municipium, in antiquity, a community incorporated into the Roman state after the dissolution of the Latin League. Initially, inhabitants of such municipalities were considered Roman citizens without voting rights. As the Italian provinces were incorporated into the Roman state, residents of the

Brugge, city, Flanders Region, northwestern Belgium, about 10 miles (16 km) south of Zeebrugge, its port on the North Sea. Originally a landing place on the Zwijn estuary, into which the Reie River flowed, it was mentioned in the 7th century as the Municipium Brugense (a name derived from a Roman

Assumption: …XII in the apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus on November 1, 1950. The Assumption is not considered a revealed doctrine among the Eastern Orthodox and is considered an obstacle to ecumenical dialogue by many Protestants.

Kishore Kumar: …mine in films such as Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), Nau do gyarah (1957), and Jewel Thief (1967). A new high point in Kumar’s career came in 1969: the film Aradhana catapulted Rajesh Khanna to superstardom, and Kumar, who had lent his voice to Khanna, became the leading playback singer of…

Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda: …on historic models; her play Alfonso Munio (1844; rev. ed., Munio Alfonso, 1869), based on the life of Alfonso X, and Saúl (1849), a biblical drama, achieved popular success. Her novels, such as Sab (1841), an antislavery work, are now almost completely forgotten. Twice widowed and with many lovers, she…

Chagatai literature: …two leading poets there were Shermuhammad Munis and his nephew Muhammad Āgahī. Between 1806 and 1825, Munis, a lyric poet, wrote the poems that constitute his divan, Munis-ul ʿushshäq (“The Most Companionable of the Lovers”). But he is best remembered as the author of Firdaus-ul iqbāl (“Paradise of Felicity”), a…

Spanish literature: Theatre: Carlos Muñiz Higuera’s plays convey social protests via expressionist techniques: El grillo (1957; “The Cricket”) portrays the plight of an office worker who is perpetually overlooked for promotion, and El tintero (1961; “The Inkwell”) depicts a humble office worker driven to suicide by a dehumanized…

Seoul: The early period: …was not, however, until King Munjong of Goryeo built a summer palace in 1068 ce that a fairly large settlement existed on the site of the modern city.

Sobaek Mountains: …Sobaek (4,760 feet [1,451 meters]), Munju (2,437 feet [743 meters), Songni (3,468 feet [1,057 meters]), Deokyu (5,276 feet [1,608 meters]), and Baegun (4,190 feet [1,277 meters]), are watersheds for southern South Korea. Jirisan (6,283 feet [1,915 meters]), on its southwestern branch, is a national park.

Kaj Munk was a Danish playwright, priest, and patriot who was a rare exponent of religious drama with a strong sense of the theatre. He revived the “heroic” Shakespearean and Schillerian drama with writing whose passionate quality is not often found among Danish writers. Munk studied at the

Kaj Munk was a Danish playwright, priest, and patriot who was a rare exponent of religious drama with a strong sense of the theatre. He revived the “heroic” Shakespearean and Schillerian drama with writing whose passionate quality is not often found among Danish writers. Munk studied at the

Walter Munk was an Austrian-born American oceanographer whose pioneering studies of ocean currents and wave propagation laid the foundations for contemporary oceanography. The child of a wealthy family, Munk was born and raised in Vienna. He moved to Lake George, N.Y., in 1932 to attend boarding

Walter Munk was an Austrian-born American oceanographer whose pioneering studies of ocean currents and wave propagation laid the foundations for contemporary oceanography. The child of a wealthy family, Munk was born and raised in Vienna. He moved to Lake George, N.Y., in 1932 to attend boarding

Békéscsaba: Hungarian painter Mihály Munkácsy spent his much of his youth in Békéscsaba. His childhood home is preserved as a memorial, and the town is also the site of the Mihály Munkácsy Museum. Békéscsaba is a long-established cultural centre for the large Slovak population in the district. Pop.…

Munkar and Nakīr, in Islāmic eschatology, two angels who test the faith of the dead in their tombs. After death, the deceased is placed upright in the grave by Munkar and Nakīr and asked to identify Muḥammad. The righteous will know that he is the messenger of God (rasūl Allāh) and be allowed to

Qattara Depression, arid Libyan Desert (Eastern Saharan) basin in northwestern Egypt. It covers about 7,000 square miles (18,100 square km) and contains salt lakes and marshes, and it descends to 435 feet (133 metres) below sea level. During World War II, because it was impassable to military

Yenisey River: Physiography: …magnificent higher peaks, culminating in Mount Munku-Sardyk (Mönh Sarĭdag), which reaches an elevation of 11,453 feet (3,491 metres). Most of the basin stretches over the western sector of the Central Siberian Plateau—with elevations between 1,640 and 2,300 feet (500 and 700 metres). The basin is bordered in the northeast by…

Tyva: The highest point is Mount Munku-Taiga (Mongun-Taiga; 13,044 feet [3,976 meters]) in the extreme southwest. The climate is generally of the dry, sharply continental type, with severe winters and warm summers. Vegetation ranges from dry steppe in the basins to dense coniferous forests to alpine meadows that are succeeded…

Munn v. Illinois, (1877), case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the power of government to regulate private industries. The case developed as a result of the Illinois legislature’s responding in 1871 to pressure from the National Grange, an association of farmers, by setting maximum rates

Channing Tatum: Stardom: 21 Jump Street and Magic Mike: …starred Matthew McConaughey, Alex Pettyfer, Olivia Munn, Matt Bomer, and Joe Manganiello—was followed by the popular sequels Magic Mike XXL (2015) and Magic Mike’s Last Dance (2023). The movies inspired a Las Vegas revue, Magic Mike Live, “conceived and directed by” Tatum, that debuted in 2017.

Scientific American: Beach—and to a friend, Orson Desaix Munn. The era was rife with invention, and out of the paper’s familiarity with patents and the problems of inventors grew a thriving patent agency giving advice on patent law and procedures to such inventors as Thomas Edison and Samuel F.B. Morse. This…

Burkhard Christoph, count von Münnich was a military officer and statesman who was one of the major political figures in Russia during the reign of Empress Anna (reigned 1730–40) and who led the Russian Army to victory in the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–39. After service in the French and

mullion, in architecture, a slender vertical division between adjacent lights or subdivisions in a window or between windows in a group. Mullions appear with the invention of tracery and are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and early Renaissance architecture in northern and

John Munonye was an Igbo educator and novelist known for his ability to capture the vitality of the contemporary Nigerian scene. Munonye was educated at Christ the King College in Onitsha (1943–48) and attended the University of Ibadan, graduating in 1952. He worked for the Nigerian Ministry of

Luis Muñoz Marín was a statesman who served four four-year terms as the elected governor of Puerto Rico. Early in his career he advocated independence for the island, but later he worked for its social and economic progress in partnership with the United States. Muñoz Marín, son of the statesman,

Luis Muñoz Rivera was a statesman, publisher, and patriot who devoted his life to obtaining Puerto Rico’s autonomy, first from Spain and later from the United States. In 1889 Muñoz Rivera founded the newspaper La Democracia, which crusaded for Puerto Rican self-government. He became a leader of the

Anthony Muñoz is an American gridiron football player who is widely regarded as one of the greatest offensive linemen in the history of the National Football League (NFL). Muñoz attended the University of Southern California (USC), where he pitched for the school’s national-championship-winning

Costa Rica: Costa Rica in the 21st century: …adamant opposition to the ruling, Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz, a well-known Pentecostal singer, onetime TV journalist, and member of the Legislative Assembly, emerged from the back of the pack to finish ahead of the other presidential candidates in the first round of voting in early February. He captured some 25 percent…

Islamic world: Policies of Niẓām al-Mulk: …work Al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl (The Deliverer from Error), the more he taught, the more he doubted, until his will and voice became paralyzed. In 1095 he retreated from public life, attempting to arrive at a more satisfying faith. He undertook a radically skeptical reexamination of all of the paths…

Alice Munro was a Canadian short-story writer who gained international recognition with her exquisitely drawn narratives. The Swedish Academy dubbed her a “master of the contemporary short story” when it awarded her the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2013. Munro’s work is noted for its precise

Saki was a Scottish writer and journalist whose stories depict the Edwardian social scene with a flippant wit and power of fantastic invention used both to satirize social pretension, unkindness, and stupidity and to create an atmosphere of horror. Munro was the son of an officer in the Burma

Siege of Pondicherry: …British were commanded by General Hector Munro (1726–1805). The French garrison at Pondicherry, numbering about 800 French regulars and 500 Indian sepoys, was commanded by Guillaume Leonard de Bellecombe (1728–1792), its governor. Bellecombe set about improving Pondicherry’s defenses. Gun batteries were moved close to the shore to counter a move…

Saki was a Scottish writer and journalist whose stories depict the Edwardian social scene with a flippant wit and power of fantastic invention used both to satirize social pretension, unkindness, and stupidity and to create an atmosphere of horror. Munro was the son of an officer in the Burma

Ian Rankin: …Shadows, which Rankin wrote with Rona Munro, debuted in 2018.

India: Organization: In Madras, Sir Thomas Munro retained the paternal framework of government but introduced a radically differing method of revenue management known as the ryotwari system, in which the settlement was made directly with the cultivator, each field being separately measured and annually assessed. The system eliminated the…

small arm: Antitank weapons: …1880s by an American inventor, Charles E. Munroe. Munroe found that a hollow cone of explosive material, when detonated with its open end a few inches from metal plate, produced a jet of white-hot gases and molten steel that could penetrate many inches of the best armour. Utilizing the Munroe…

Robert Munsch is an American-born Canadian author of children’s books, noted for his humorous and imaginative stories. His best-known work is Love You Forever (1986). Munsch spent seven years studying for the Jesuit priesthood, during which time he also attended Fordham University (B.A., 1969) and

Robert Munsch is an American-born Canadian author of children’s books, noted for his humorous and imaginative stories. His best-known work is Love You Forever (1986). Munsch spent seven years studying for the Jesuit priesthood, during which time he also attended Fordham University (B.A., 1969) and

Muncie, city, seat of Delaware county, eastern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the White River, 55 miles (89 km) northeast of Indianapolis. Muncie is the average American town described in the classic sociological study Middletown, published in 1929 by Robert S. and Helen M. Lynd. The name (shortened

colour: Colour atlases: …colour atlas such as the Munsell Book of Color is often used. In this system colours are matched to printed colour chips from a three-dimensional colour solid whose parameters are hue, value (corresponding to reflectance), and chroma (corresponding to purity, or saturation). These three parameters are illustrated schematically in the…

Munsell colour system, method of designating colours based on a colour arrangement scheme developed by the American art instructor and painter Albert H. Munsell. It defines colours by measured scales of hue, value, and chroma, which correspond respectively to dominant wavelength, brightness, and

Munsell colour system, method of designating colours based on a colour arrangement scheme developed by the American art instructor and painter Albert H. Munsell. It defines colours by measured scales of hue, value, and chroma, which correspond respectively to dominant wavelength, brightness, and

Munsell colour system: …art instructor and painter Albert H. Munsell. It defines colours by measured scales of hue, value, and chroma, which correspond respectively to dominant wavelength, brightness, and strength or purity. The system is used internationally for specifying opaque colours of dyed or pigmented surfaces.

history of publishing: General periodicals: Munsey reduced the price of Munsey’s Magazine (1889–1929) to 10 cents. All three saw that, by keeping down the price and gearing contents to the interests and problems of the average reader, high circulations were attainable. Munsey estimated that, between 1893 and 1899, “the ten-cent magazine increased the magazine-buying public…

Frank Andrew Munsey was a newspaper and magazine publisher, a dominant figure in the trend toward journalistic consolidation in the United States. Viewing his publications purely as moneymaking enterprises, Munsey administered them in detail, maintained an inoffensive and colourless editorial

Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir was a Malayan-born writer who, through his autobiographical and other works, played an important role as a progenitor of modern Malay literature. Of mixed Arab (Yemeni) and Tamil descent, and Malayo-Muslim culture, Abdullah was born and grew up in a Malacca newly British,

On the Town: …Chip (Sinatra), and Ozzie (Jules Munshin)—during a hectic 24-hour shore leave in New York City. Over the course of the day, they meet and romance a dancer (Vera-Ellen), a cab driver (Betty Garrett), and an anthropologist (Ann Miller).

Margaret Elizabeth Munson Sangster was an American writer and editor, noted in her day for her stories and books that mingled Christian devotion with homely wisdom. Margaret Munson was an avid reader from an early age. She turned easily to writing, and her first published story, “Little Janey”

sound: Dynamic range of the ear: …the Americans Harvey Fletcher and W.A. Munson, who first measured them. The curves show the varying absolute intensities of a pure tone that has the same loudness to the ear at various frequencies. The determination of each curve, labeled by its loudness level in phons, involves the subjective judgment of…

Utica: The Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute (incorporated as a school of art in 1919) maintains a museum. Utica is the site of the Mohawk Valley Psychiatric Center, the Masonic Home and Health Facility, and several hospitals. Inc. city, 1832. Pop. (2000) 60,651; Utica-Rome Metro Area, 299,896, (2010) 62,235; Utica-Rome…

Munster, the southwestern province of Ireland, comprising the counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. It was historically one of the “Five Fifths” (ancient provinces, or kingdoms) of Ireland. Geographically, the area is divided by the Sliabh Luachra Mountains into

Münster, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies on the small Münster-Aa River and the Dortmund-Ems Canal, northeast of Essen. The community was first mentioned as Mimigernaford (“Ford over the Aa”) when Liudger (Ludger), a missionary sent by Charlemagne, founded a

Freiburg im Breisgau: The Münster, begun in the 13th century and the seat (since 1827) of a Roman Catholic archbishopric, was the only German cathedral to be completed in the Gothic style between the 12th and 16th centuries; its 370-foot (113-metre) tower, its richly decorated main entrance, and the…

Münster cheese, semisoft cow’s-milk cheese that originated in a monastery in Alsace. Though noted for its pungent earthy aroma when ripe, Münster is considerably milder as a young cheese. It is customarily flavoured with wild cumin and formed into disks, approximately 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter

Peace of Westphalia, European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War. The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on

Sebastian Münster was a German cartographer, cosmographer, and Hebrew scholar whose Cosmographia (1544; “Cosmography”) was the earliest German description of the world and a major work in the revival of geographic thought in 16th-century Europe. Appointed professor of Hebrew at the University of

Münster: …period, is evident in the Westphalian Wilhelm University of Münster (founded 1780, a full university from 1902; in the 18th century an episcopal palace), the bailiff’s high court, and several churches. Notable modern structures include the state Chamber of Commerce building, municipal administrative offices, the theatre, the railway station (1956),…

Hugo Münsterberg was a German-American psychologist and philosopher who was interested in the applications of psychology to law, business, industry, medicine, teaching, and sociology. Münsterberg took his Ph.D. in 1885 and his M.D. at the University of Heidelberg in 1887. After his appointment as

Münsterland, lowland region, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. It extends between the Emsland (north), the Teutoburg Forest (east), the Lippe River (south), and the Lower Rhine River and the Dutch-German border (west). The region was the territory ruled by the bishops of

Western sculpture: Central Europe: …be seen at Überlingen, and Ludwig Münsterman, in Oldenburg, continued in the Mannerist style, whereas Georg Petel, who came under the influence of Peter Paul Rubens, is almost the only sculptor to reveal the impact of the Baroque. Petel’s importance lies mainly in his ivories, and Leonard Kern in Franconia…

Fred Gwynne: …on the hit television series The Munsters (1964–66).

ʿAbd al-Qādir Badāʾūnī: …important work, however, was the Muntakhab al-tawārīkh (“Selection from History”), often called Tārīkh-e Badāʾūnī (“Badāʾūnī’s History”), a history of Muslim India containing additional sections on Muslim religious figures, physicians, poets, and scholars. It aroused discussion because of its hostile remarks about Akbar and his religious practices and apparently was suppressed…

Spanish literature: Prose: …I’s death in 1276, and Ramon Muntaner’s account of the Grand Catalan Company’s expedition to the Morea in southern Greece and of James II’s conquest of Sardinia were distinguished by skill of narration and quality of language. Bernat Desclot’s chronicle deals with the reign of Peter I the Great; though…

Hossein Ali Montazeri was an Iranian cleric who became one of the highest-ranking authorities in Shīʿite Islam. He was once the designated successor of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Ayatollah Montazeri was emphatic in his defense of human rights in Iran. Montazeri was raised in Najafābād, west of

Walachia, principality on the lower Danube River, which in 1859 joined Moldavia to form the state of Romania. Its name is derived from that of the Vlachs, who constituted the bulk of its population. Walachia was bounded on the north and northeast by the Transylvanian Alps, on the west, south, and

Gabriele Münter was a German painter who was closely affiliated with the artists’ group Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider”). Münter studied the piano throughout her youth. In 1902 she entered the Phalanx School of art in Munich, Germany, where within a year she began to attend classes in still life

Axel Martin Fredrik Munthe was a Swedish physician, psychiatrist, and writer whose book The Story of San Michele (1929), an account of his experiences as a doctor in Paris and Rome and in semiretirement at the villa of San Michele on Capri, achieved immense popularity in its original English

muntjac, any of about seven species of small- to medium-sized Asiatic deer that make up the genus Muntiacus in the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). Called barking deer because of their cry, muntjacs are solitary and nocturnal, and they usually live in areas of thick vegetation. They are native

muntjac: Fea’s muntjac (M. feae), of Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand, is an endangered species.

muntjac: Named the miniature muntjac (M. putaoensis), or leaf deer, it weighs only 11 kg (about 24 pounds). Although M. putaoensis was catalogued on the basis of one specimen, others have been found in the rainforests of Arunachal Pradesh in far northeastern India.

muntjac: It was named the giant, or large-antlered, muntjac (M. vuquangensis) because it appears to be larger than other muntjacs, with an estimated weight of 40–50 kg (88–110 pounds). The second species, which has the distinction of being the smallest deer in the world, was discovered near the town of…

Bihor Massif, mountain massif, the highest part of the Apuseni Mountains, part of the Western Carpathians, western Romania. It is roughly 16 miles (25 km) long from northwest to southeast and 9 miles (14 km) wide. The summit is almost smooth, broken by a few peaks of harder rock. Curcubăta Mare, at

Făgăraş Mountains, mountain range, the highest section of the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathian Mountains), south-central Romania. Their steep northern face rises above 8,000 feet (2,450 m) and overlooks the Făgăraş Depression, through which flows the Olt River over a gentler gradient south

Rodna Massif, mountain massif, the highest part of the Eastern Carpathians in Romania, reaching a height of 7,556 ft (2,303 m) at Pietrosu in the northern part of the country. Active glaciers are no longer present, but extensive glaciation of the crystalline rocks has produced fretted peaks and

construction: Enclosure systems: …apart; the horizontal members, called muntins, are attached between the mullions. The rectangles between the grid of mullions and muntins are filled with transparent or opaque panels. The transparent surfaces can be any of those just described, and the opaque panels include opaque colored glass, painted or anodized aluminum sheets,…

Malvales: Malvaceae, Cistaceae, and Muntingiaceae: Muntingiaceae is a small family of three genera and three species from the Neotropics. The family’s leaves are two-ranked, often unequal at the base, and with structures that look like stipules but are in fact the first leaves of the axillary shoot. The flowers are…

muntjac, any of about seven species of small- to medium-sized Asiatic deer that make up the genus Muntiacus in the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). Called barking deer because of their cry, muntjacs are solitary and nocturnal, and they usually live in areas of thick vegetation. They are native

Muntz metal, variety of the alloy brass consisting of 60 percent copper and 40 percent zinc, named after the English businessman George F. Muntz, who patented it in 1832. Muntz metal must be worked hot. It is used to make machine parts that require resistance to

Nicholas V: Architectural and humanistic achievement of Nicholas V: “Of all Renaissance popes,” says Eugène Müntz, a famous curator and art historian, “Nicholas is the one who ventilated the greatest number of architectural ideas: his successors only executed one or another element of his programme.” He had plans for building a new St. Peter’s Church but was able only…

Thomas Müntzer was a leading German radical reformer during the Protestant Reformation, a fiery and apocalyptic preacher, and a participant in the abortive Peasants’ War in Thuringia in 1524–25. A controversial figure in life and in death, Müntzer is regarded as a significant force in the religious

Al-Minūfiyyah, muḥāfaẓah (governorate) of Lower Egypt in the western part of the apex of the Nile River delta, between the Damietta (east) and Rosetta (west) branches of the Nile. It includes some of the most productive land of the delta, supporting a dense rural population. Agriculture is the

Battle of Tours: The clash near Poitiers: …a breakaway Berber chieftain named Munusa in Llívia. An army under Charles, mayor of the palace of the eastern Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, responded to Eudes’s apparent assertion of independence by twice invading Aquitaine in 731. Charles humiliated Eudes but failed to bring the border region fully under control. That…

Hehe: …into a single polity by Munyigumba, head of the Muyinga family, in the mid-19th century. Using a military organization and tactics borrowed from the Ngoni, the Hehe under Munyigumba, and later his son Mkwawa, greatly expanded their domain. They were subdued by German forces in 1898, but only after seven…

Felix Weingartner, edler von Munzberg was an Austrian symphonic and operatic conductor and composer, best-known for his interpretations of the works of Ludwig van Beethoven and Richard Wagner. Weingartner first studied composition at Graz. Beginning as a student of philosophy at the University of

Thomas Müntzer was a leading German radical reformer during the Protestant Reformation, a fiery and apocalyptic preacher, and a participant in the abortive Peasants’ War in Thuringia in 1524–25. A controversial figure in life and in death, Müntzer is regarded as a significant force in the religious

Werner Munzinger was a Swiss linguist and explorer particularly noted for his travels in what is now Eritrea. Munzinger studied natural science, Oriental languages, and history in Bern, Munich, and Paris and then went to Egypt to study Arabic further. Later, as leader of a trading expedition, he

muon, elementary subatomic particle similar to the electron but 207 times heavier. It has two forms, the negatively charged muon and its positively charged antiparticle. The muon was discovered as a constituent of cosmic-ray particle “showers” in 1936 by the American physicists Carl D. Anderson and

neutrino: …second type of neutrino, the muon-neutrino. Identification of the muon-neutrino as distinct from the electron-neutrino was accomplished in 1962 on the basis of the results of a particle-accelerator experiment. High-energy muon-neutrinos were produced by decay of pi-mesons and were directed to a detector so that their reactions with matter could…

nuclear fusion: Muon-catalyzed fusion: The need in traditional schemes of nuclear fusion to confine very high-temperature plasmas has led some researchers to explore alternatives that would permit fusion reactants to approach each other more closely at much lower temperatures. One method involves substituting muons (μ) for the…

Laos: Ethnic groups and languages: …comprised several villages; and the muong, which embraced multiple communities and villages. Each muong was led by a chao muong, a hereditary ruler and member of the nobility. While communes were also ruled by nobles, villages were headed by commoners selected from the heads of households. The muong were ethnically…

Muong, ethnic minority in Vietnam, located in the mountainous area southwest of Hanoi. Considered the only surviving descendants of the early Vietnamese, the Muong, unlike the lowland northern Vietnamese, have been little influenced by the Chinese. They staged unsuccessful rebellions against the

Viet-Muong languages: Muong, the other language of the group, is spoken in northern Vietnam; it differs from Vietnamese primarily in showing far less Chinese influence.

Louangphrabang, town, northern Laos. A port on the Mekong River, Louangphrabang lies 130 miles (210 km) north-northwest of Vientiane, the national capital. From 1353 Louangphrabang, then called Muong Swa, was the capital of the kingdom of Lan Xang. Around 1563 the royal court was removed to

tektite: Form and markings: …be distinguished: (1) microtektites, (2) Muong-Nong type tektites, (3) splash-form tektites, and (4) australites.

Viet-Muong languages, subbranch of the Vietic branch of the Mon-Khmer family of languages, itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Vietnamese, the most important language of the group and of the entire Mon-Khmer family, has a number of regional variants. Northern Vietnamese, centred in Hanoi, is

Sir Charles Frank: …form what is called a muonic molecule. In 1956 American physicist Luis W. Alvarez and his collaborators were the first to observe muon-catalyzed fusion.

Sweden: Drainage: The Muonio and Torne rivers form the frontier with Finland, and in the south the Dal River marks the transition to Svealand. The rivers, except in the far north, where they are protected, are sources of hydroelectric power.

muonium, short-lived quasi-atom composed of a positive muon (an antiparticle), as nucleus, and an ordinary negative electron. It is formed when a positive muon captures an atomic electron after being slowed down in matter. Muoniums form a few compounds with gases such as nitrogen dioxide and

Jim Henson: … and filmmaker, creator of the Muppets of television and motion pictures. He coined the term Muppets as a meld of marionettes and puppets. His characters and those of his assistants included such familiar figures as Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Big Bird, and the Cookie Monster

Jim Henson: Muppet Magazine, a quarterly publication for children, appeared in 1983–89. Other television ventures featuring the Muppets included Fraggle Rock (1983–87), a puppet show about subterranean creatures, and Jim Henson’s Muppet Babies (1984–91), an animated morning cartoon program.