrumental suites were among the earliest German examples of those genres. Muffat held positions as organist at Molsheim and Strasbourg cathedrals and in 1678 became organist to the archbishop of Salzburg. In 1681 he went to Italy and in Rome

cake: The muffin method involves adding the combined liquid ingredients to the combined dry ingredients; but, although rapid and easy, this method unmodified produces a cake that tends to be coarse-textured and to have poor keeping quality. Chiffon cake is made by a modification of the muffin…

Chinese pottery: Song dynasty: The earliest known example of overglaze painting in the history of Chinese pottery bears a date equivalent to 1201. The technique was more widely used for the decoration of Cizhou wares in the 14th century. In both the variety and the vigour of their forms and decoration, Cizhou stonewares present…

pottery: Painting: …of kiln, known as a muffle kiln, in which they are fired. Overglaze colours consist of pigments mixed with glaze material suspended in a medium, such as gum arabic, with an alkaline flux added to lower the melting point below that of the glaze. They were first used in Persia…

Jack Broughton: …boxing rules, and inventor of mufflers, the precursors of modern boxing gloves.

muffler, device through which the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine are passed to attenuate (reduce) the airborne noise of the engine. To be efficient as a sound reducer, a muffler must decrease the velocity of the exhaust gases and either absorb sound waves or cancel them by

H̱adera: The seasonal watercourse Naẖal H̱adera (then called by its Arabic name of Nahr Mufjir), which flowed through the town, flooded the low-lying area annually during the winter rains and created malarial swamps. Many of the early settlers died from the disease. With the aid of the French-Jewish philanthropist…

mufti, an Islamic legal authority who gives a formal legal opinion (fatwa) in answer to an inquiry by a private individual or judge. A fatwa usually requires knowledge of the Qurʾān and Hadith (narratives concerning Muhammad’s life and sayings), as well as knowledge of exegesis and collected

mufti, an Islamic legal authority who gives a formal legal opinion (fatwa) in answer to an inquiry by a private individual or judge. A fatwa usually requires knowledge of the Qurʾān and Hadith (narratives concerning Muhammad’s life and sayings), as well as knowledge of exegesis and collected

Saʿid al-Mufti was a Jordanian politician, three-time prime minister (April–December 1950, May–December 1955, May–June 1956), and leader of the influential non-Arab Circassian community in Jordan. Al-Mufti and other members of the minority Circassian community were among the first to welcome

Mufu Mountains, range at the border of Hunan, Hubei, and Jiangxi provinces, east-central China. The Mufu extend northeastward for more than 125 miles (200 km), from near Pingjiang in Hunan to the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) valley west of Jiujiang. The elevation of the range averages about 3,300