James C. Petrillo: …to the establishment of the Music Performance Trust Fund, which for many years paid for free benefit concerts across the United States, kept musicians employed, and contributed to charitable causes. Petrillo fought to protect his union’s membership from changes wrought by technological change in the entertainment and recording industry.

New York 1950s overview: …and Decca), most of the music publishers, and many recording studios. Publishers were the start of the recording process, employing “song pluggers” to go across town and persuade each of the major label artists-and-repertoire (A&R) men to record a new song with one of their established singers. Alongside traditional publishers,…

music recording, physical record of a musical performance that can then be played back, or reproduced. Because music evaporates as soon as it is produced, humans, seeking permanence in life’s ephemera, have long sought ways to record and reproduce it. The efforts to capture the fleeting sounds of

music synthesizer, machine that electronically generates and modifies sounds, frequently with the use of a digital computer. Synthesizers are used for the composition of electronic music and in live performance. The intricate apparatus of the sound synthesizer generates wave forms and then subjects

MTV, cable television network that began as a 24-hour platform for music videos. MTV debuted just after midnight on August 1, 1981, with the broadcast of “Video Killed the Radio Star” by the Buggles. Following the format of Top 40 radio, video disc jockeys (or “veejays”) introduced videos and

lü pipes: …first to develop a comprehensive music theory, and the lü pipes embody their ideas. According to legend, Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor, sent the minister Ling Lun to find bamboo tubes to use for tuning pipes. Ling Lun cut one to an auspicious length and called it the huangzhong (“yellow bell”),…

music therapy, clinical discipline in which music is used to address nonmusical goals. Therapists use music listening, songwriting, improvisation, and lyric analysis as means of fulfilling goals in movement, cognition, speech and language, and mental health. Music therapy is an allied health

electronic instrument: The computer as a musical tool: Music V, created in 1967–68, is the most widely used sound-synthesis program to have been developed at Bell Laboratories. Music V consists of computer models of oscillator and amplifier modules, plus procedures for establishing interactions among the modules. Another widely used synthesis algorithm is Frequency…

music video, promotional film for popular music, especially a rock song. Music videos began to be widely broadcast on television in the early 1980s. Like the commercials they essentially are, music videos may qualify as the quintessential postmodern art form: hybrid, parasitic, appropriative, often

Ruth St. Denis: …her choreographic innovations were “music visualization”—a concept that called for movement equivalents to the timbres, dynamics, and structural shapes of music in addition to its rhythmic base—and a related choreographic form that she called “synchoric orchestra”—a technique, comparable to the eurythmics of Émile

electronic instrument: Sampling instruments; music workstations: …composition and sound-processing systems called music workstations. The Synclavier series, manufactured by New England Digital Corp. since 1976, is representative of this class of instruments.

African music, the musical sounds and practices of all indigenous peoples of Africa, including the Berber in the Sahara and the San and Khoikhoin in Southern Africa. The music of European settler communities and that of Arab North Africa are not included in the present discussion. For the music of

atonality, in music, the absence of functional harmony as a primary structural element. The reemergence of purely melodic-rhythmic forces as major determinants of musical form in the Expressionist works of Arnold Schoenberg and his school prior to World War I was a logical, perhaps inevitable

global music, broadly speaking, music of the world’s cultures. The term global music replaced world music, which had been adopted in the 1980s to characterize non-English recordings that were released in Great Britain and the United States. Employed primarily by the media and record stores, this

Oceanic music and dance, the music and dance traditions of the indigenous people of Oceania, in particular of Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, New Zealand, and Australia. Music and dance in Polynesia and Micronesia are audible and visual extensions of poetry, whereas in Melanesia they are aimed

music recording, physical record of a musical performance that can then be played back, or reproduced. Because music evaporates as soon as it is produced, humans, seeking permanence in life’s ephemera, have long sought ways to record and reproduce it. The efforts to capture the fleeting sounds of

Western music, music produced in Europe as well as those musics derived from the European from ancient times to the present day. All ancient civilizations entered historical times with a flourishing musical culture. That the earliest writers explained it in terms of legend and myth strongly

global music, broadly speaking, music of the world’s cultures. The term global music replaced world music, which had been adopted in the 1980s to characterize non-English recordings that were released in Great Britain and the United States. Employed primarily by the media and record stores, this

Ricky Martin: Albums from the 2010s and 2020s and marriage: In 2011 Martin released Música + alma + sexo (2011; “Music + Soul + Sex”), which features such guest collaborators as British singer Joss Stone. Martin’s 10th studio album, A quien quiera escuchar (2015; “To Those Who Want to Listen”), won the Grammy Award for best Latin pop album.…

John Bull: …150 extant pieces), published in Musica Britannica (1951). His music is distinguished less by emotional depth or freshness of invention than by an unfailing resourcefulness in devising keyboard figuration. Bull combined with an essentially conservative outlook a taste for technical experiment and the solution of unusual problems—enharmonic modulations, for example,…

Alejo Carpentier: …La música en Cuba (Music in Cuba), based on extensive archival research. Using that documentation, he began to publish short stories with historical background and instances of the fantastic. This combination became the hallmark of his work and the formula for magic realism. Viaje a la semilla (1944; Journey…

counterpoint: Counterpoint in the Middle Ages: …in the late 9th-century treatise Musica enchiriadis. Here a plainchant melody, or “principal voice” (vox principalis), is combined with another part, “organal voice” (vox organalis), singing the same melody in parallel motion a perfect fourth or fifth below (e.g., G or F below C).

musica ficta, in medieval music, notes that were not included within the gamut first authorized by the Italian theorist Guido d’Arezzo in the early 11th century. The opposite of musica ficta was musica recta, which included only the recognized notes. The original sense of musica ficta is now used

musica ficta, in medieval music, notes that were not included within the gamut first authorized by the Italian theorist Guido d’Arezzo in the early 11th century. The opposite of musica ficta was musica recta, which included only the recognized notes. The original sense of musica ficta is now used

musicology: …on musical instruments, Sebastian Virdung’s Musica getutscht (1511; “Music Translated into German”), contains woodcuts of instruments and some indications of instrumental practice and technique.

percussion instrument: Idiophones: …they form part of the musica irregularis decried by writers such as the German organologist Sebastian Virdung in 1511 and as such were restricted to popular entertainment or signaling. Written music of this period does not help to determine whether, or how, idiophones were played with voices or with other…

musica ficta: …opposite of musica ficta was musica recta, which included only the recognized notes. The original sense of musica ficta is now used infrequently. The term later came to mean pitch alterations that were necessary in performance but not notated.

William Croft: His Musica sacra (1724) contains 30 anthems and a setting of the Church of England burial service that is still in use. His occasional anthems, such as O Clap Your Hands (1706), contain some of his best writing. He also wrote incidental music and works for…

percussion instrument: Idiophones: …are first seen in the Musica theoretica (1492) of the Italian musical theorist Franchino Gafori. One hears of them intermittently thereafter until they come to the fore in the mid-18th century as concert instruments. The rims of glasses of graduated sizes containing enough water to tune them were rubbed by…

madrigal: In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published Musica Transalpina, a large collection of Italian madrigals in English translation. Thomas Morley, the most popular and Italianate of the Elizabethan madrigalists, assimilated the Italian style and adapted it to English taste, which preferred a lighter mood of poetry and of music. Other English madrigalists…

Sir John Pritchard: As the musical director of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic (1957–63), he introduced Britain to the “Musica Viva” concept, in which the performance is preceded by a spoken introduction and musical samples. He was music director of the London Philharmonic (1962–66), touring with them in the Far East…

musical, theatrical production that is characteristically sentimental and amusing in nature, with a simple but distinctive plot, and offering music, dancing, and dialogue. The antecedents of the musical can be traced to a number of 19th-century forms of entertainment including the music hall, comic

band, (from Middle French bande, “troop”), in music, an ensemble of musicians playing chiefly woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments, in contradistinction to an orchestra, which contains stringed instruments. Apart from this specific designation, the word band has wide vernacular application,

musical bow, stringed musical instrument found in most archaic cultures as well as in many in the present day. It consists of a flexible stick 1.5 to 10 feet (0.5 to 3 m) long, strung end to end with a taut cord that the player plucks or taps to produce a weak fundamental note. The player may

music box, mechanical musical instrument that is sounded when tuned metal prongs, or teeth, mounted in a line on a flat comb are made to vibrate by contact with a revolving cylinder or disc that is driven by a clockwork mechanism. As the cylinder or disc revolves, small pins or other projections

Henry Carey: …poems set to music, called The Musical Century (1737). Despite the popularity of his work, Carey suffered great poverty, largely because his plays and poems were widely pirated by unscrupulous printers.

musical, theatrical production that is characteristically sentimental and amusing in nature, with a simple but distinctive plot, and offering music, dancing, and dialogue. The antecedents of the musical can be traced to a number of 19th-century forms of entertainment including the music hall, comic

musical composition, the act of conceiving a piece of music, the art of creating music, or the finished product. These meanings are interdependent and presume a tradition in which musical works exist as repeatable entities. In this sense, composition is necessarily distinct from improvisation.

musical criticism, branch of philosophical aesthetics concerned with making judgments about composition or performance or both. Unfortunately, it is difficult to show that a value judgment can stand for anything that is even remotely true about music, as opposed to standing for something that is

percussion instrument: Idiophones: Musical cups, the forerunners of musical glasses, are depicted on the Borobudur stupa. The South Asian rastrarang can be played either with small sticks by percussion or by rubbing wetted fingers along the rims—the cups do not contain water. But the jaltarang, also South Asian,…

chamber music: Form: …elaborated to create a “development section”), and a recapitulation of the first part with changed harmonies. The second movement was generally in slow tempo and could represent one of several forms: another sonata form, a set consisting of theme and variations, or the like. Then followed a movement in…

Japanese music: Music education: Public-school music in Japan was organized by a member of a Meiji educational search team, Isawa (Izawa) Shūji (1851–1917), and a Boston music teacher, Luther Whiting Mason (1828–96). Mason went to Japan in 1880 to help form a music curriculum for public schools…

musical expression, that element of musical performance which is something more than mere notes. Western music is notated on a system that specifies pitch and the relative lengths of notes. Factors such as speed or dynamics are usually indicated only by words or abbreviations. Similarly, directions

musical film, motion picture consisting of a plot integrating musical numbers. Although usually considered an American genre, musical films from Japan, Italy, France, Great Britain, and Germany have contributed to the development of the type. The first musical film, The Jazz Singer (1927), starring

musical form, the structure of a musical composition. The term is regularly used in two senses: to denote a standard type, or genre, and to denote the procedures in a specific work. The nomenclature for the various musical formal types may be determined by the medium of performance, the technique

percussion instrument: Idiophones: Musical glasses are considerably older: the tuned metal cups or bowls of Asia (sometimes played in India as friction vessels) were transformed in Europe into tuned glasses and are first seen in the Musica theoretica (1492) of the Italian musical theorist Franchino Gafori. One hears…

musical instrument, any device for producing a musical sound. The principal types of such instruments, classified by the method of producing sound, are percussion, stringed, keyboard, wind, and electronic. Musical instruments are almost universal components of human culture: archaeology has

MIDI, technology standard allowing electronic musical instruments to communicate with one another and with computers. By the beginning of the 1980s, affordable digital synthesizer keyboards offering a wide range of instrument sounds and effects were widely available. Because the myriad of different

transposing musical instrument, instrument that produces a higher or lower pitch than indicated in music written for it. Examples include clarinets, the English horn, and saxophones. Musical notation written for transposing instruments shows the relative pitches, rather than the exact pitches,

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: From Figaro to Don Giovanni: …note: the Musikalischer Spass (Musical Joke), a good-humoured parody of bad music, in a vein Leopold would have liked (it was thought to have been provoked by his death until it was found that it was begun much earlier); Eine kleine Nachtmusik, the exquisite and much-loved serenade, probably intended…

musical notation, visual record of heard or imagined musical sound, or a set of visual instructions for performance of music. It usually takes written or printed form and is a conscious, comparatively laborious process. Its use is occasioned by one of two motives: as an aid to memory or as

Luigi Dallapiccola: …Quaderno musicale di Annalibera (1952; Musical Notebook of Annalibera), a piano book written for his daughter, serve as the basis for much of his Canti di liberazione (1955; Songs of Liberation), a triptych for chorus and orchestra, celebrating the liberation of Italy from Fascist control. An opera, Volo di notte…

chamber music: Late Baroque period, c. 1675–1750: …unusual nature; Musikalisches Opfer (Musical Offering) and Die Kunst der Fuge (The Art of the Fugue). Half of the sonatas require figured bass; the other half, with written-out keyboard parts, are essentially in three-voice counterpoint: one voice in the solo instrument and two in the keyboard part. Musical Offering…

musical performance, step in the musical process during which musical ideas are realized and transmitted to a listener. In Western music, performance is most commonly viewed as an interpretive art, though it is not always merely that. Performers to some degree determine aspects of any music they

pitch, in music, position of a single sound in the complete range of sound. Sounds are higher or lower in pitch according to the frequency of vibration of the sound waves producing them. A high frequency (e.g., 880 hertz [Hz; cycles per second]) is perceived as a high pitch and a low frequency

music recording, physical record of a musical performance that can then be played back, or reproduced. Because music evaporates as soon as it is produced, humans, seeking permanence in life’s ephemera, have long sought ways to record and reproduce it. The efforts to capture the fleeting sounds of

rhythm, in music, the placement of sounds in time. In its most general sense, rhythm (Greek rhythmos, derived from rhein, “to flow”) is an ordered alternation of contrasting elements. The notion of rhythm also occurs in other arts (e.g., poetry, painting, sculpture, and architecture) as well as in

scansion: Both musical and acoustic scansion, highly complex systems, are more sensitive than graphic scansion to the tonal and accentual variety of speech. Musical symbols (e.g., eighth notes for unstressed syllables, quarter or half notes for stressed syllables, and musical rests for pauses) record accentual differences. Machines…

musical societies and institutions, organizations formed for the promotion or performance of music, usually with some common factor. The German guilds of Meistersingers (“master singers”) flourished from the 14th to the 16th century, and the earlier French guilds of troubadours were associated with

musical sound, any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre. The sounds are produced by instruments in which the periodic vibrations can be controlled by the performer. That some sounds are intrinsically musical, while others are not, is an oversimplification. From the tinkle

musical, theatrical production that is characteristically sentimental and amusing in nature, with a simple but distinctive plot, and offering music, dancing, and dialogue. The antecedents of the musical can be traced to a number of 19th-century forms of entertainment including the music hall, comic

musical variation, basic music technique consisting of changing the music melodically, harmonically, or contrapuntally. The simplest variation type is the variation set. In this form of composition, two or more sections are based on the same musical material, which is treated with different

encyclopaedia: Chemistry, music, and philosophy: …of music, in which the Musikalisches Lexikon (1732; “Musical Lexicon”) of the German composer and music lexicographer Johann Gottfried Walther began the trend and was supplemented by the very successful Historisch-biographisches Lexicon der Tonkünstler (1790–92; “Historical and Biographical Lexicon of Musicians”) of the German organist and music historian Ernst Ludwig…

percussion instrument: Membranophones: …drums became instruments of street musicians and joculatores (professional entertainers); the latter may have been responsible for spreading them beyond the Italian Peninsula.

Ossip Zadkine: …as seen in his sculpture Musicians (1924).

Bonnie Raitt: …1979 antinuclear benefit sponsored by Musicians United for Safe Energy, an organization she cofounded.

Caravaggio: The patronage of Cardinal del Monte of Caravaggio: Caravaggio’s The Musicians of 1595–96, an unusual depiction of musicians rehearsing, which once hung in del Monte’s music room in the Palazzo Madama, encapsulates the moody experimental character of the cardinal’s musical patronage. Four boys tune their instruments or leaf through their scores to prepare for…

Musicland Studios: Machine-Made Music from Munich: Like Berlin, Munich is the cosmopolitan capital of a more parochial hinterland, but, unlike Berlin, postwar Munich seemed oblivious to the Iron Curtain—less than 100 miles (60 km) away. The city’s concerns were commercial and artistic. The centre for German pop music television, it was…

Like Berlin, Munich is the cosmopolitan capital of a more parochial hinterland, but, unlike Berlin, postwar Munich seemed oblivious to the Iron Curtain—less than 100 miles (60 km) away. The city’s concerns were commercial and artistic. The centre for German pop music television, it was also home to

Prince: Later career: …symbol as his name) released Musicology, an album that both sold well and was much praised by critics. Prince’s later albums include Lotusflow3r (2009), a triple-disc set that included a record by Bria Valente, a protégé. In 2014 he returned to Warner Brothers, releasing Art Official Age and PlectrumElectrum, the…

musicology, the scholarly and scientific study of music. The German term Musikwissenschaft (“science of music”) was first employed by F. Chrysander in 1863 in the preface to his Jahrbücher für musikalische Wissenschaft (“Yearbook for Musical Knowledge”), in which he argued that musicology should be

Musidora was a French silent-film actress most noted for her roles in Louis Feuillade’s crime serials Les Vampires (1915) and Judex (1916). She was also one of the first French women film directors. Her father was a composer and her mother a feminist literary critic. Musidora made her acting debut

Adolphe Appia: In Die Musik und die Inszenierung (1899; “Music and Staging”), Appia established a hierarchy of ideas for achieving his aims: (1) a three-dimensional setting rather than a flat, dead, painted backdrop as a proper background to display the movement of the living actors; (2) lighting that…

Heinrich Schütz: …first German requiem was his Musikalische Exequien (published 1636) for soloists and choir, in which the writing for solo voice or duet is often florid in the Italian manner, while the choral sections are firmly based on German chorale tradition. The final section is for double choir, recalling Schütz’s studies…

chamber music: Late Baroque period, c. 1675–1750: …unusual nature; Musikalisches Opfer (Musical Offering) and Die Kunst der Fuge (The Art of the Fugue). Half of the sonatas require figured bass; the other half, with written-out keyboard parts, are essentially in three-voice counterpoint: one voice in the solo instrument and two in the keyboard part. Musical Offering…

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: From Figaro to Don Giovanni: …note: the Musikalischer Spass (Musical Joke), a good-humoured parody of bad music, in a vein Leopold would have liked (it was thought to have been provoked by his death until it was found that it was begun much earlier); Eine kleine Nachtmusik, the exquisite and much-loved serenade, probably intended…

Per Olov Enquist: His novel Musikanternas uttåg (1978; The March of the Musicians) deals with early unionizing efforts in his native county of Västerbotten. His most successful drama, Tribadernas natt (1975; The Night of the Tribades, 1977), presents Enquist’s analysis of August Strindberg’s marital relationship. In 1999 he published Livläkarens…

20th-century Norwegian literature: After World War II: …fra en blå brønn (1960; Music from a Blue Well), about a young girl’s growing up, that brought her fame. Her focus remained always on the societal forces bearing down on the vulnerable individual.

Arabian Desert: Study and exploration: …the 20th century, Czech explorer Alois Musil traveled through northern Hejaz and Najd, mapping topography as he went. In 1917 H. St. John Philby, an official of the British Foreign Office who paid a visit to the sultan of Najd (later Ibn Saʿūd of Saudi Arabia), later became a Muslim,…

Robert Musil was an Austrian-German novelist, best known for his monumental unfinished novel Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (1930–43; The Man Without Qualities). Musil received a doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1908 and then held jobs as a librarian and an editor before serving in the

Robert Musil was an Austrian-German novelist, best known for his monumental unfinished novel Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften (1930–43; The Man Without Qualities). Musil received a doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1908 and then held jobs as a librarian and an editor before serving in the

Tan-Tan: The annual mūsim, a commercial and religious fair, attracts traders and nomads from as far away as Senegal and Marrakech; camels and sheep are exchanged for grains, tea, sugar, and other necessities.

Musina, town, Limpopo province, South Africa. It lies near the Limpopo River, 10 miles (16 km) south of Zimbabwe. Musina is the northernmost town in South Africa. Founded in 1904 as Messina, it officially became a town in 1968. In 1993 the closure of its copper mine was offset by the opening of a

Wanda Landowska: …1909 published, with her husband, Musique ancienne, a study of 17th- and 18th-century music. She remained until the beginning of World War II the principal exponent of 17th- and 18th-century harpsichord music, particularly that of Johann Sebastian Bach and François Couperin, on whose works she wrote several studies. In 1925…

Édouard Manet: Early life and works: …at whose suggestion he painted Music in the Tuileries Gardens (1862). The canvas, which was painted outdoors, seems to assemble the whole of Paris of the Second Empire—a smart, fashionable gathering composed chiefly of habitués of the Café Tortoni and of the Café Guerbois, which was the rendezvous of the…

musique concrète, (French: “concrete music”), experimental technique of musical composition using recorded sounds as raw material. The technique was developed about 1948 by the French composer Pierre Schaeffer and his associates at the Studio d’Essai (“Experimental Studio”) of the French radio

Georg Philipp Telemann: Life: …one item) the famous collection Musique de table (published in 1733; containing three orchestral suites, three concerti, three quartets, three trios, and three sonatas); the first music periodical, Der getreue Music-Meister (1728–29; containing 70 compositions); Der harmonische Gottesdienst (1725–26; 72 church cantatas); and 36 fantasias for harpsichord.

César Cui: …and France, notably with his La Musique en Russie (1881). Cui’s own music has little Russian flavour, and of his 10 operas only the first, The Prisoner of the Caucasus (begun 1857, produced 1883); the last, The Captain’s Daughter (performed 1911, St. Petersburg); and the one-act Feast in the Time…

musique mesurée, (French: “measured music”), style of late 16th-century French vocal music in which the duration of the notes reflected the metre of the poetic text. Musique mesurée was one of several late 16th-century attempts to emulate the unity of verse and music supposedly achieved in

Opéra, Parisian opera house designed by Charles Garnier. The building, considered one of the masterpieces of the Second Empire style, was begun in 1861 and opened with an orchestral concert on Jan. 5, 1875. The first opera performed there was Fromental Halévy’s work La Juive on Jan. 8, 1875. A

Paris Opéra, opera company in Paris that for more than two centuries was the chief performer of serious operas and musical dramas in the French language. It is one of the most venerable operatic institutions in the world. The Paris Opéra was established as the Royal Academy of Music (Académie

Paris Opéra, opera company in Paris that for more than two centuries was the chief performer of serious operas and musical dramas in the French language. It is one of the most venerable operatic institutions in the world. The Paris Opéra was established as the Royal Academy of Music (Académie

Hector Berlioz: Early career: …professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire. This led to disagreements between Berlioz and his parents that embittered nearly eight years of his life. He persevered, took the obligatory courses at the Conservatoire, and in 1830 won the Prix de Rome, having received second prize in an earlier competition. These…

Tabrīz: The Blue Mosque, or Masjed-e Kabūd (1465–66), has long been renowned for the splendour of its blue tile decoration. The citadel, or Ark, which was built before 1322 on the site of a collapsed mosque, is remarkable for its simplicity, its size, and the excellent condition…

musk, substance obtained from the male musk deer and having a penetrating, persistent odour. It is used in the highest grades of perfume because of its odour characteristics, ability to remain in evidence for long periods of time, and ability to act as a fixative. Its quality varies according to

musk cucumber, (Sicana odorifera), perennial vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to the New World tropics and grown for its sweet-smelling edible fruit. The fruit can be eaten raw and is commonly used in jams and preserves; immature fruits are sometimes cooked as a vegetable. In

musk deer, (Moschus moschiferus), small compact deer, family Moschidae (order Artiodactyla). A solitary shy animal, the musk deer lives in mountainous regions from Siberia to the Himalayas. It has large ears, a very short tail, no antlers, and, unlike all other deer, a gall bladder. The musk deer

musk mallow: Musk mallow also refers to Malva moschata, a perennial European plant with pink or white flowers, deeply cut upper leaves, and kidney-shaped basal leaves. It has hairy black fruits.

musk mallow, (Abelmoschus moschatus), annual or biennial plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to India. Musk mallow is cultivated for its seeds, which are used in perfumes as a replacement for musk, and is a source of an essential oil that is used in traditional medicine and to flavour

musk mallow, (Abelmoschus moschatus), annual or biennial plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to India. Musk mallow is cultivated for its seeds, which are used in perfumes as a replacement for musk, and is a source of an essential oil that is used in traditional medicine and to flavour