multituberculate, any member of an extinct group of small, superficially rodentlike mammals that existed from about 178 million to 50 million years ago (that is, from the middle of the Jurassic Period until the early Eocene Epoch). During most of this span, they were the most common mammals. Adult

multituberculate, any member of an extinct group of small, superficially rodentlike mammals that existed from about 178 million to 50 million years ago (that is, from the middle of the Jurassic Period until the early Eocene Epoch). During most of this span, they were the most common mammals. Adult

Richard Ford: … (1987), Women with Men (1997), A Multitude of Sins (2001), and Sorry for Your Trouble (2020) are collections of short stories.

electronic game: Personal computer games: MUD (Multi User Dungeon), developed in 1979 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex, England, combined interactive fiction, role playing, programming, and dial-up modem access to a shared computer. It inspired dozens of popular multiplayer games, known collectively as MUDs, that…

time-sharing, in data processing, method of operation in which multiple users with different programs interact nearly simultaneously with the central processing unit (CPU) of a large-scale digital computer. Because the CPU operates substantially faster than most peripheral equipment (e.g., video

many-valued logic, Formal system in which the well-formed formulae are interpreted as being able to take on values other than the two classical values of truth or falsity. The number of values possible for well-formed formulae in systems of many-valued logic ranges from three to uncountably

control system: Basic principles.: Multivariable-noninteracting control involves large systems in which the size of internal variables is dependent upon the values of other related variables of the process. Thus the single-loop techniques of classical control theory will not suffice. More sophisticated techniques must be used to develop appropriate control…

multiverse, a hypothetical collection of potentially diverse observable universes, each of which would comprise everything that is experimentally accessible by a connected community of observers. The observable known universe, which is accessible to telescopes, is about 90 billion light-years

fullerene: Carbon nanotubes: …microscopy later revealed that these multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are seamless and that the spacings between adjacent layers is about 0.34 nanometre, close to the spacing observed between sheets of graphite. The number of concentric cylinders in a given tube ranged from 3 to 50, and the ends were generally…

CERN: …his 1968 invention of the multiwire proportional chamber, an electronic particle detector that revolutionized high-energy physics and has applications in medical physics.

Multnomah Falls, waterfalls on a short tributary of the Columbia River that rises in Larch Mountain in northwestern Oregon, U.S. The falls, which are part of the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, are located near the Columbia River Highway about 9 miles (14 km) west-southwest of

Bacab: The Maya expected the Muluc years to be the greatest years, because the god presiding over these years was the greatest of the Bacab gods. The four directions and their corresponding colours (east, red; north, white; west, black; south, yellow) played an important part in the Mayan religious and…

taifa: …of any of the petty kings who appeared in Muslim Spain in a period of great political fragmentation early in the 11th century after the dissolution of the central authority of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba. After the dictatorship of al-Muẓaffar (reigned 1002–08), civil war reduced the caliphate to a…

tossa jute: …a soup-based dish known as molokhia, or mulukhiyyah. Jute, obtained from the bast fibres, is used to make low-cost fabrics such as burlap and twine, though the fibres of the tossa jute are considered to be somewhat inferior to those of the white jute (Corchorus capsularis). The plant is often…

Martyrs of Uganda: Subsequent victims included Matthias Mulumba, assistant judge to a provincial chief; Andrew Kaggwa, chief of Kigowa; and Noe Mawaggali, a Roman Catholic leader. The page Jean Marie Muzeyi was beheaded on January 27, 1887.

Aïda Muluneh is an Ethiopian photographer, educator, and entrepreneur known for her Afrofuturist photography that incorporates vibrant colours and body painting to create surreal scenes. Muluneh’s work examines her heritage and experience as an Ethiopian woman while exploring themes of history,

African religions: Worldview and divinity: …East Africa, the Supreme Being, Mulungu, is thought to be omnipresent but is sought only in prayers of last resort; clan divinities are appealed to for intervention in most human affairs. Among the Nuer people of South Sudan as well as the Dinka, God is addressed in prayers of petition…

Zambia: Economy: …country’s economy came with the Mulungushi Reforms of April 1968, in which the government declared its intention to acquire an equity holding (usually 51 percent or more) in a number of key foreign-owned firms, to be controlled by the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO). By January 1970 a majority holding had…

Malawi: The Banda regime, 1963–94: Banda was defeated by Bakili Muluzi of the UDF by a substantial margin, and the UDF won a majority of seats in the National Assembly. Although no longer active, Banda remained head of the MCP until his death in November 1997.

Bamum, a West African people speaking a language that is often used as a lingua franca and belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their kingdom, with its capital at Foumban (q.v.) in the high western grasslands of Cameroon, is ruled over by a king (mfon) whose position is

chrysanthemum: Major species and uses: Numerous cultivated species, often called mums, are grown as fall-blooming ornamentals and are important in the floral industry. Florists’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium) has more than 100 cultivars, including button, pompon, daisy, and spider forms.

Bamum: …West African people speaking a language that is often used as a lingua franca and belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo family. Their kingdom, with its capital at Foumban (q.v.) in the high western grasslands of Cameroon, is ruled over by a king (mfon) whose position is hereditary…

Munster, the southwestern province of Ireland, comprising the counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. It was historically one of the “Five Fifths” (ancient provinces, or kingdoms) of Ireland. Geographically, the area is divided by the Sliabh Luachra Mountains into

Mumbai: …name from the local goddess Mumba—a form of Parvati, the consort of Shiva, one of the principal deities of Hinduism—whose temple once stood in what is now the southeastern section of the city. It became known as Bombay during the British colonial period, the name possibly an Anglicized corruption of…

Mumbai, city, capital of Maharashtra state, southwestern India. It is the country’s financial and commercial center and its principal port on the Arabian Sea. Located on Maharashtra’s coast, Mumbai is India’s most-populous city, and it is one of the largest and most densely populated urban areas in

Diego Forlán: In 2016 he joined Mumbai City FC of the Indian Super League, and in 2018 he played part of a season with Kitchee of the Hong Kong Premier League. The following year Forlán retired from competitive play.

Mumbai: City site: …are the sheltered waters of Mumbai (Bombay) Harbor. Bombay Island consists of a low-lying plain, about one-fourth of which lies below sea level; the plain is flanked on the east and west by two parallel ridges of low hills. Colaba Point, the headland formed on the extreme south by the…

Mukesh Ambani: Expansion of RIL: …include the purchase of the Mumbai Indians, an Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team, through a Reliance subsidiary in 2008. The Mumbai Indians were the only IPL team to grow in brand value in 2020 despite empty stadiums in a pandemic-hit world. It retained its position as the most valuable…

Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, multiple terrorist attacks that occurred on November 26–29, 2008, in Mumbai (Bombay), Maharashtra, India. The attacks were carried out by 10 gunmen who were believed to be connected to Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based terrorist organization. Armed with automatic

University of Mumbai, one of India’s first modern universities, established by the British in 1857. In its early years the university’s main function was to grant degrees to its affiliated colleges; later, teaching faculties were added to expand its scope. With the establishment of regional

mumblety-peg, game of skill played with a knife, usually a jackknife. The game was played as early as the 17th century in the British Isles. The object of the game is for each player to flip or toss the knife in a progression of moves such that, after each one, the knife sticks in the ground and

Greta Gerwig: …that was an exemplar of mumblecore. She was thus launched into an acting career.

mumblety-peg, game of skill played with a knife, usually a jackknife. The game was played as early as the 17th century in the British Isles. The object of the game is for each player to flip or toss the knife in a progression of moves such that, after each one, the knife sticks in the ground and

Gower: The Mumbles, a popular resort area at Oystermouth, takes its name from the French mamelles (“breasts”), a reference to the two small islands off the coast. Farther west are large stretches of sand dunes, such as Llangennith and Whitford Burrows. The latter, together with parts…

mumblety-peg, game of skill played with a knife, usually a jackknife. The game was played as early as the 17th century in the British Isles. The object of the game is for each player to flip or toss the knife in a progression of moves such that, after each one, the knife sticks in the ground and

mumblety-peg, game of skill played with a knife, usually a jackknife. The game was played as early as the 17th century in the British Isles. The object of the game is for each player to flip or toss the knife in a progression of moves such that, after each one, the knife sticks in the ground and

Ishmael Reed: Mumbo Jumbo (1972), Reed’s most-celebrated novel, pits proponents of rationalism and militarism against believers in the magical and the intuitive. The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974) is a detective story set amid the racial violence of Berkeley in the 1960s. Flight to Canada (1976)…

Kikuchi Kan: His story “Mumei sakka no nikki” (1918; “Diary of an Unknown Writer”) reveals frankly his envy of the success of his former classmates. Although a prolific writer, he wrote much of his best work in the short period between 1917 and 1920. Kikuchi’s writing shows little speculative…

Mumford & Sons, British folk-rock band noted for its raucous, fast-paced, sonically dense instrumentation and for lyrics that have a spiritual focus subtly grounded in Christianity. The group’s members include Marcus Mumford (b. January 31, 1987, Anaheim, California, U.S.), Ben Lovett (b. September

Catherine Booth was the wife of the founder of the Salvation Army (William Booth), and herself an eloquent preacher and social worker. Her father was a carriage builder and sometime Methodist lay preacher, her mother a deeply religious woman of Puritan type. Catherine, in adolescence an invalid,

David Mumford is a British-born mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1974 for his work in algebraic geometry. Mumford attended Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. (B.A., 1957; Ph.D., 1961), staying on to join the faculty upon graduation. He served as vice president

David Mumford is a British-born mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1974 for his work in algebraic geometry. Mumford attended Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. (B.A., 1957; Ph.D., 1961), staying on to join the faculty upon graduation. He served as vice president

Lewis Mumford was an American architectural critic, urban planner, and historian who analyzed the effects of technology and urbanization on human societies throughout history. Mumford studied at the City College of New York and at the New School for Social Research. While a student he was

Mumford & Sons: The group’s members include Marcus Mumford (b. January 31, 1987, Anaheim, California, U.S.), Ben Lovett (b. September 30, 1986, London, England), Winston Marshall (b. December 20, 1987, London, England), and Ted Dwane (b. August 15, 1984, London, England).

Munster, the southwestern province of Ireland, comprising the counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. It was historically one of the “Five Fifths” (ancient provinces, or kingdoms) of Ireland. Geographically, the area is divided by the Sliabh Luachra Mountains into

shilajit, sticky, tarlike substance found in certain mountainous regions of the world that is formed from the slow decomposition of plant matter and other organic materials, which become compressed and preserved under layers of rock. The substance is found in rock fissures primarily in the

shilajit, sticky, tarlike substance found in certain mountainous regions of the world that is formed from the slow decomposition of plant matter and other organic materials, which become compressed and preserved under layers of rock. The substance is found in rock fissures primarily in the

mumming play: Mummers were originally bands of masked persons who during winter festivals in Europe paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence. “Momerie” was a popular amusement between the 13th and 16th century. In the 16th century it was absorbed by…

George Moore: …A Modern Lover (1883) and A Mummer’s Wife (1885), introduced a new note of French Naturalism into the English scene, and he later adopted the realistic techniques of Gustave Flaubert and Honoré de Balzac. Esther Waters (1894), his best novel, deals with the plight of a servant girl who has…

mumming play, traditional dramatic entertainment, still performed in a few villages in England and Northern Ireland, in which a champion is killed in a fight and is then brought to life by a doctor. It is thought likely that the play has links with primitive ceremonies held to mark important stages

mumming play, traditional dramatic entertainment, still performed in a few villages in England and Northern Ireland, in which a champion is killed in a fight and is then brought to life by a doctor. It is thought likely that the play has links with primitive ceremonies held to mark important stages

Albert Frederick Mummery was an English mountaineer who was the first to climb several Alpine peaks, including Dent du Requin, Col des Cortes, and Zmutt Ridge of the Matterhorn. Mummery was very sickly as a child, but he overcame his physical handicaps and myopia to become a daring climber. He

mummy, body embalmed, naturally preserved, or treated for burial with preservatives after the manner of the ancient Egyptians. The process varied from age to age in Egypt, but it always involved removing the internal organs (though in a late period they were replaced after treatment), treating the

theatre: The Middle Ages in Europe: …cast, while in the Christmas Mumming at Hertford the young king Henry VI saw a performance consisting of “a disguysing of the rude upplandisshe people compleynynge on hir wyves, with the boystous aunswere of hir wyves.”

mumming play, traditional dramatic entertainment, still performed in a few villages in England and Northern Ireland, in which a champion is killed in a fight and is then brought to life by a doctor. It is thought likely that the play has links with primitive ceremonies held to mark important stages

Lucius Mummius was a Roman statesman and general who crushed the uprising of the Achaean Confederacy against Roman rule in Greece and destroyed the ancient city of Corinth. As praetor and proconsul in 153–152, Mummius defeated the rebellious Lusitanians in southwestern Spain. In 152 he celebrated a

Mesopotamian religion: Myths: …in this by his page Mummu, “the original (watery) form.” When the youngest of the gods, the clever Ea (Sumerian: Enki), heard about the planned attack he forestalled it by means of a powerful spell with which he poured slumber on Apsu, killed him, and built his temple over him.…

mummy, body embalmed, naturally preserved, or treated for burial with preservatives after the manner of the ancient Egyptians. The process varied from age to age in Egypt, but it always involved removing the internal organs (though in a late period they were replaced after treatment), treating the

Brendan Fraser: Career: …Fraser reprising his role in The Mummy Returns (2001) and The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008).

The Mummy, American horror film, released in 1932, that is considered a classic of the genre, especially known for Boris Karloff’s performance in the title role. Karloff played an ancient Egyptian priest called Im-Ho-Tep who was buried alive. After nearly 4,000 years, however, he is brought back to

Brendan Fraser: Career: …O’Connell in the action-adventure film The Mummy, a role that went on to become one of his most recognizable. The movie spawned sequels, with Fraser reprising his role in The Mummy Returns (2001) and The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008).

Russell Crowe: …Jekyll in the action-horror film The Mummy. He later assumed the role of a Baptist preacher who sends his son to a gay conversion therapy program in Boy Erased (2018), which was based on a memoir of the same name (2016). In 2019 Crowe was cast as Roger Ailes, the…

koan: …an earlier compilation; and the Wu-men kuan (Japanese: Mumon-kan), a collection of 48 koans compiled in 1228 by the Chinese priest Hui-k’ai (known also as Wu-men). Compare zazen.

mumps , acute contagious disease caused by a virus and characterized by inflammatory swelling of the salivary glands. It frequently occurs as an epidemic and most commonly affects young persons who are between 5 and 15 years of age. The incubation period is about 17 to 21 days after contact; danger

Mumtaz Mahal, (born c. 1593—died June 17, 1631, Burhanpur, India), wife of Shah Jahān, Mughal emperor of India (1628–58). Having died at a young age only a few years into her husband’s reign, her memory inspired the construction of the Taj Mahal, where she is entombed. Born Arjumand Banu, she was a

Ivan Turgenev: First novels of Ivan Turgenev: Although Turgenev wrote “Mumu,” a remarkable exposure of the cruelties of serfdom, while detained in St. Petersburg, his work was evolving toward such extended character studies as Yakov Pasynkov (1855) and the subtle if pessimistic examinations of the contrariness of love found in “Faust” and “A Correspondence” (1856).…

Adamawa-Ubangi languages: The two largest are Mumuye (500,000 speakers) and Tupuri (250,000). The Adamawa group contains the least-studied languages in the Niger-Congo family.

Kamo Chōmei: …he began work on his Mumyō shō (“Nameless Notes”), an extremely valuable collection of critical comments, anecdotes, and poetic lore. In 1214 or 1215 he is believed to have completed his Hosshin shū (“Examples of Religious Vocation”). His other works include a selection of his own poems (probably compiled in…

Mon, people living in the eastern delta region of Myanmar (Burma) and in west-central Thailand, numbering in the early 21st century somewhere between one and five million, though less than a third speak the Mon language. The Mon have lived in their present area for more than 1,200 years, and they

Mun River, main river system of the Khorat Plateau, in eastern Thailand. The Mun rises in the San Kamphaeng Range northeast of Bangkok and flows east for 418 miles (673 km), receiving the Chi River, its main tributary, and entering the Mekong River at the Laotian border. Nakhon Ratchasima and Ubon

Albert, count de Mun was a French Christian Socialist leader and orator who advocated Roman Catholicism as an instrument of social reform. After leaving the military school at Saint-Cyr, Mun saw active service in Algeria (1862) and in the Franco-German War and later fought against the Paris

Albert, count de Mun was a French Christian Socialist leader and orator who advocated Roman Catholicism as an instrument of social reform. After leaving the military school at Saint-Cyr, Mun saw active service in Algeria (1862) and in the Franco-German War and later fought against the Paris

Thomas Mun was an English writer on economics who gave the first clear and vigorous statement of the theory of the balance of trade. Mun came into public prominence in England during the economic depression of 1620. Many people had blamed the East India Company for the economic downturn because the

Muna Island: The Muna, a Muslim people speaking an Austronesian language, practice agriculture, raising rice and tubers. Their other food sources are sago and sea cucumbers. The hoglike babirusa and the marsupial cuscus are found on the island. The main town and principal port is Raha, on the…

Muna Island, island and kabupaten (regency), Southeast Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tenggara) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Indonesia. The island lies in the Flores Sea south of the southeastern arm of Celebes. With an area of 658 square miles (1,704 square km), it has a hilly surface, rising to 1,460

Alor Islands: … (5,791 feet [1,765 metres]) and Muna (4,724 feet [1,440 metres]), are both old volcanoes. Alor is broken up by steep ravines, with only one plateau and some small coastal plains. Pantar Island is high (Mount Delaki rises to 4,324 feet [1,318 metres]), with a rugged coast. The inhabitants speak languages…

Munakata Shikō was a Japanese woodblock artist whose vivid works are known for their bold, random, and vigorous cutting. Munakata, the son of a blacksmith, showed an avid interest in art from childhood, despite limited schooling. In 1924 he went to Tokyo, studied woodblock printing with Hiratsuka

Estonia: Relief and drainage: …is the Haanja Upland, containing Suur Munamägi (Great Egg Hill), which, at 1,043 feet (318 metres), is the highest point in Estonia.

Monastir, city in eastern Tunisia. It lies at the tip of a small peninsula protruding into the Mediterranean Sea between the Gulf of Hammamet and the Bay of Al-Munastīr. The ruins of Ruspinum, a Phoenician and Roman settlement, are 3 miles (5 km) to the west of the city. Monastir is now a port and,

Uzbekistan: Education: …as they called themselves, included Munawwar Qari in Tashkent, Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy in Samarkand, Sadriddin Ayniy in Bukhara, and ʿAshur ʿAli Zahiriy in Kokand (Qŭqon). They exerted a strong influence on education during the initial decades of the Soviet period, and their methods and aims have reemerged since independence.

Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC), an Islamic organization established in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in May 1971, following summits by Muslim heads of state and government in 1969 and by Muslim foreign ministers in 1970. The membership includes Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh,

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), Arab organization formed in January 1968 to promote international economic cooperation within the petroleum industry. Chairmanship rotates annually; meetings occur twice yearly. Member countries include Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq,

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), umbrella political organization claiming to represent the world’s Palestinians—those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 1948. It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), umbrella political organization claiming to represent the world’s Palestinians—those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 1948. It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of

Chip Hanauer: …Van Lines team to replace Bill Muncey, who had been killed in a 1981 accident. Hanauer won five races—including a come-from-behind victory for his first Gold Cup, the equivalent of auto racing’s Indianapolis 500—and ended the year with his first national and world championships. In 1983 he was the fastest…

Oslo: The contemporary city: …and several museums, including the Munch Museum, are located at Tøyen, in the east of the city. At Bygdøy, the Norwegian Folk Museum, the Viking Ship Museum, the Fram Museum (containing the Fram, a famous polar exploration vessel used by Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen), the Kon-Tiki Museum (commemorating the…

Charles Munch was a conductor known for his interpretations of works by Johannes Brahms, Claude Debussy, and Maurice Ravel. After studying violin in Paris and Berlin, he became professor of violin at the Strasbourg Conservatoire, leader of the Strasbourg Orchestra (1919–25), and later leader of the

Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intensely evocative treatment of psychological themes built upon some of the main tenets of late 19th-century Symbolism and greatly influenced German Expressionism in the early 20th century. His painting The Scream, or The Cry (1893), can be

Peter Andreas Munch was a historian and university professor who was one of the founders of the Norwegian nationalist school of historiography. Writing during the period of romantic nationalism, Munch, along with Jakob Rudolf Keyser, promoted the idea that the Norwegians, as opposed to the Danes

Peter Rochegune Munch was a historian and politician who as Danish foreign minister in the 1930s attempted to maintain Danish neutrality and independence during the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany. After a career as a historian of modern Europe, Munch entered the Danish Parliament in 1909

Baron Münchhausen was a Hanoverian storyteller, some of whose tales were the basis for the collection The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. Münchhausen served with the Russian army against the Turks and retired to his estates as a country gentleman in 1760. He became famous throughout Hanover as a

Baron Munchausen, fictional character created by R.E. Raspe, based on the real-life German storyteller Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, Baron (Freiherr) von

Munich, city, capital of Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It is Bavaria’s largest city and the third largest city in Germany (after Berlin and Hamburg). Munich, by far the largest city in southern Germany, lies about 30 miles (50 km) north of the edge of the Alps and along the Isar River,

Mönchengladbach, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies near the border with the Netherlands, west of Düsseldorf. It developed around a Benedictine monastery (founded in 972, suppressed in 1802), from which the name Mönchengladbach (“Monks’ Gladbach”) is derived, and it

Beer Hall Putsch, abortive attempt by Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff to start an insurrection in Germany against the Weimar Republic on November 8–9, 1923. The regime of the Weimar Republic was challenged from both right and left in Germany throughout the early 1920s, and there was widespread

Karl Leberecht Immermann: The novel Münchhausen (1838–39) consists of two parts: a highly satirical and ludicrous portrayal of an idle and mendacious aristocrat, and a solidly visualized portrayal of peasants rooted in their work and in their countryside. In this latter section Immermann glorifies the sturdy respectability of the peasantry,…

Baron Münchhausen was a Hanoverian storyteller, some of whose tales were the basis for the collection The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. Münchhausen served with the Russian army against the Turks and retired to his estates as a country gentleman in 1760. He became famous throughout Hanover as a

library: Later developments: …the curator of the university, G.A. von Münchhausen, and proceeding on the principles laid down by Leibniz, made strenuous efforts to cover all departments of learning; the library provided good catalogs of carefully selected literature and was available to all as liberally as possible. The library’s next director, C.G. Heyne,…

Baron Münchhausen was a Hanoverian storyteller, some of whose tales were the basis for the collection The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. Münchhausen served with the Russian army against the Turks and retired to his estates as a country gentleman in 1760. He became famous throughout Hanover as a

The Wizard of Oz: Plot summary: …in the midst of Oz’s Munchkinland, and she soon realizes it has fallen on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, whose powerful ruby slippers are magically transported onto Dorothy’s own feet. Though the munchkins celebrate Dorothy for her inadvertent act, the evil witch’s sister, the Wicked Witch of…