mulatto, a person of mixed white and Black ancestry. The term mulatto is a legacy of attempts to establish taxonomies of race, a concept that science has shown to be socially constructed and to have no biological basis. Much of the significance of mulatto identity is grounded in the social,

Ethiopia: Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression: …the parliament elected veteran diplomat Mulatu Teshome Wirtu to succeed him. Prior to his election as president, Mulatu had served as ambassador to Turkey since 2006. He also had held other ambassadorships and ministerial posts as well.

mullah, a Muslim title generally denoting “lord”; it is used in various parts of the Islāmic world as an honorific attached to the name of a king, sultan, or other noble (as in Morocco and other parts of North Africa) or of a scholar or religious leader (as in parts of the Middle East and the

Islamic arts: The modern period: Fayrouz, Rashid al-Hundarashi, Ṣadīqah al-Mulāya, and Muḥammad al-Gubanshi.

Battle of Al-Mulaydah, (1891), decisive victory for Ibn Rashīd, the ruler of the Rashīdī kingdom at Ḥāʾil, near Jabal Shammar in Najd, northern Arabia, who defeated allies of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, the head of the Wahhābī (fundamentalist Islamic) state in Najd. The battle marked the end of the second

Mulberry, either of two artificial harbours designed and constructed by the British in World War II to facilitate the unloading of supply ships off the coast of Normandy, France, immediately following the invasion of Europe on D-Day, June 6, 1944. One harbour, known as Mulberry A, was constructed

mulberry, (genus Morus), genus of about 10 species of small to medium-sized trees in the family Moraceae and their sweet edible fruits. Mulberries are native to temperate Asia and North America, and several species are cultivated for their fruits and as ornamentals. Mulberry plants are also

Mulberry: One harbour, known as Mulberry A, was constructed off Saint-Laurent at Omaha Beach in the American sector, and the other, Mulberry B, was built off Arromanches at Gold Beach in the British sector. Each harbour, when fully operational, had the capacity to move 7,000 tons of vehicles and supplies…

Mulberry: …American sector, and the other, Mulberry B, was built off Arromanches at Gold Beach in the British sector. Each harbour, when fully operational, had the capacity to move 7,000 tons of vehicles and supplies per day from ship to shore.

Moraceae, the mulberry family of the rose order (Rosales), with about 40 genera and some 1,000 species of deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. Plants of the family contain a milky latex and have alternate or opposite leaves and small,

printmaking: Woodcut: Japanese rice or mulberry papers are particularly suitable for woodcuts because they make rich prints without heavy pressure.

Xerox: …occurred under the leadership of Anne Mulcahy, who in 2001 became the first female chief executive of Xerox and, the following year, its first female chairperson. Upon her retirement in 2009, Mulcahy selected company president Ursula Burns as her successor. Burns’s appointment marked not only the first time an African…

Richard James Mulcahy was the chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and afterward leader (1944–59) of Fine Gael (“Irish Race”), the major political party in opposition to Eamon de Valera’s Fianna Fáil (“Soldiers of Destiny”). Imprisoned for

Tom Mulcair is a Canadian politician who served as leader of the New Democratic Party (NDP) from 2012 to 2017. Mulcair was raised in largely Francophone Quebec, where his maternal great-great-grandfather had served as premier in the 1880s. He was the second oldest of 10 children and was brought up

Tom Mulcair is a Canadian politician who served as leader of the New Democratic Party (NDP) from 2012 to 2017. Mulcair was raised in largely Francophone Quebec, where his maternal great-great-grandfather had served as premier in the 1880s. He was the second oldest of 10 children and was brought up

Richard Mulcaster was an English schoolmaster, many of whose pedagogical theories were not generally accepted until at least 250 years after his death. He was educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Oxford. In 1561 he became the first headmaster of the Merchant-Taylors’ School, and, after teaching in his

gardening: Feeding: fertilizing and watering: …also may be used as mulches in spring to control weeds. A mulch is a surface layer of organic matter that helps the several needs of feeding, conserving moisture, and controlling weeds. Black polyethylene sheeting is now widely used for all the mulching functions except feeding.

agricultural technology: Mulch tillage: Mulch tillage has been mentioned already; in this system, crop residues are left on the surface, and subsurface tillage leaves them relatively undisturbed. In dryland areas, a maximum amount of mulch is left on the surface; in more humid regions, however, some of…

Mulde River, tributary of the Elbe River in east-central Germany, formed just north of Colditz by the confluence of the 63-mi- (102-km-) long Freiberger Mulde and the 80-mi Zwickauer Mulde. It flows generally northward past Grimma, Wurzen, Eilenburg, and Bitterfeld until reaching the Elbe near

Western sculpture: Early Gothic: …German term for this style—Muldenstil. This drapery convention is essentially a Greek invention of the 4th century bce. It seems likely that Nicholas seized the whole figure style as a tool to be used in the general exploration of new forms of realism. It remained extremely popular well into…

John Vorster: In November the so-called Muldergate scandal (involving misappropriation of huge sums of government money and abuse of the parliamentary system), which had been simmering for months, came to a boil. Continuing revelations in the scandal shook the country and the National Party. On June 4, 1979, after an investigating…

Paul Muldoon is a Northern Irish poet whose oeuvre covers both intensely personal and political terrain—from his wife’s miscarriage to the conflict in Northern Ireland. He won a Pulitzer Prize for poetry for Moy Sand and Gravel (2002). (Read Britannica’s essay “10 Must-Read Modern Poets.”) The

Robert Muldoon was an accountant, politician, and prime minister of New Zealand from 1975 to 1984. After completing his secondary education, Muldoon joined the army in World War II (1940) and learned accounting, serving in the South Pacific and in Italy. Thereafter, as a successful accountant and

Robert Muldoon was an accountant, politician, and prime minister of New Zealand from 1975 to 1984. After completing his secondary education, Muldoon joined the army in World War II (1940) and learned accounting, serving in the South Pacific and in Italy. Thereafter, as a successful accountant and

William Muldoon was an American wrestling champion and boxing trainer. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Muldoon was a policeman from 1876 to 1882, won the New York Police heavyweight title, and in 1880 the American Greco-Roman wrestling title. He became well known when he began

Martin Andersen Nexø: …appeared under the title of Muldskud, 3 vol. (1922–26; “From the Soil”).

mule, the hybrid offspring of a male ass (jackass, or jack) and a female horse (mare). The less-frequent cross between a female ass and a male horse results in a hinny, or hinney, which is smaller than a mule. Mules were beasts of burden in Asia Minor at least 3,000 years ago and are still used

Mule Bone, play about African American rural life written in 1931 by Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes. Drawing on Southern black oral tradition and folklore, the play features such customs as “mule-talking,” a type of verbal one-upmanship. (Hurston, an anthropologist as well as a writer, had

Mule Bone, play about African American rural life written in 1931 by Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes. Drawing on Southern black oral tradition and folklore, the play features such customs as “mule-talking,” a type of verbal one-upmanship. (Hurston, an anthropologist as well as a writer, had

mule deer, (Odocoileus hemionus), a medium-sized, gregarious deer of western North America that derives its name from its large ears. Mule deer also have striking pelage markings, large antlers, and scent glands. Large bucks rarely exceed 95 kg (210 pounds); does weigh about a third less. Mule deer

Tom Waits: His 1999 album, Mule Variations, was also much praised and took the Grammy for best contemporary folk album.

Clint Eastwood: 2000 and beyond: …also directed and starred in The Mule (2018), a drama based on The New York Times article about a horticulturist and World War II veteran who became a courier for a drug cartel. Eastwood again looked to true events for his next directorial effort, Richard Jewell (2019), a biopic that…

African American folktale: Folktales in print: A collection titled Mules and Men (1935) by African American author Zora Neale Hurston may serve as a counterpoint to Harris’s Uncle Remus collection in its attempt to share the stories from the perspective of an insider.

Francisco Romero: …who reputedly invented the bullfighter’s muleta, a red cape used in conjunction with the sword. With it the matador leads the bull through the most spectacular passes of the bullfight, finally leading it to lower its head, so that the matador may thrust the sword between the bull’s shoulders. Romero…

Naṣrid dynasty: Then, when the Naṣrid ruler Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī (1466–85) introduced a succession struggle at home, while externally antagonizing Castile by refusing to pay tribute, Naṣrid rule was finally ended by the Christian conquest of Granada (1492).

marsupial mouse: The crest-tailed marsupial mouse, or mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), an arid-land species valued for killing house mice, gets all of its water from the bodies of its prey.

John Sheffield, 1st duke of Buckingham and Normanby was an English statesman, patron of the poet John Dryden, and author of poetic essays in heroic couplets. The son of Edmund, 2nd earl of Mulgrave, he succeeded to the title on his father’s death in 1658. He served under Charles II and was a

Spain: Relief: …with peninsular Spain’s highest summit, Mulhacén Peak, at 11,421 feet (3,481 metres), the Baetic ranges are more fragmented and less of a barrier than the Pyrenees. On their northern and northwestern sides they flank the low-lying and fairly flat Guadalquivir basin, the average elevation of which is only 426 feet…

Spain: Relief: …with peninsular Spain’s highest summit, Mulhacén Peak, at 11,421 feet (3,481 metres), the Baetic ranges are more fragmented and less of a barrier than the Pyrenees. On their northern and northwestern sides they flank the low-lying and fairly flat Guadalquivir basin, the average elevation of which is only 426 feet…

rodeo: Origins and history: …of female competitors, such as Lucille Mulhall and Bertha Blancett, also won acclaim in the early days of rodeo, sometimes competing directly with men.

Mulhouse, industrial town, Haut-Rhin département, Grand Est région, northeastern France, located in the plain of Alsace between the Vosges and Jura mountains. Situated on the Ill River and on the Rhône au Rhin Canal, it lies 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the Rhine River and 21 miles (34 km)

Mülheim an der Ruhr, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies just southwest of Essen, in the Ruhr industrial region. First mentioned in 1093, it was early associated with the counts von Broich, whose medieval castle still overlooks the city. It later belonged to the

Mozambique: Labor and taxation: The Organization of Mozambican Women (Organização da Mulher Moçambicana; OMM) was founded by Frelimo in 1973 to mobilize women around issues of interest to them. After independence many women moved to the cities to take advantage of new economic opportunities.

Mulholland Drive, American surrealist thriller and neo-noir film, released in 2001, that is considered one of director David Lynch’s finest works. The movie is noted for its dreamlike, nonlinear structure and its exploration of the dark side of the so-called Hollywood dream factory. Mulholland

Jennifer Connelly: …was the noir crime drama Mulholland Falls (1996), before she garnered rave reviews for her evocation of drug addiction and degradation in Darren Aronofsky’s Requiem for a Dream (2000). She then appeared in the Jackson Pollock biopic Pollock (2000). Connelly earned a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award as…

David Copperfield: …1991 acquisition of the celebrated John Mulholland Collection. The items were housed in Copperfield’s International Museum and Library of Conjuring Arts in Las Vegas; the facility was not open to the general public. He also donated a generous percentage of his earnings to Project Magic, a charitable organization that utilized…

William Mulholland was a self-trained Irish-born American civil engineer who is best known for having created an effective means of supplying water to the semi-arid city of Los Angeles. He designed and supervised the construction (1904–13) of the Owens River–Los Angeles Aqueduct (now known as the

Mulhouse, industrial town, Haut-Rhin département, Grand Est région, northeastern France, located in the plain of Alsace between the Vosges and Jura mountains. Situated on the Ill River and on the Rhône au Rhin Canal, it lies 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the Rhine River and 21 miles (34 km)

Poaceae: Characteristic morphological features: …muli, or terai, bamboo (Melocanna bambusoides) in its native habitat around the Bay of Bengal in cycles of mostly 30 to 35 years leads to disaster. With the death of the bamboo, an important building material is lost and the accumulation of the avocado-sized fruits promotes a rapid increase…

Savara: …Arsi, weavers of cloth; the Muli, workers in iron; the Kindal, basket makers; and the Kumbi, potters. The traditional social unit is the extended family, including both males and females descended from a common male ancestor.

The Mill on the Po, trilogy of novels by Riccardo Bacchelli, first published in Italian as Il mulino del Po in 1938–40. The work, considered Bacchelli’s masterpiece, dramatizes the conflicts and struggles of several generations of a family of millers. The first two volumes, Dio ti salve (1938; “God

The Mill on the Po, trilogy of novels by Riccardo Bacchelli, first published in Italian as Il mulino del Po in 1938–40. The work, considered Bacchelli’s masterpiece, dramatizes the conflicts and struggles of several generations of a family of millers. The first two volumes, Dio ti salve (1938; “God

Harry Mulisch was a prolific Dutch author known chiefly for his clear, economical prose. Mulisch’s maternal grandmother and great-grandmother died in German concentration camps, whereas his father was an official of a bank under German control; after World War II Mulisch’s father was sent to prison

Harry Mulisch was a prolific Dutch author known chiefly for his clear, economical prose. Mulisch’s maternal grandmother and great-grandmother died in German concentration camps, whereas his father was an official of a bank under German control; after World War II Mulisch’s father was sent to prison

armadillo: Natural history: The mulita (D. hybridus) repeatedly utters a guttural monosyllabic sound similar to the rapid fluttering of a human tongue.

Niẓām al-Mulk: The Seyāsat-nāmeh: Niẓām al-Mulk also antagonized the sultan’s favourite courtier, Tāj al-Mulk, and he made an enemy of the sultan’s wife Terken Khatun by preferring the son of another wife for the succession.

Ottoman Empire: Classical Ottoman society and administration: …the imperial, or palace (mülkiye), institution, personally led by the sultan, which provided the leadership and direction for the other institutions as well as for the entire Ottoman system; the military (seyfiye or askeriye) institution, which was responsible for expanding and defending the empire and keeping order and security…

humus: A mull-humus formation is characteristic of hardwood forests, deciduous forests, or grasslands in warm, humid climates. The porous, crumbly humus rapidly decomposes and becomes well mixed into the mineral soil, so that distinct layers are not apparent. Bacteria, earthworms, and larger insects are abundant, and the…

Mull, second largest island of the Inner Hebrides group, in the Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. Mull lies off the western coast of the Scottish mainland across the Sound of Mull and the Firth of Lorn. The island is mountainous—reaching an elevation of 3,169

humus: A moder-humus formation is intermediate between mor and mull extremes. Moder is sometimes known as insect mull because its distinguishing characteristic is the presence of many arthropod fecal pellets. Chains of these pellets bind plant debris and mineral particles together into a netlike structure. A moder…

the Bāb: …they, especially Sayyid Kāẓim’s disciple Mullā Ḥusayn, seem to have encouraged his proclamation of himself as the Bāb. Traditionally, the Bāb had been considered to be a spokesman for the 12th and last imām, or leader of Shīʿite Islam, believed to be in hiding since the 9th century; since that…

Mullā Ṣadrā was a philosopher, who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century. The foremost representative of the illuminationist, or Ishrāqī, school of philosopher-mystics, he is commonly regarded by Iranians as the greatest philosopher their country has produced. A scion of a

Omagh: …and the 1,778-foot- (542-metre-) high Mullaghcarn mountain. Its central and southern portions were composed of fertile river valleys. The area was ruled by the ancient O’Neill family from the 5th through the 16th century, passing to English rule after the flight of Hugh O’Neill, 2nd earl of Tyrone, in 1607.

mullah, a Muslim title generally denoting “lord”; it is used in various parts of the Islāmic world as an honorific attached to the name of a king, sultan, or other noble (as in Morocco and other parts of North Africa) or of a scholar or religious leader (as in parts of the Middle East and the

Esther Duflo: …MIT since 1993), along with Sendhil Mullainathan (an economist then at MIT), founded the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), a research centre supporting scientifically informed policy making to reduce global poverty. Duflo and Banerjee were married in 2015.

wine: Flavoured wines: Mulled wine is usually made with red wine diluted with water, sweetened with sugar, flavoured with such spices as cloves and cinnamon, and served hot. Glogg, a hot punch of Swedish origin, is frequently made with red wine and contains spices, almonds, and raisins. Wine…

mullein, any of the 360 species of the genus Verbascum (family Scrophulariaceae), large biennial or perennial herbs native to northern temperate regions, especially eastern Eurasia. The common mullein (V. thapsus) grows 0.6 to 2 metres (2 to 7 feet) tall, has a single, unbranched stem with large,

papermaking: Strength and durability: …paper and paperboard is the bursting test, or Mullen test. It is defined as the hydrostatic pressure (caused by liquids at rest) necessary to cause rupture in a circular area of a given diameter. Other strength tests for which standard methods exist are tearing strength and folding endurance.

Bono: U2: …David Evans (later “the Edge”), Larry Mullen, Jr., and Adam Clayton formed a band that would become U2. They shared a commitment not only to ambitious rock music but also to a deeply spiritual Christianity. Indeed, one of the few genuine threats to U2’s extraordinary longevity (a collaboration—with the manager,…

Mike Mullen is a U.S. Navy admiral who served as the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (2007–11). Mullen graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1968, and his first assignment was as an antisubmarine officer on the destroyer USS Collett, which patrolled the western Pacific during the Vietnam

Mike Mullen is a U.S. Navy admiral who served as the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (2007–11). Mullen graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1968, and his first assignment was as an antisubmarine officer on the destroyer USS Collett, which patrolled the western Pacific during the Vietnam

Donna Reed was an American film and television actress who embodied a wholesome, engaging girl next door in numerous movies in the 1940s and ’50s and later on television. Reed graduated from high school in Iowa and then moved to California to attend Los Angeles City College. She was named campus

WordPress: …in 2003 by American blogger Matt Mullenweg and British blogger Mike Little. WordPress is most often used to create blogs, but the program is sufficiently flexible that it can be used to create and design any sort of website. It is also an open-source product, so users can modify it…

muller, in painting, an instrument used in conjunction with a slab to grind artists’ colours by hand. The modern muller and slab are made from glass or stainless steel, although from ancient Egyptian times until the 18th century porphyry was invariably used. After the introduction of the mechanical

Central Kalimantan: Muller (Müller) Mountains run parallel to the northwestern boundary of the province, and an offshoot of the Muller range skirts the northern boundary. Mount Raya, the highest peak in the Schwaner range, reaches 7,474 feet (2,278 metres). To the south of these mountains lies an…

Muller v. State of Oregon, U.S. Supreme Court case decided in 1908 that, although it appeared to promote the health and welfare of female workers, in fact led to additional protective legislation that was detrimental to equality in the workplace for years to come. At issue was an Oregon law passed

tellurium: History: About 1782 Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, an Austrian mineralogist, worked with an ore referred to as German gold. From this ore he obtained a material that defied his attempts at analysis and was called by him metallum problematicum. In 1798 Martin Heinrich Klaproth confirmed Müller’s observations…

gibbon: albibarbis) and Müller’s (H. muelleri) gibbons, both from different parts of Borneo.

Heinrich von Kleist: …and, with the political philosopher Adam Müller, published the periodical Phöbus, which lasted only a few months. While he was in prison his adaptation of Molière’s Amphitryon (published 1807) attracted some attention, and in 1808 he published Penthesilia, a tragic drama about the passionate love of the queen of the…

Erwin Wilhelm Müller was a German-U.S. physicist who originated field emission microscopy. Besides working on solid surface phenomena and gas discharge, Müller studied field electron and field ion emissions, inventing the field emission microscope (1937) and the field ion microscope (1956) which

Royal Copenhagen porcelain: …was founded by a chemist, Frantz Heinrich Müller, who was given a 50-year monopoly. Three wavy lines, one above the other, were adopted as a factory mark in 1775. When, in 1779, the king assumed financial responsibility, the factory was styled the Royal Porcelain Factory.

Friedrich Müller was an Austrian linguist who worked on many different languages and language families; he is often cited for his contributions to the study and classification of African languages. Among the many books written by Müller, the most important is Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft

Friedrich Müller was a German poet, dramatist, and painter who is best known for his slightly sentimental prose idylls on country life. After studying painting at Zweibrücken, Müller was appointed court painter at Mannheim (1777) but left the next year for Italy. He abandoned painting soon after

Max Müller was a German scholar of comparative language, religion, and mythology. Müller’s special areas of interest were Sanskrit philology and the religions of India. The son of Wilhelm Müller, a noted poet, Max Müller was educated in Sanskrit, the classical language of India, and other languages

Eugen Sandow was a bodybuilder and showman whose actions made him a model for manhood in England and the United States at the end of the 19th century. Sandow, after a brief period of study with the legendary strongman Louis Durlacher (“Professor Attila”), first attracted attention by breaking

Müllerian mimicry: …1878 by the German naturalist Fritz Müller, this resemblance, although differing from the better-known Batesian mimicry (in which one organism is not noxious), should be considered mimicry nonetheless, because a predator that has learned to avoid an organism with a given warning system will avoid all similar organisms, thus making…

Georg Elias Müller was a German psychologist who, as director of one of the major centres of psychological research at the University of Göttingen (1881–1921), contributed to the advancement of knowledge of sensations, memory, learning, and colour vision. Müller received a Ph.D. from Göttingen

Gerd Müller was a German professional football (soccer) player who was one of the greatest goal scorers of all time. He netted 68 goals in 62 career international matches, a remarkable 1.1 goals per contest. Müller was named European Footballer of the Year in 1970—he was the first German to win

Gerd Müller was a German professional football (soccer) player who was one of the greatest goal scorers of all time. He netted 68 goals in 62 career international matches, a remarkable 1.1 goals per contest. Müller was named European Footballer of the Year in 1970—he was the first German to win

Semyon Ivanov Dezhnyov: …Yakutsk until the German historian Gerhard Friedrich Müller found it in 1736, so the discovery was not known about until nearly a century had passed and after Vitus Bering and others had explored the area.

Lucas Cranach, the Elder: Life and career: …was his father, the painter Hans Müller, with whom he worked from 1495 to 1498. He is known to have been in Coburg in 1501, but the earliest of his works that have been preserved date from about 1502, when he was already 30 and living in Vienna. It was…

Gestapo: …Gestapo—led by Himmler’s subordinate, Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller—was joined with the Kriminalpolizei (“Criminal Police”) under the umbrella of a new organization, the Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo; “Security Police”). Under a 1939 SS reorganization, the Sipo was joined with the Sicherheitsdienst, an SS intelligence department, to form the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (“Reich Security Central Office”)

Hermann Müller was a statesman and leader of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) who was twice chancellor of coalition governments during the Weimar Republic. Unable to avert the disastrous effects of the Great Depression on Germany in 1929, he was forced to resign his second chancellorship.

Hermann Joseph Muller was an American geneticist best remembered for his demonstration that mutations and hereditary changes can be caused by X rays striking the genes and chromosomes of living cells. His discovery of artificially induced mutations in genes had far-reaching consequences, and he was

Herta Müller is a Romanian-born German writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2009 for her works revealing the harshness of life in Romania under the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu. The award cited Müller for depicting “the landscape of the dispossessed” with “the concentration of

Sunshine Skyway Bridge: , and Jean Muller, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge was the longest cable-stayed concrete bridge in the world when it opened in 1987. Given that Tampa Bay houses Port St. Pete, Port Tampa Bay, and SeaPort Manatee, the bridge spans one of the busiest shipping lanes in the…

Regiomontanus was the foremost mathematician and astronomer of 15th-century Europe, a sought-after astrologer, and one of the first printers. Königsberg means “King’s Mountain,” which is what the Latinized version of his name, Joannes de Regio monte or Regiomontanus, also means. A miller’s son, he

Johannes Müller was a German physiologist and comparative anatomist, one of the great natural philosophers of the 19th century. His major work was Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen, 2 vol. (1834–40; Elements of Physiology). Müller was the son of a shoemaker. In 1819 he entered

Johannes Müller was a German physiologist and comparative anatomist, one of the great natural philosophers of the 19th century. His major work was Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen, 2 vol. (1834–40; Elements of Physiology). Müller was the son of a shoemaker. In 1819 he entered

Johannes von Müller was a Swiss scholar and public official who was the most important Swiss historian of the 18th century. Müller’s life was marked by the tension between his work as a scholar and his activity as a diplomat and political journalist at the court of the archbishop of Mainz (1786–92)