Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, in Wellington, museum of art, science, and the natural history of New Zealand, created in 1992 when the National Art Gallery and the National Museum merged under a parliamentary act. The name Te Papa Tongarewa translates to “our container of treasured things

Museum of the Moving Image (MoMI), museum dedicated to educating the public about the history of film and television arts and about the impact those media have on popular culture. Established in 1988 in Astoria, New York, the museum is a rebuilt portion of what was once Paramount Pictures’ Astoria

Pancho Villa House, mansion of 50 rooms in Chihuahua, Mexico, where revolutionary leader Pancho Villa lived with his wife María Luz Corral de Villa in the early 20th century. At that time it was known as the Quinta Luz, and it opened as the Museum of the Revolution in 1982. The house was built on

Cristina Peri Rossi: …de los esfuerzos inútiles (1983; The Museum of Useless Efforts) is another book of stories about estrangement. Her novels included La nave de los locos (1984; The Ship of Fools), La última noche de Dostoievski (1992; Dostoevsky’s Last Night), Desastres íntimos (1997; Intimate Disasters), and El amor es una droga…

virtual museum: …also be found in the Museum Online Resource Review, which provides keyword searching as well as lists of various kinds, and by the Guide to Museums and Cultural Resources.

Thomas Struth: …began a series he called Museum Photographs. It consisted of images of museum and gallery visitors in the act of viewing art. The first group of these photographs, created 1989–90, was not staged. Struth simply waited and observed patiently, sometimes returning to the museum for several days in a row,…

Kizhi Island: …is best known for its Museum Site of History and Architecture (opened 1960), where early wooden barns, houses, a windmill, and several churches were collected and restored as part of an open-air museum. The Preobranzhenskaya (Transfiguration) Church (1714), 121 feet (37 m) in height, with its three tiers and 22…

Victoria: Cultural life: Museum Victoria oversees several cultural and scientific institutions in the state capital, including the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne’s Carlton Gardens, built in the late 1800s to host major international exhibitions, Museum Melbourne, emphasizing the history of Victoria, the Migration Museum, which documents international migration…

art market: The 17th century: …encyclopaedic: the development of the gallery as a specialized viewing or display area encouraged collectors to concentrate on paintings and sculptures rather than the acquisition of an omnium gatherum of works of art and natural curiosities.

museum: Other European collections: …site, now known as the Museuminsel. Another development in Germany was the erection of the Alte Pinakothek (1836) at Munich to display the painting collections of the dukes of Wittelsbach. This building was designed to exacting standards by Leo von Klenze, who was also responsible for the New Hermitage, one…

Yoweri Museveni is a politician who became president of Uganda in 1986. Museveni was born to cattle farmers and attended missionary schools. While studying political science and economics at the University of Dar es Salaam (B.A., 1970) in Tanzania, he became chairman of a leftist student group

Yoweri Museveni is a politician who became president of Uganda in 1986. Museveni was born to cattle farmers and attended missionary schools. While studying political science and economics at the University of Dar es Salaam (B.A., 1970) in Tanzania, he became chairman of a leftist student group

Israel Museum, museum in Jerusalem opened in 1965 and consisting of the Bezalel National Art Museum, the Samuel Bronfman Biblical and Archaeological Museum, a Youth Wing, the Shrine of the Book, and The Billy Rose Art Garden. The Shrine of the Book houses the Dead Sea Scrolls in a building whose

Musgrave Ranges, series of granite hills, northwestern South Australia, running parallel to the Northern Territory border for 130 miles (210 km). Their bare rock surfaces rise to numerous peaks exceeding 3,500 feet (1,100 m), including Mount Woodroffe (4,708 feet [1,435 m]), the state’s highest

Story Musgrave is a U.S. astronaut and physician who made six flights into space. After serving in the U.S. Marine Corps, Musgrave earned an impressive list of academic credentials, including bachelor’s or master’s degrees in mathematics, operations analysis, chemistry, literature, and physiology,

fiscal federalism: …by the German-born American economist Richard Musgrave in 1959. Fiscal federalism deals with the division of governmental functions and financial relations among levels of government.

Samuel Musgrave was an English classical scholar and physician. Educated at the University of Oxford (B.A., 1754; M.A., 1756), Musgrave was elected to a Radcliffe traveling fellowship and spent many years abroad, chiefly in the Netherlands and France. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1760

Story Musgrave is a U.S. astronaut and physician who made six flights into space. After serving in the U.S. Marine Corps, Musgrave earned an impressive list of academic credentials, including bachelor’s or master’s degrees in mathematics, operations analysis, chemistry, literature, and physiology,

Susan Musgrave is an American-born Canadian poet, novelist, and essayist who is one of Canada’s most prominent writers, nominated multiple times for Governor General’s Literary Awards. Musgrave left school at 14 and had poems published in The Malahat Review at 16. Her first book of poems, Songs of

Thea Musgrave is a Scottish composer best known for her dramatic concerti, operas, choral works, and chamber music. Musgrave studied for three years at the University of Edinburgh, taking premedical courses; she also took music courses at the university and eventually received a Bachelor of Music

Met Gala: Anna Wintour era: West, Lenny Kravitz and Kacey Musgraves, and Lizzo. Four celebrities are selected each year to serve along with Wintour as hosts.

softball, a variant of baseball and a popular participant sport, particularly in the United States. It is generally agreed that softball developed from a game called indoor baseball, first played in Chicago in 1887. It became known in the United States by various names, such as kitten ball, mush

Spain: The caliphate of Córdoba: …the prime minister, Jaʿfar al-Muṣḥafī, who before long was liquidated by al-Manṣūr. The latter succeeded in eliminating all temporal power of the caliph, whom he dominated, and acquired complete power for himself.

mushāhadah, in Sufi (Muslim mystic) terminology, the vision of God obtained by the illuminated heart of the seeker of truth. Through mushāhadah, the Sufi acquires yaqīn (real certainty), which cannot be achieved by the intellect or transmitted to those who do not travel the Sufi path. The Sufi has

Mushanokōji Saneatsu was a Japanese writer and painter noted for a lifelong philosophy of humanistic optimism. The eighth child of an aristocratic family, Mushanokōji went to the Peers School and entered Tokyo Imperial University (now University of Tokyo) in 1906. He left without graduating to join

Mushanokōji Saneatsu was a Japanese writer and painter noted for a lifelong philosophy of humanistic optimism. The eighth child of an aristocratic family, Mushanokōji went to the Peers School and entered Tokyo Imperial University (now University of Tokyo) in 1906. He left without graduating to join

Pervez Musharraf was a Pakistani military officer who took power in a coup in 1999. He served as president of Pakistan from 2001 to 2008. Musharraf moved with his family from New Delhi to Karachi in 1947, when Pakistan was separated from India. The son of a career diplomat, he lived in Turkey

Saʿdī was a Persian poet, one of the greatest figures in classical Persian literature. He lost his father, Muṣliḥ al-Dīn, in early childhood; later he was sent to study in Baghdad at the renowned Neẓāmīyeh College, where he acquired the traditional learning of Islam. The unsettled conditions

Pakistan: The arts of Pakistan: …and public poetry recitations, called mushāʿirahs, are organized like musical concerts. Sir Muhammad Iqbal, one of the major forces behind the establishment of Pakistan (though he died a decade before the country’s founding), was a noted poet in Persian and Urdu. Pashto, Urdu, and Sindhi poets are regional and national…

Muḥammad ibn Falāḥ: …theologian who founded the extremist Mushaʿshaʿ sect of Shīʿism.

Bagratid Dynasty: In 961 Mushegh, the brother of Ashot III, founded the Bagratid kingdom of Kars. By the 11th century, the combined invasions of the Seljuk Turks and Byzantine conquests in the west destroyed what remained of the Bagratids and the Armenian kingdom.

Armenia: The Mamikonians and Bagratids: An unsuccessful revolt led by Mushegh Mamikonian (771–772) resulted in the virtual extinction of the Mamikonians as a political force in Armenia and in the emergence of the Bagratunis and Artsrunis as the leading noble families. (See Bagratid dynasty.) The Arabs’ choice in 806 of Ashot Bagratuni the Carnivorous to…

Robert Forester Mushet was a British steelmaker. He was the son of the ironmaster David Mushet. Robert’s discovery in 1868 that adding tungsten to steel greatly increases its hardness even after air cooling produced the first commercial steel alloy, a material that formed the basis for the

Sennacherib: Early career and the Babylonian campaigns: Another Chaldean leader, Mushezib-Marduk, now seized Babylon and, by opening the temple treasuries, bought massive military support from Elam. In 691 the Assyrian and Elamite armies met at Halule on the Diyālā, where Sennacherib, though claiming a victory, suffered losses that left him temporarily impotent. In 689 he…

Islamic arts: Popular literature: …type of low-class theologian, called Nasreddin Hoca in Turkish, Juḥā in Arabic, and Mushfiqī in Tajik. Anecdotes about this character, which embody the mixture of silliness and shrewdness displayed by this “type,” have amused generations of Muslims.

Alien Tort Claims Act: In 1996, in Mushikiwabo v. Barayagwiza, a U.S. district court awarded $105 million to five Rwandan citizens for the torture and execution of their relatives by government forces and Hutu militias during the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Also in 1996 a group of human rights activists sued the…

Mushin, town, Lagos state, southwestern Nigeria. Mushin is a suburb of Lagos city, and its inhabitants are mostly Yoruba people. Continuing expansion from 1950 led to problems of overcrowding, inadequate housing, and poor sanitation. Mushin is the site of a large industrial estate. Commercial

haikai, a comic renga, or Japanese linked-verse form. The haikai was developed as early as the 16th century as a diversion from the composition of the more serious renga

Muztagata Range, mountain range in the westernmost part of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. As a far western part of the Kunlun Mountains, it extends some 200 miles (320 km) along a north-northwest and south-southeast axis parallel to the eastern edge of the Pamirs range

Phrygia: … of peoples (identified as “Mushki” in Assyrian records) that dominated the entire Anatolian peninsula. This early civilization borrowed heavily from the Hittites, whom they had replaced, and established a system of roads later utilized by the Persians. About 730 the Assyrians detached the eastern part of the confederation, and…

Phrygia: … of peoples (identified as “Mushki” in Assyrian records) that dominated the entire Anatolian peninsula. This early civilization borrowed heavily from the Hittites, whom they had replaced, and established a system of roads later utilized by the Persians. About 730 the Assyrians detached the eastern part of the confederation, and…

moucharaby, in Islamic or Islamic-influenced architecture, an oriel, or projecting second-story window of latticework. The moucharaby is a familiar feature of residences in cities of North Africa and the Middle East; in France, where it was introduced from colonial sources, it is known as

mushroom, the conspicuous umbrella-shaped fruiting body (sporophore) of certain fungi, typically of the order Agaricales in the phylum Basidiomycota but also of some other groups. Popularly, the term mushroom is used to identify the edible sporophores; the term toadstool is often reserved for

anchor: The mushroom anchor is shaped like an upside-down mushroom and is used widely as a permanent mooring for lightships, dredges, and lighters.

fungus gnat, (family Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae), any member of two families of insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are small and mosquito-like with maggots (larvae) that feed on fungi. In Sciaridae, the dark-winged fungus gnat family, the eyes of the adults almost touch, and the wings are

mushroom poisoning, toxic, sometimes fatal, effect of eating poisonous mushrooms (toadstools). There are some 70 to 80 species of mushrooms that are poisonous to humans; many of them contain toxic alkaloids (muscarine, agaricine, phalline). Among the mushrooms that most commonly cause poisoning are

perched rock, boulder balanced on a pinnacle rock, another boulder, or in some other precarious position. Some perched rocks form in place, as where rainwash (and in some cases wind) has removed fine material from around the boulder. Others may be transported by tectonic forces (involved in

valve: On gasoline engines, poppet valves are used to control the admission and rejection of the intake and exhaust gases to the cylinders. In the Figure (right centre), the valve, which consists of a disk with a tapered edge attached to a shank, is held against the tapered seat…

Ndebele: …Ndebele traces its ancestry to Musi, or Msi, who, with his followers, diverged from a small group of Nguni people migrating down the southeastern coast of Africa and eventually settled in the Transvaal at the site of modern Pretoria. The descendants of Musi’s people were joined in the 18th and…

Musi River, main stream of southern Sumatra, Indonesia, about 325 mi (525 km) long and draining an area of 24,500 sq mi (63,500 sq km). It rises near Gunung (mount) Kaba (6,355 ft [1,937 m]) in the Pegunungan (mountains) Barisan and flows first south-southeast, then northeast, breaking through the

Stan Musial was an American professional baseball player who, in his 22-year playing career with the St. Louis Cardinals, won seven National League (NL) batting championships and established himself as one of the game’s greatest hitters. Musial was a phenomenal schoolboy athlete in both baseball

Stan Musial was an American professional baseball player who, in his 22-year playing career with the St. Louis Cardinals, won seven National League (NL) batting championships and established himself as one of the game’s greatest hitters. Musial was a phenomenal schoolboy athlete in both baseball

music, art concerned with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty of form or emotional expression, usually according to cultural standards of rhythm, melody, and, in most Western music, harmony. Both the simple folk song and the complex electronic composition belong to the same activity,

Carole King: Many were gold records, including Music (1971), Rhymes & Reasons (1972), Fantasy (1973), and Wrap Around Joy (1974). Her marriage to Charles Larkey, the bass player of the City, failed, and in 1977 she married her manager, Rick Evers, who was abusive and who died of a drug overdose less…

Madonna: Music career of the late 1990s and 21st century: …experimentation in electronica continued with Music (2000). In 2005 she returned to her roots with Confessions on a Dance Floor, which took the Grammy for best electronic/dance album, and produced the hit track “Hung Up.”

Rose Tremain: …Way I Found Her (1997); Music & Silence (1999), which won a Whitbread Book Award; The Colour (2003); The Road Home (2007), winner of the Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (later called the Women’s Prize for Fiction); The Gustav Sonata (2016); and Islands of Mercy (2020). She

electronic music: Computer sound synthesis: This program, called Music 11, runs on a PDP-11 computer and is a tightly designed system that incorporates many new features, including graphic score input and output. Vercoe’s instructional program has trained virtually a whole generation of young composers in computer sound manipulation. Another important advance, discovered by…

electronic music: Computer sound synthesis: …activated the process was called Music 5.

Oceanic music and dance, the music and dance traditions of the indigenous people of Oceania, in particular of Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, New Zealand, and Australia. Music and dance in Polynesia and Micronesia are audible and visual extensions of poetry, whereas in Melanesia they are aimed

Drew Barrymore: Stardom: …Dates (2004), Fever Pitch (2005), Music and Lyrics (2007), He’s Just Not That into You (2009), and Going the Distance (2010).

band, (from Middle French bande, “troop”), in music, an ensemble of musicians playing chiefly woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments, in contradistinction to an orchestra, which contains stringed instruments. Apart from this specific designation, the word band has wide vernacular application,

music box, mechanical musical instrument that is sounded when tuned metal prongs, or teeth, mounted in a line on a flat comb are made to vibrate by contact with a revolving cylinder or disc that is driven by a clockwork mechanism. As the cylinder or disc revolves, small pins or other projections

Costa-Gavras: … group in America’s heartland; and Music Box (1989), on the prosecution of a Nazi war criminal in the United States.

Laurel and Hardy: … (1932), and the Academy Award-winning The Music Box (1932). Although never credited as such on the films, Laurel was the de facto director and head writer for virtually all of the team’s Roach comedies. That may explain the consistent look and feel of the films, even though they were attributed…

Chinese literature: Poetry: …in 125 bce of the Yuefu, or Music Bureau, which had been established at least a century earlier to collect songs and their musical scores. Besides temple and court compositions of ceremonial verse, this office succeeded in preserving a number of songs sung or chanted by the ordinary people, including…

Tennessee Titans: …became known as the “Music City Miracle.” The Titans then won two additional road playoff games to earn the franchise’s first Super Bowl berth. In the Super Bowl the Titans again found themselves trailing their opponent (the St. Louis Rams) with seconds remaining, and the game ended with Dyson…

conservatory, in music, institution for education in musical performance and composition. The term and institution derive from the Italian conservatorio, which in the Renaissance period and earlier denoted a type of orphanage often attached to a hospital (hence the term ospedale also applied to

musical criticism, branch of philosophical aesthetics concerned with making judgments about composition or performance or both. Unfortunately, it is difficult to show that a value judgment can stand for anything that is even remotely true about music, as opposed to standing for something that is

music drama, type of serious musical theatre, first advanced by Richard Wagner in his book Oper und Drama (1850–51; “Opera and Drama”), that was originally referred to as simply “drama.” (Wagner himself never used the term music drama, which was later used by his successors and by critics and

Rutland Boughton: …scheme, he published a book, The Music Drama of the Future (1908).

Japanese music: Music education: Public-school music in Japan was organized by a member of a Meiji educational search team, Isawa (Izawa) Shūji (1851–1917), and a Boston music teacher, Luther Whiting Mason (1828–96). Mason went to Japan in 1880 to help form a music curriculum for public schools…

music festival, usually a series of performances at a particular place and inspired by a unifying theme, such as national music, modern music, or the promotion of a prominent composer’s works. It may also take the form of a competition for performers or composers. Series of religious services

Steve Reich: …and in 1976 he completed Music for 18 Musicians, a piece structured around a cycle of 11 vibrantly pulsing chords that is perhaps his best-known composition. Tehillim (1981) marked Reich’s first setting of a text—the Psalms, sung in Hebrew—and he followed it with The Desert Music (1984), a setting of…

Brian Eno: …Music for Films (1978), and Music for Airports (1979) exemplified this approach.

Truman Capote: Later work: …30-year span, while the collection Music for Chameleons: New Writing (1980) includes both fiction and nonfiction.

Steve Reich: In 2018 his Music for Ensemble and Orchestra, his first orchestral work in more than 30 years, was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic. He then collaborated with German painter Gerhard Richter on a multimedia presentation for The Shed, a cultural institution in New York City, and it…

Brian Eno: …such as Discrete Music (1975), Music for Films (1978), and Music for Airports (1979) exemplified this approach.

Henry Koster: Films of the 1940s: …recycled the Durbin formula for Music for Millions (1944), in which Margaret O’Brien was cast as the young sister of a musician (played by June Allyson) with José Iturbi’s orchestra. Two more musicals followed: Two Sisters from Boston (1946), with Allyson, Kathryn Grayson, and Jimmy Durante, and

Music for the Royal Fireworks, orchestral suite in five movements by George Frideric Handel that premiered in London on April 27, 1749. The work was composed for performance at an outdoor festival celebrating the end of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). Its first performance preceded a

A.M. Homes: Music for Torching (1999) features the disaffected protagonists from “Adults Alone” wreaking further havoc. Things You Should Know (2002), a second collection of short fiction, further mined middle-class America for black humour and insight.

20th-century Norwegian literature: After World War II: …fra en blå brønn (1960; Music from a Blue Well), about a young girl’s growing up, that brought her fame. Her focus remained always on the societal forces bearing down on the vulnerable individual.

the Band: The Band: …result of this separation was Music from Big Pink (1968), a wholly original fusion of country, gospel, rock, and rhythm and blues that, more than any other album of the period, signaled rock’s retreat from psychedelic excess and blues bombast into something more soulful, rural, and reflective. Yet it was…

Wham!: Band breakup and death of George Michael: …and released a final album, Music from the Edge of Heaven, which includes the now-classic holiday song “Last Christmas” and “A Different Corner,” another ballad that was billed as a solo single for Michael. Determined to go out on its own terms (and convey that Michael and Ridgeley remained friends),…

music hall and variety, popular entertainment that features successive acts starring singers, comedians, dancers, and actors and sometimes jugglers, acrobats, and magicians. Derived from the taproom concerts given in city taverns in England during the 18th and 19th centuries, music hall

Constant Lambert: A perspicacious critic, his Music Ho! A Study of Music in Decline (1934) is an illuminating study of 20th-century music.

Alejo Carpentier: …La música en Cuba (Music in Cuba), based on extensive archival research. Using that documentation, he began to publish short stories with historical background and instances of the fantastic. This combination became the hallmark of his work and the formula for magic realism. Viaje a la semilla (1944; Journey…

It was customary in Tudor and Stuart drama to include at least one song in every play. Only the most profound tragedies, in accordance with Senecan models, occasionally eschewed all music except for the sounds of trumpets and drums. In his later tragedies, William Shakespeare defied this orthodoxy

Édouard Manet: Early life and works: …at whose suggestion he painted Music in the Tuileries Gardens (1862). The canvas, which was painted outdoors, seems to assemble the whole of Paris of the Second Empire—a smart, fashionable gathering composed chiefly of habitués of the Café Tortoni and of the Café Guerbois, which was the rendezvous of the…

intellectual-property law: Trends: …by these technologies was the music industry as the combination of compression technologies and “peer-to-peer” copying systems led to widespread unauthorized copying and distribution of digital music. One such system, known as Napster, acquired 70 million subscribers before courts in the United States compelled its closure. From the ashes of…

George Marshall: Feature films: Music Is Magic (1935) was a modest musical featuring Faye as an up-and-coming chorus girl who replaces a fading star (Bebe Daniels) in a movie. More notable was Show Them No Mercy! (1935), a gangster picture that centred on a young couple (Edward Norris and…

Albert Ayler: …as can be heard on Music Is the Healing Force of the Universe and New Grass (both 1969). On November 25, 1970, about 20 days after he disappeared, his body was found in the East River in New York City.

Frank Bidart: …Desire (1997) and the chapbook Music Like Dirt (2002), both of which were finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. The poems of Music Like Dirt were later included in Star Dust (2005), which also features new material, including “The Third Hour of the Night,” a monumental narrative that examines the act…

Ken Russell: His next film, The Music Lovers (1970), portrayed the anguished life of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in a flamboyant, sensational style that infuriated audiences. The Devils (1971), based on the Aldous Huxley novel The Devils of Loudon, aroused even more vehement criticism with its story of mass sexual hysteria…

The Music Man, American musical film, released in 1962, that was based on a hit 1957 Broadway show written by Meredith Willson. Harold Hill (played by Robert Preston) is a charismatic con man who arrives in River City, Iowa, in the summer of 1912. Posing as a music professor seeking to prevent

Sutton Foster: … in a Broadway revival of The Music Man.

musical notation, visual record of heard or imagined musical sound, or a set of visual instructions for performance of music. It usually takes written or printed form and is a conscious, comparatively laborious process. Its use is occasioned by one of two motives: as an aid to memory or as

Paul Auster: Further novels included The Music of Chance (1990) and Mr. Vertigo (1994). The Book of Illusions (2002) traces a writer’s immersion in the oeuvre of an obscure silent film star as he copes with his grief at the deaths of his wife and children in a plane crash.…

aleatory music: Among notable aleatory works are Music of Changes (1951) for piano and Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1958), by the American composer John Cage, and Klavierstück XI (1956; Keyboard Piece XI), by Karlheinz Stockhausen of Germany.

Wes Craven: …1999 Craven directed the uplifting Music of the Heart, starring Meryl Streep as a music teacher attempting to teach inner-city children to play the violin. His later films included Cursed (2005), a foray into the werewolf genre; the thriller Red Eye (2005); and the slasher movie My Soul to Take…

Coldplay: In 2021 Music of the Spheres appeared, and it became the band’s ninth consecutive studio album to reach the top spot of the British album chart.