ʿAbbasid caliphate: …Baghdad in 945, demanding of al-Mustakfī (944–946) that they be recognized as the sole rulers of the territory they controlled. This event initiated a century-long period in which much of the empire was ruled by local dynasties. In 1055 the Abbasids were overpowered by the Seljuqs, who took what temporal…

Ibn Janāḥ: His first work, al-Mustalha (“The Complement”), like his other works, was written in Arabic. It was a criticism of and a supplement to the verb studies of Judah ben David Ḥayyuj, the founder of scientific Hebrew grammar.

P-51, a single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft originally designed and produced by North American Aviation for the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and later adopted by the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF). The P-51 is widely regarded as the finest all-around piston-engined fighter of World War II to

automobile: American compact cars: The Ford Mustang, basically a Falcon modified into a sporty coupe, set the pace for a new genre of what came to be known as “pony cars.” A similar exercise in “market engineering” at General Motors created the “muscle car,” an intermediate-size car with a large…

World War II: Air warfare, 1942–43: …until December 1943 was the P-51B (Mustang III) brought into operation with the 8th Air Force—a long-range fighter that portended a change in the balance of air power. The Germans, meanwhile, continued to increase their production of aircraft and, in particular, of their highly successful fighters.

Hūdid Dynasty: ʿImād’s son Aḥmad III al-Mustanṣir was able to make arrangements with Alfonso VII of Castile and Leon to exchange Rueda for some territory in the province of Toledo. In the general revolt against the Almoravids in 1144, he assembled an army of Muslim supporters from the whole…

al-Mustanṣir was the eighth Fāṭimid caliph. He inherited the rule of the most powerful Muslim state of the time, but, during his reign, which was the longest of any Muslim ruler, the Fāṭimid government suffered decisive and irrevocable setbacks. He became caliph in 1036, when he was only seven

Ibn al-Abbār: …Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā and his successor, al-Mustanṣir.

Baghdad: Architecture and monuments: …early 13th century) and the Mustanṣiriyyah madrasah (an Islamic law college built by the caliph al-Mustanṣir in 1233), both restored as museums, and the Sahrāwardī Mosque (1234). The Wasṭānī Gate, the only remnant of the medieval wall, has been converted into the Arms Museum.

Baghdad: Architecture and monuments: …early 13th century) and the Mustanṣiriyyah madrasah (an Islamic law college built by the caliph al-Mustanṣir in 1233), both restored as museums, and the Sahrāwardī Mosque (1234). The Wasṭānī Gate, the only remnant of the medieval wall, has been converted into the Arms Museum.

Mustafa I was an Ottoman sultan in 1617–18 and in 1622–23, a man of weak mental faculties who was deposed from the throne in 1618 but was reinstalled in 1622 by the Janissaries (elite troops), who dethroned Osman II. Mustafa’s reign, under the influence of his mother, witnessed continuous

Mustafa II was an Ottoman sultan from 1695 to 1703, whose determination to regain territories lost after the unsuccessful attempt to take Vienna in 1683 led to the continuation of the war against the Holy League (Austria, Poland, and Venice). Mustafa’s military campaigns met with early success.

Mustafa III was an Ottoman sultan (1757–74) who attempted governmental and military reforms to halt the empire’s decline and who declared a war on Russia that (after his death) culminated in a disastrous defeat. Though Mustafa and his able grand vizier, Ragib Mehmed Pasha, understood the necessity

Mustafa IV was an Ottoman sultan from 1807 to 1808 who participated in the reactionary conservative coalition that overthrew his reforming cousin, the sultan Selim III. A fanatical and ambitious man of low intelligence, Mustafa, under the influence of the shaykh al-islām (head of the Muslim

Malaysia: Malaysia from independence to c. 2000: …1967 and 1975 Chief Minister Tun Mustapha ruled the state rigidly, absorbing or repressing opponents, promoting Islam, and challenging federal policies. The multiethnic coalition that replaced Mustapha continued to preside over rapid economic growth spurred by the exploitation of Sabah’s bountiful natural resources. Tensions resurfaced in the mid-1980s, however, when…

Ṭāhā Ḥusayn: …Mustaqbal al-thaqāfah fī Miṣr (1938; The Future of Culture in Egypt), he expounds his belief that Egypt belongs by heritage to the same wider Mediterranean civilization that embraces Greece, Italy, and France; it advocates the assimilation of modern European culture.

mustard, condiment made from the pungent seeds of either of two main herbs belonging to the family Brassicaceae. The principal types are white, or yellow, mustard (Sinapis alba), a plant of Mediterranean origin; and brown, or Indian, mustard (Brassica juncea), which is of Himalayan origin. The use

Brassicaceae, the mustard family of flowering plants (order Brassicales), composed of 338 genera and some 3,700 species. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans, especially those of the genus Brassica, which includes

mustard gas, in chemical warfare, a liquid agent that blisters the skin and mucous membranes upon direct contact. It has a faint garlic or mustard odour. Despite its name, mustard gas is technically a liquid and forms a mist of small droplets in the air when released. British chemist Frederick

Brassicales: …result from the presence of glucosinolates—sulfur-containing compounds that are also known as mustard oils. These compounds are found in nearly every member of the order and can deter the depredations of everything from bacteria to mammals. However, these same compounds may attract other species. Butterflies of the genus Pieris and…

al-Ghazālī: …work on general legal principles, al-Mustaṣfā (Choice Part, or Essentials). His compendium of standard theological doctrine (translated into Spanish), al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād (The Just Mean in Belief ), was probably written before he became a mystic, but there is nothing in the authentic writings to show that he rejected these…

encyclopaedia: The Arab world: …a very individual encyclopaedia, the Mustaṭraf fī kull fann mustaẓraf (“A Quest for Attainment in Each Fine Art”), that covered the Islamic religion, conduct, law, spiritual qualities, work, natural history, music, food, and medicine. At the turn of the Arab fortunes, al-Ibshīhī had recapitulated all that was best in their…

Hūdid Dynasty: The reign of Aḥmad II al-Mustaʿīn (1085–1110) was marked by constant wars against the Christians. He was dealt a severe defeat at Alcoraz in 1096, during the Christian march on Huesca; Saragossa itself was attacked, but the appearance of an army sent by the Almoravids (a North African…

Hūdid Dynasty: …enabled one of his allies, Sulaymān ibn Muḥammad ibn Hūd, known as al-Mustaʿīn, to seize the Tujībid capital of Saragossa and establish a new dynasty. Al-Mustaʿīn, who had been a prominent military figure of the Upper, or Northern, Frontier and governor of Lérida, took control of a kingdom that covered…

Islam: Ismāʿīlīs: …the Aga Khan, and the Mustaʿlīs in Mumbai, with their own spiritual head. The Ismāʿīlīs are to be found mainly in East Africa, Pakistan, India, and Yemen.

Fatimid dynasty: The end of the Fatimid state: …caliph with the regnal name al-Mustaʿlī (reigned 1094–1101); in doing so, al-Afḍal split the sect from top to bottom.

al-Mustaʿṣim was the last ʿAbbāsid caliph in Baghdad (reigned 1242–58). Ineffectual himself and surrounded by advisers with conflicting opinions, al-Mustaʿṣim presented no strong defense against the Mongol conqueror Hülegü, grandson of Genghis Khan. Al-Mustaʿṣim ignored several demands of Hülegü

A.J. Muste was a Dutch-born American clergyman best known for his role in the labour and left-wing movements of the 1920s and ’30s and for his leadership of the American peace movement from 1941 until his death in 1967. He also had considerable influence on the American civil rights movement and

A.J. Muste was a Dutch-born American clergyman best known for his role in the labour and left-wing movements of the 1920s and ’30s and for his leadership of the American peace movement from 1941 until his death in 1967. He also had considerable influence on the American civil rights movement and

percussion instrument: The 19th century: …in 1886 by Auguste and Alphonse Mustel of Paris; Tchaikovsky used the celesta in his ballets The Sleeping Beauty (1890) and The Nutcracker (1892), and it is found in opera scores and light orchestral music as well. Tubular bells are European adaptations of Southeast Asian bamboo chimes. They started appearing…

percussion instrument: The 19th century: …celesta, patented in 1886 by Auguste and Alphonse Mustel of Paris; Tchaikovsky used the celesta in his ballets The Sleeping Beauty (1890) and The Nutcracker (1892), and it is found in opera scores and light orchestral music as well. Tubular bells are European adaptations of Southeast Asian bamboo chimes. They…

weasel: …South America it is the tropical weasel (M. africana). Both measure 25–30 cm (about 10–12 inches), excluding the 10–20-cm (4–8-inch) tail; weight is 85–350 grams (3–12.3 ounces). With most weasels, males are usually twice the size of females.

ermine, (Mustela erminea), northern weasel species in the genus Mustela, family Mustelidae. The species is called ermine especially during its winter white colour phase. The animal’s pelt was used historically in royal robes in Europe, and the term ermine also refers to the animal’s white coat,

weasel: …the largest weasel is the long-tailed weasel (M. frenata); in South America it is the tropical weasel (M. africana). Both measure 25–30 cm (about 10–12 inches), excluding the 10–20-cm (4–8-inch) tail; weight is 85–350 grams (3–12.3 ounces). With most weasels, males are usually twice the size of females.

weasel: …the largest weasel is the long-tailed weasel (M. frenata); in South America it is the tropical weasel (M. africana). Both measure 25–30 cm (about 10–12 inches), excluding the 10–20-cm (4–8-inch) tail; weight is 85–350 grams (3–12.3 ounces). With most weasels, males are usually twice the size of females.

mink: The European mink (Mustela lutreola) and the American mink are both valued for their luxurious fur. The American mink—which is classified as Neovison vison by most sources and M. vision or Neogale vision by others—is one of the pillars of the fur industry and is raised…

ferret: Black-footed ferret: The black-footed ferret of the American Great Plains is an endangered species. The black-footed ferret resembles the common ferret in colour but has a black mask across the eyes and brownish black markings on the feet and the tail’s tip. It weighs a…

carnivore: Form and function: …member of Carnivora is the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), which weighs only 25 grams (0.9 ounce). The largest terrestrial form is the Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), an Alaskan grizzly bear that is even larger than the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The largest aquatic form is the elephant seal (Mirounga…

polecat: …pelt, especially that of the European polecat, is called fitch in the fur trade.

polecat: Much lighter fur distinguishes the masked, or steppe, polecat (M. eversmanni) of southeastern Europe and Asia.

ferret: Common ferret: The common ferret is a domesticated form of the European polecat, which it resembles in size and habits and with which it interbreeds, leading most taxonomists to classify the common ferret as a subspecies. The common ferret is found throughout the European polecat’s…

carnivore: Form and function: …member of Carnivora is the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), which weighs only 25 grams (0.9 ounce). The largest terrestrial form is the Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), an Alaskan grizzly bear that is even larger than the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). The largest aquatic form is the elephant seal (Mirounga…

kolinsky, any of several species of Asian weasels. See

mink: …mink (Mustela lutreola) and the American mink are both valued for their luxurious fur. The American mink—which is classified as Neovison vison by most sources and M. vision or Neogale vision by others—is one of the pillars of the fur industry and is raised in captivity throughout the world. In…

mustelid, (family Mustelidae), any of about 62 species of ferrets, polecats, badgers, martens, otters, the wolverine, and other members of the weasel family. Historically, skunks were also included in Mustelidae, but genetic analyses suggest that they belong to a separate family of their own

mustelid, (family Mustelidae), any of about 62 species of ferrets, polecats, badgers, martens, otters, the wolverine, and other members of the weasel family. Historically, skunks were also included in Mustelidae, but genetic analyses suggest that they belong to a separate family of their own

mustelid: Classification: Subfamily Mustelinae 18 species. Genus Mustela (weasels, including the mink, ermine, and ferret) 14 species. Genus Neovison or Neogale (minks) 4 species.

smooth hound, any of a number of small sharks of the family Triakidae, among them the well-known smooth dogfish. See

smooth hound, any of a number of small sharks of the family Triakidae, among them the well-known smooth dogfish. See

smooth hound, any of a number of small sharks of the family Triakidae, among them the well-known smooth dogfish. See

Thomas Muster is an Austrian tennis player who, at the 1995 French Open, became the first competitor from his country to win a Grand Slam tournament and who was one of the dominant clay court players in the 1990s. Muster entered professional tennis in 1985, after finishing 10th in the 1984 world

elephant: Reproduction and life cycle: Males, however, enter a “musth period,” during which they secrete a fluid differing in viscosity from the fluid secreted when they are not in musth. Serum testosterone during musth is higher than in a nonmusth elephant, and the animal’s behaviour is erratic; they are uncontrollable (musth is Hindi for…

musubi, in the Shintō religion of Japan, the power of becoming or creation. A number of deities are associated with musubi. In the accounts of the creation of heaven and earth in the Kojiki (“Records of Ancient Matters”), the three deities first named are Takami-musubi no Kami (“Exalted Musubi

Oceanic art and architecture: The Solomon Islands: …prow, a small carving (musumusu) of the head and arms of a guardian spirit. The musumusu sometimes incorporated bird characteristics. Human figures were usually depicted with the lower half of the face jutting forward boldly. Shields in the area were normally made of plain wickerwork and had a tapered…

mussurana, tropical American rear-fanged snake of the family Colubridae. The mussurana preys on both rodents, which it kills with its venom, and on other snakes, which it kills by constriction. It is largely immune to the venom of members of the genus Bothrops (fer-de-lance and allies), its chief

Muswellbrook, town, eastern New South Wales, Australia. It is situated in the upper Hunter River valley, about 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Newcastle. The town was founded in 1827 and called Muscle Brook (for mussels found in a local stream); the name was subsequently further corrupted to

Kenya: Disputed 2007 and 2013 elections, a new constitution, and ICC proceedings: …Raila Odinga of ODM and Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka of ODM-K. The election boasted a record-high voter turnout and was one of the closest in Kenya’s history. The provisional results indicated that Odinga would be victorious, but, when the final election results were released after a delay, Kibaki was declared the…

ʿAbd al-Malik: Life: Muṣʿab, the brother of the anti-caliph Ibn al-Zubayr, defeated the Shiʿah in 687 but then had to deal with the Khārijites, committing a large part of his forces.

Mut, in ancient Egyptian religion, a sky goddess and great divine mother. Mut is thought to have originated in the Nile River delta or in Middle Egypt. She came to prominence during the 18th dynasty (1539–1292 bce) as the companion of the god Amon at Thebes, forming the Theban triad with him and

Mutabilitie Cantos, two poems and two stanzas of a third by Edmund Spenser. They are generally considered to constitute a fragmentary Book VII of The Faerie Queene. They were first published with the folio edition of The Faerie Queene in 1609. The Mutabilitie Cantos employ the new nine-line stanza

English literature: Sidney and Spenser: In the “Mutability Cantos,” melancholy fragments of a projected seventh book (published posthumously in 1609), Spenser turned away from the public world altogether, toward the ambiguous consolations of eternity.

mutagen, any agent capable of altering the genetic constitution of a cell by changing the structure of the hereditary material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Many forms of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., cosmic rays, X rays, ultraviolet light) are mutagenic, as are a variety of chemical compounds.

pharmaceutical industry: Teratogenicity and mutagenicity tests: If a drug is intended for use during pregnancy or in women of childbearing potential, animal reproductive and developmental toxicity studies are indicated. These studies include tests that evaluate male and female fertility, embryonic and fetal death, and teratogenicity (induction of severe birth…

mutation, an alteration in the genetic material (the genome) of a cell of a living organism or of a virus that is more or less permanent and that can be transmitted to the cell’s or the virus’s descendants. (The genomes of organisms are all composed of DNA, whereas viral genomes can be of DNA or

Judaism: Jewish kalām: …regarded kalām theologians (called the mutakallimūn) with a certain contempt, holding them to be mere apologists and indifferent to the philosophical question of truth. Herein they did not do justice to their adversaries, for many representatives of kalām displayed a genuine speculative impulse. The school’s theology, forged in disputes with…

Azerbaijan: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, dissolution of the Soviet Union, and presidency of Heydar Aliyev: …the head of the party, Ayaz Mutalibov, was elected its first president. In May 1992 the Azerbaijan Popular Front overthrew Mutalibov and forced new elections, in which its candidate, Abulfez Elchibey, emerged victorious on a platform of separating from the Commonwealth of Independent States and maintaining control over Nagorno-Karabakh. Elchibey…

Zimbabwe: Increasing discord: …of the MDC, led by Arthur Mutambara, a former student protest leader, professor, and consultant, broke away. Harassment of the opposition continued, and in March 2007 Tsvangirai and several other members of the MDC were viciously beaten; the Mugabe administration drew international criticism after images of the injured circulated throughout…

al-Mutanabbī was a poet regarded by many as the greatest of the Arabic language. He primarily wrote panegyrics in a flowery, bombastic, and highly influential style marked by improbable metaphors. Al-Mutanabbī was the son of a water carrier who claimed noble and ancient southern Arabian descent.

mutation: …a gene is called a mutantallele. A gene is typically composed of a regulatory region, which is responsible for turning the gene’s transcription on and off at the appropriate times during development, and a coding region, which carries the genetic code for the structure of a functional molecule, generally a…

Gilberto Gil: …circensis, alongside Veloso, Costa, Neto, Os Mutantes, and others. With Veloso, Bethânia, and Costa, he later formed the group Doces Bárbaros (“Sweet Barbarians”). The military dictatorship then in power in Brazil found the Tropicália movement to be such a threat to the social order that it arrested and imprisoned Gil…

Matapa, a Southern African empire ruled by a line of kings known as the Mwene Matapa. Matapa encompassed the territory between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, in what is now Zimbabwe and Mozambique, from the 14th to the 17th century. It is associated with the historical site known as Great

Mutare, city, eastern Zimbabwe. It originated as Fort Umtali and was built by prospectors in 1890 near the junction of the Sambi and Umtara rivers. Its name was derived from a local word meaning “metal,” probably referring to the nearby ancient goldworkings. The settlement was moved twice so as to

carbohydrate: Hemiacetal and hemiketal forms: This phenomenon, known as mutarotation, is demonstrable even with apparently identical sugars and is caused by a type of stereoisomerism involving formation of an asymmetrical centre at the first carbon atom (aldehyde carbon) in aldoses and the second one (keto carbon) in ketoses.

hexachord: …the pivotal points is called mutation. It enabled the singer to apply the solmization syllables to any series of notes he encountered, although he would take musical context into consideration in choosing the best note on which to mutate. See also gamut.

mutation, an alteration in the genetic material (the genome) of a cell of a living organism or of a virus that is more or less permanent and that can be transmitted to the cell’s or the virus’s descendants. (The genomes of organisms are all composed of DNA, whereas viral genomes can be of DNA or

keyboard instrument: Organ stops: Such stops are known as mutation stops, as opposed to the mixtures, or chorus stops. Their use is essential for the historically (and therefore artistically) correct performance of organ music written before 1800 and of much modern music as well. After a period of disuse throughout the 19th century, they…

mutation theory, idea that new species are formed from the sudden and unexpected emergence of alterations in their defining traits. Advanced at the beginning of the 20th century by Dutch botanist and geneticist Hugo de Vries in his Die Mutationstheorie (1901–03; The Mutation Theory), mutation

mutation theory: … in his Die Mutationstheorie (1901–03; The Mutation Theory), mutation theory joined two seemingly opposed traditions of evolutionary thought. First, its practitioners, often referred to as mutationists, accepted the primary contention of saltationist theory, which argued that new species are produced rapidly through discontinuous transformations. Saltationist theory contradicted Darwinism, which held…

radiation: Damage to genes (mutations): …expressed in terms of the mutation-rate doubling dose, which is the dose that induces as large an additional rate of mutations as that which occurs spontaneously in each generation. The more sensitive the genes are to radiation, the lower is the doubling dose. The doubling dose for high-intensity exposure in…

mutation: …population, a concept described as mutational pressure. The rate of mutation differs for different genes and organisms. In RNA viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; see AIDS), replication of the genome takes place within the host cell using a mechanism that is prone to error. Hence, mutation rates…

mutation theory, idea that new species are formed from the sudden and unexpected emergence of alterations in their defining traits. Advanced at the beginning of the 20th century by Dutch botanist and geneticist Hugo de Vries in his Die Mutationstheorie (1901–03; The Mutation Theory), mutation

Glen Tetley: Mutations (1970) was among the most-discussed works he created during this period, largely because of Tetley’s controversial use of nudity.

mutation theory: … in his Die Mutationstheorie (1901–03; The Mutation Theory), mutation theory joined two seemingly opposed traditions of evolutionary thought. First, its practitioners, often referred to as mutationists, accepted the primary contention of saltationist theory, which argued that new species are produced rapidly through discontinuous transformations. Saltationist theory contradicted Darwinism, which held…

al-Mutawakkil was an ʿAbbāsid caliph who, as a young man, held no political or military positions of importance but took a keen interest in religious debates that had far-reaching political importance. When he succeeded al-Wāthiq as caliph in 847, al-Mutawakkil reverted to a position of Islamic

Islam: Shrines of Sufi saints: …shrine is usually called a mutawallī. In Turkey, where such endowments formerly constituted a very considerable portion of the national wealth, all endowments were confiscated by the regime of Atatürk (president 1928–38).

Wahhābī: …police force (known as the Muṭawwaʿūn) enforces strict codes of public behaviour—including, for example, mandatory observance of Islamic rituals and gender segregation.

Wahhābī: …police force (known as the Muṭawwaʿūn) enforces strict codes of public behaviour—including, for example, mandatory observance of Islamic rituals and gender segregation.

instrumentation: Muting: The string mute is a device that softens the tone of the instrument. Muting is also used by brass instruments, particularly the trumpet and trombone, a development that took place in 20th-century popular music and then came into common use in all types of…

submarine: First use in war: …however, and the submarine, named Mute, was left to rot, eventually sinking at its moorings.

Daniel-François-Esprit Auber: …spectacular Muette de Portici (1828; Mute Girl of Portici, also known as Masaniello) has been regarded as an archetype of French grand opera. It greatly impressed Richard Wagner, who modeled his Rienzi (1840) after it. In addition to anticipating the works of Giacomo Meyerbeer, Auber’s Le Philtre (1831) provided the…

swan: …of the Northern Hemisphere: the mute swan, with a black knob at the base of its orange bill, curved posture of the neck, and aggressive wing arching; the trumpeter swan (C. cygnus buccinator), named for its far-carrying low-pitched call and having an all-black bill; the whooper swan (C. cygnus cygnus),…

September 30th Movement: …Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu (1995; The Mute’s Soliloquy) specifically addresses his years on Buru. The events surrounding the September 30th Movement also provided the setting for the award-winning films The Year of Living Dangerously (1982) and Gie (2005).

Mutesa I was an autocratic but progressive kabaka (ruler) of the African kingdom of Buganda at a crucial time in its history, when extensive contacts with Arabs and Europeans were just beginning. Mutesa has been described as both a ruthless despot and a highly skilled politician. Although his

Mutesa II was the kabaka (ruler) of the East African state of Buganda (now part of Uganda) in 1939–53 and 1955–66; he was deposed in 1953 by the British and again in 1966 by Milton Obote, president of independent Uganda. During the 1940s Mutesa, called “King Freddie” by the Western press, was

Mutesa I was an autocratic but progressive kabaka (ruler) of the African kingdom of Buganda at a crucial time in its history, when extensive contacts with Arabs and Europeans were just beginning. Mutesa has been described as both a ruthless despot and a highly skilled politician. Although his

Mutesa II was the kabaka (ruler) of the East African state of Buganda (now part of Uganda) in 1939–53 and 1955–66; he was deposed in 1953 by the British and again in 1966 by Milton Obote, president of independent Uganda. During the 1940s Mutesa, called “King Freddie” by the Western press, was

Joyce Banda: Political career: …as the major opposition to Peter Mutharika, brother of the president and likely DPP presidential candidate in the next election.

Kenya: Disputed 2007 and 2013 elections, a new constitution, and ICC proceedings: …and two others—longtime public official Francis Muthaura and Mohammed Hussein Ali, the police chief during the postelection violence—had ties to Kibaki. The other three suspects had ties to Odinga: suspended cabinet minister William Ruto, radio executive Joshua arap Sang, and ODM chairperson Henry Kosgey. In January 2012 the ICC announced…

Deutscher Werkbund: The group’s intellectual leaders, architects Hermann Muthesius and Henry van de Velde, were influenced by William Morris, who, as leader of the 19th-century English Arts and Crafts Movement, proposed that industrial crafts be revived as a collaborative enterprise of designers and craftsmen. Van de Velde and Muthesius expanded Morris’ ideas…

Carnatic music: …the early 19th century: Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Syama Sastri.