• Muti, Riccardo (Italian conductor)

    Riccardo Muti is an Italian conductor of both opera and the symphonic repertory. He became one of the most respected and charismatic conductors of his generation. As a child, Muti studied piano at the conservatory of Naples. Later he spent five years at the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory of Milan,

  • mutilation, ritual

    body modifications and mutilations, intentional permanent or semipermanent alterations of the living human body for reasons such as ritual, folk medicine, aesthetics, or corporal punishment. In general, voluntary changes are considered to be modifications, and involuntary changes are considered

  • Mutillidae (wasp)

    velvet ant, (family Mutillidae), any of a group of about 3,000 species of wasps that are named for their fuzzy, antlike appearance. Velvet ants are most prevalent in the hot, dry regions of the Western Hemisphere. Taxonomy See also list of ants, bees, and wasps. Both male and female velvet ants

  • Mutina (Italy)

    Modena, city, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy. It lies between the Secchia and Panaro rivers, northwest of Bologna. Modena was the Mutina of the Boii, a Celtic people, and was subdued by the Romans about 218 bce, becoming a Roman colony on the Via Aemilia in 183 bce. It was attacked and

  • muting (music)

    stringed instrument: Lyres: …ways: in the first (called muting) the left hand mutes the unwanted strings while the right hand strums with a plectrum; in the second, the fingers of the left hand pluck while the right hand plucks a drone on tonic strings (i.e., tuned to the tonic, or focal note, of…

  • Mutinus (fungus genus)

    stinkhorn: …the temperate zone include Phallus, Mutinus, Dictyophora, Simblum, and Clathrus.

  • mutiny (military offense)

    mutiny, any overt act of defiance or attack upon military (including naval) authority by two or more persons subject to such authority. The term is occasionally used to describe nonmilitary instances of defiance or attack—such as mutiny on board a merchant ship or a rising of slaves in a state in

  • Mutiny Act (Great Britain [1689])

    United Kingdom: The revolution settlement: The Mutiny Act (1689) restrained the monarch’s control over military forces in England by restricting the use of martial law. It was passed for one year only; however, when it lapsed between 1698 and 1701, the crown’s military power was not appreciably affected. The Toleration Act…

  • Mutiny on the Bounty (novel by Hall and Nordhoff)

    Mutiny on the Bounty, romantic novel by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, published in 1932. The vivid narrative is based on an actual mutiny, that against Capt. William Bligh of the HMS Bounty in 1789. Related by Roger Byam, a former midshipman and linguist aboard the vessel, the novel

  • Mutiny on the Bounty (film by Milestone [1962])

    Mutiny on the Bounty, American epic film, released in 1962, that recounts the 1789 mutiny on the HMS Bounty. The movie, a lavish remake of the 1935 classic, became perhaps best known for its production difficulties, many of which centred on star Marlon Brando. The story begins in Portsmouth,

  • Mutiny on the Bounty (film by Lloyd [1935])

    Frank Lloyd: Lloyd then made Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), the classic film for which he is best remembered. Charles Laughton starred as the tyrannical Captain Bligh, whose crew, led by Fletcher Christian (Clark Gable), stages a mutiny. The adventure drama won an Oscar for best picture, and Lloyd received…

  • Mutis, Álvaro (Colombian author)

    Álvaro Mutis was a versatile Colombian writer and poet best known for his novels featuring his alter ego, a character named Maqroll el Gaviero (“Maqroll the Lookout”). The son of a diplomat, Mutis attended schools in Brussels, Belgium. He returned to Colombia to live on his family’s coffee

  • Mutis, José (Spanish botanist)

    José Mutis was a botanist who initiated one of the most important periods of botanical exploration in Spain. After receiving the bachelor’s degree from the University of Sevilla (Seville) in 1753, Mutis studied medicine at Madrid and in 1757 became physician to the royal household of Ferdinand VI.

  • Mutis, José Celestino Bruno (Spanish botanist)

    José Mutis was a botanist who initiated one of the most important periods of botanical exploration in Spain. After receiving the bachelor’s degree from the University of Sevilla (Seville) in 1753, Mutis studied medicine at Madrid and in 1757 became physician to the royal household of Ferdinand VI.

  • Mutis, Mount (mountain, Indonesia)

    East Nusa Tenggara: …7,962 feet (2,427 metres) at Mount Mutis on western Timor. The mountain peaks are lower on the islands in the northeastern part of the province. Coral atolls and reefs border much of the narrow coastal lowland. The islands have a long dry season, and there are few perennial streams and…

  • Mutisieae (plant tribe)

    Asteraceae: Flowers: …found nearly throughout the tribe Mutisieae. This tribe is largely tropical, and only one of its genera, Gerbera, is familiar in cultivation in temperate regions. Most members of Mutisieae have some or all of the corollas bilabiate (two-lipped), with a large, three-lobed (sometimes four-lobed) outer lip and a smaller, two-lobed…

  • mutism (speech disorder)

    agnosia: Types of agnosia: …Landau-Kleffner syndrome, may lead to mutism, or loss of the ability or will to speak. The sensory organ of hearing is intact, and pure tones can be perceived. Individuals with amusia are unable to recognize that certain groups of sounds represent music and therefore cannot distinguish music from other sounds.…

  • Mutkurov, Sava (Bulgarian officer)

    Bulgaria: Political divisions under Alexander of Battenberg: Sava Mutkurov, commander of the Plovdiv garrison, who took control of Sofia and recalled the prince. Alexander was not detained by the Russians, but he declared he would not remain in Bulgaria without Russian approval. When the tsar refused to give it, Alexander abdicated on…

  • Mutloatse, Mothobi (South African author)

    South Africa: Multicultural literature: …of urban writers such as Mothobi Mutloatse, Miriam Tlali, Mbulelo Mzamane, and Njabulo Ndebele and published in such periodicals as Staffrider were derived from the literary and oral traditions of Black languages in South Africa and in literature by Blacks in European languages.

  • Mutlu, Halil (Turkish weight lifter)

    Halil Mutlu is a Turkish weight lifter and world record-holder who won three consecutive Olympic gold medals (1996, 2000, and 2004). Though standing a diminutive 1.5 metres (4 feet 11 inches) and weighing 56 kg (123 pounds), the “Little Dynamo” had loomed large over the weight-lifting stage and in

  • Mutmassungen über Jakob (novel by Johnson)

    Uwe Johnson: …novel, Mutmassungen über Jakob (1959; Speculations About Jakob). Its modernist narrative and its frank engagement with the problems faced daily by German citizens brought Johnson critical acclaim. Aware that his work would not be published in East Germany as long as he wrote what he wished to write and unable—because…

  • Mutombo, Dikembe (Congolese-American basketball player)

    Dikembe Mutombo was a Congolese-American basketball player who was one of the best defenders in National Basketball Association (NBA) history and was also noted for his philanthropic efforts. The son of a father who worked as a school principal and then in Congo’s department of education, Mutombo

  • Mutrah (Oman)

    Maṭraḥ, town in Oman, on the Gulf of Oman coast, just west of Muscat. Maṭraḥ has traditionally been the country’s chief commercial centre and port. Port Qābūs, the town’s new port facilities, were completed during the 1970s. Port al-Faḥl, 3 miles (5 km) to the west, is Oman’s oil terminal and is

  • Muṭrān, Khalīl (Muslim poet)

    Islamic arts: Poetry: In his poems, Khalīl Muṭrān (died 1949) attempted to achieve a unity of structure hitherto almost unknown, and he also adopted a more subjective approach to expressive lyricism. Thus, he can be said to have inaugurated an era of “Romantic” poetry, staunchly defended by those writers and scholars…

  • Mutsuhito (emperor of Japan)

    Meiji was the emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912, during whose reign Japan was dramatically transformed from a feudal country into one of the great powers of the modern world. The second son of the emperor Kōmei, Mutsuhito was declared crown prince in 1860; following the death of his father in

  • Mutsvairo, Solomon M. (Zimbabwean author)

    Solomon M. Mutswairo was a Zimbabwean author, who was the earliest Zezuru-language novelist and the most important Zezuru poet. Mutswairo grew up in Zambia and was educated at the University College of Fort Hare, S.Af. After teaching at Goromonzi Government Secondary School, he became a headmaster

  • Mutswairo, Solomon M. (Zimbabwean author)

    Solomon M. Mutswairo was a Zimbabwean author, who was the earliest Zezuru-language novelist and the most important Zezuru poet. Mutswairo grew up in Zambia and was educated at the University College of Fort Hare, S.Af. After teaching at Goromonzi Government Secondary School, he became a headmaster

  • Mutswairo, Solomon Mangwiro (Zimbabwean author)

    Solomon M. Mutswairo was a Zimbabwean author, who was the earliest Zezuru-language novelist and the most important Zezuru poet. Mutswairo grew up in Zambia and was educated at the University College of Fort Hare, S.Af. After teaching at Goromonzi Government Secondary School, he became a headmaster

  • Mutt and Jeff (comic strip)

    comic strip: The United States: Mutt (later Mutt and Jeff). At first set in a horse-racing milieu, it soon became a general interest comic.

  • Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (political party, Pakistan)

    Pakistan: Reinstated constitution: …religious parties known as the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) that made the most notable showing—marking the first time a Pakistani religious organization had gained a significant voice in parliament. The MMA was vehemently opposed to Musharraf’s policy of confronting Islamist groups, and, after gaining a dominant political role in the North-West…

  • Muttahida Qaumi Movement (Pakistani political organization)

    Pakistan: Zia-ul-Haq: …and the formation of the Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) in the mid-1980s was both a cause and a consequence of the violence that was directed against the immigrant community. The founding of the MQM and its increasingly militant posture aroused the native Sindhis as never before. The Sindhi complaint that…

  • Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (play by Brecht)

    Mother Courage and Her Children, play by Bertolt Brecht, written in German as Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder: Eine Chronik aus dem Dreissigjährigen Krieg, produced in 1941 and published in 1949. The work, composed of 12 scenes, is a chronicle play of the Thirty Years’ War and is based on the

  • Mutter, Anne-Sophie (German musician)

    Anne-Sophie Mutter is a German violinist, who was a superstar in the world of classical music. Although she was sometimes criticized for idiosyncratic, even willful, interpretations of the standard repertoire, she displayed an impeccable technique and produced a sound that was known for its beauty

  • Mutterrecht, Das (work by Bachofen)

    Johann Jakob Bachofen: …early anthropological writer whose book Das Mutterrecht (1861; “Mother Right”) is regarded as a major contribution to the development of modern social anthropology.

  • mutton

    mutton, flesh of a mature ram or ewe at least one year old. See

  • mutton grass (plant)

    bluegrass: arachnifera), mutton grass (P. fendleriana), and plains bluegrass (P. arida) are important western forage grasses. Annual bluegrass (P. annua), a small, light-green species, is a European introduction that has spread throughout North America; it is considered a pest in lawns.

  • mutton-fat jade (mineral)

    nephrite, a gem-quality silicate mineral in the tremolite–actinolite series of amphiboles. It is the less prized but more common of the two types of jade, usually found as translucent to opaque, compact, dense aggregates of finely interfelted tufts of long, thin fibres. It may be distinguished from

  • muttonbird (bird)

    muttonbird, any of several shearwaters (oceanic bird species), whose chicks are harvested commercially for meat and oil. The species principally utilized are the short-tailed, or slender-billed, shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris), in Australia and Tasmania, and the sooty shearwater (P. griseus), in

  • Muttra (India)

    Mathura, city, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, on the Yamuna River about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Agra. The site of Mathura was inhabited before the 1st century ce, when the city flourished under the Kushan dynasty. In the 2nd century the city

  • Muttrah (Oman)

    Maṭraḥ, town in Oman, on the Gulf of Oman coast, just west of Muscat. Maṭraḥ has traditionally been the country’s chief commercial centre and port. Port Qābūs, the town’s new port facilities, were completed during the 1970s. Port al-Faḥl, 3 miles (5 km) to the west, is Oman’s oil terminal and is

  • Mutu, Wangechi (Kenyan-born artist)

    Wangechi Mutu is a Kenyan-born artist whose multimedia work reflects her distinctive composite aesthetic and a global point of view. Mutu honed her passion for drawing as a child in Nairobi, where her father’s paper-import business kept her supplied with materials. In 1989 she left to attend the

  • Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution (work by Kropotkin)

    anarchism: Russian anarchist thought: He reinforced this vision in Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution (1902), where he used biological and sociological evidence to argue that cooperation is more natural and usual than competition among both animals and human beings. In his Fields, Factories, and Workshops (1899) he developed ideas on the decentralization of…

  • Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (Cold War history)

    Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR), a series of Cold War-era talks between the United States and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) during the 1970s and ’80s aimed at achieving parity in the level of conventional (nonnuclear) forces stationed in Europe. The agreements made during the MBFR

  • mutual assured destruction (military science)

    mutual assured destruction, principle of deterrence founded on the notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with an overwhelming nuclear counterattack such that both the attacker and the defender would be annihilated. By the early 1950s both the Soviet Union and the West were

  • Mutual Broadcasting System (American radio network)

    Mutual Broadcasting System, American commercial radio network, operating from 1934 until 1999. The Mutual Broadcasting System began as a cooperative venture and provided some competition for the more-established national networks. On September 29, 1934, four AM radio stations—WXYZ in Detroit, WGN

  • Mutual Cooperation and Security, Treaty of (Japan-United States [1960])

    Japan: Armed forces: Through the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security—concluded between Japan and the United States in 1960, reaffirmed in 1970, and further corroborated and slightly revised in the late 1990s—the United States operates military bases in Japan, primarily in Okinawa. The treaty may be terminated one year after…

  • Mutual Economic Assistance, Council for (international organization)

    Comecon, organization established in January 1949 to facilitate and coordinate the economic development of the eastern European countries belonging to the Soviet bloc. Comecon’s original members were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Albania joined in

  • Mutual Film Corporation (American company)

    History of film: Early growth of the film industry: …the spring of 1912 (the Mutual Film Corporation and the Universal Film Manufacturing Company).

  • Mutual Friend, The (novel by Busch)

    Frederick Busch: The Mutual Friend (1978), which represents a departure for Busch in terms of subject matter, is an imaginative account of the last years of Charles Dickens as purportedly told by his friend George Dolby.

  • mutual fund (finance)

    mutual fund, company that invests the funds of its subscribers in diversified securities and in return issues units representing shares in those holdings. It differs from the investment trust (q.v.), which issues shares in its own capital. In contrast to closed-end investment companies, which have

  • mutual inductance (physics)

    electromagnetism: Self-inductance and mutual inductance: The self-inductance of a circuit is used to describe the reaction of the circuit to a changing current in the circuit, while the mutual inductance with respect to a second circuit describes the reaction to a changing current in the second circuit. When…

  • mutual induction (physics)

    electromagnetism: Self-inductance and mutual inductance: The self-inductance of a circuit is used to describe the reaction of the circuit to a changing current in the circuit, while the mutual inductance with respect to a second circuit describes the reaction to a changing current in the second circuit. When…

  • mutual refractive index (physics)

    refractive index, measure of the bending of a ray of light when passing from one medium into another. If i is the angle of incidence of a ray in vacuum (angle between the incoming ray and the perpendicular to the surface of a medium, called the normal) and r is the angle of refraction (angle

  • Mutual Security Treaty (United States-Japan [1951])

    Japan: International relations: …which it exercised through the United States–Japan Security Treaty (1951) by which U.S. forces remained in Japan until the Japanese secured their own defense. Japan agreed not to grant similar rights to a third power without U.S. approval. Americans promised to assist Japan’s Self-Defense Forces while U.S. military units (except…

  • mutual will (law)

    will: …partners often draw up “mutual wills” involving transfer of business assets upon the death of one partner. See also probate.

  • mutual-aid society (organization)

    friendly society, mutual-aid organization formed voluntarily by individuals to protect members against debts incurred through illness, death, or old age. Friendly societies arose in the 17th and 18th centuries and were most numerous in the 19th century. Friendly societies had their origins in the

  • mutualism (society)

    anarchism: French anarchist thought: …themes of his work were mutualism, federalism, and the power of the working classes to liberate themselves through organized economic action, an idea later known as “direct action.” By mutualism he meant the organization of society on an egalitarian basis. Although he was infamous for declaring (in What Is Property?)…

  • mutualism (biology)

    mutualism, association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits. Mutualistic arrangements are most likely to develop between organisms with widely different living requirements. Several well-known examples of mutualistic arrangements exist. The partnership between

  • mutualistic bacterium (biology)

    nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen fixation in nature: …Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Clostridium; and mutualistic (symbiotic) bacteria such as Rhizobium, associated with leguminous plants, and various Azospirillum species, associated with cereal grasses.

  • Mutualists (French association)

    Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Early life and education: …a weavers’ secret society, the Mutualists, who had evolved a protoanarchist doctrine that taught that the factories of the dawning industrial age could be operated by associations of workers and that these workers, by economic action rather than by violent revolution, could transform society. Such views were at variance with…

  • mutually assured destruction (military science)

    mutual assured destruction, principle of deterrence founded on the notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with an overwhelming nuclear counterattack such that both the attacker and the defender would be annihilated. By the early 1950s both the Soviet Union and the West were

  • mutually exclusive event (statistics)

    statistics: Events and their probabilities: …events are said to be mutually exclusive if the occurrence of one event means that the other event cannot occur; in this case, when one event takes place, the probability of the other event occurring is zero.

  • Mutuwhenua: The Moon Sleeps (novel by Grace)

    Patricia Grace: …next book was a novel, Mutuwhenua: The Moon Sleeps (1978), which examined a marriage between a Māori woman and a man of European descent (Pākehā).

  • Mutyca (Italy)

    Modica, town, southeastern Sicily, Italy, at the confluence of two mountain torrents on the south margin of the Monti (mountains) Iblei, just south of Ragusa city. On the site of a Bronze Age (and perhaps Stone Age) fortress (c. 4000 bc), it emerged as Motyca, a town of the Siculi, an ancient

  • mutʿah (marriage)

    mutʿah, in Islamic law, a temporary marriage that is contracted for a limited or fixed period and involves the payment of money to the female partner. Mutʿah is referred to in the Qurʾān (Muslim scriptures) in these words: Partners who engage in mutʿah must do so freely and must predetermine the

  • Mūvarkovil (temple, Koḍumbāḷūr, India)

    South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: South Indian style of Tamil Nadu (7th–18th century): …(originally three) known as the Mūvarkovil, at Koḍumbāḷūr (c. 875).

  • Muwaffaq, al- (ʿAbbāsid regent)

    Egypt: The Ṭūlūnid dynasty (868–905): …dominated by the caliph’s brother al-Muwaffaq, realized that Egypt was slipping from imperial control. An expedition dispatched by al-Muwaffaq to remove Aḥmad from the governorship failed. Taking advantage of the caliphate’s preoccupation with the revolt, Aḥmad in 878 invaded Palestine and Syria, where he occupied the principal cities and garrisoned…

  • Muwaḥḥidūn, al- (Berber confederation)

    Almohads, Berber confederation that created an Islamic empire in North Africa and Spain (1130–1269), founded on the religious teachings of Ibn Tūmart (died 1130). A Berber state had arisen in Tinmel in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco about 1120, inspired by Ibn Tūmart and his demands for puritanical

  • Muwaḥḥidūn, al- (Islamic movement)

    Wahhābī, any adherent of the Islamic reform movement founded by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb in the 18th century in Najd, central Arabia, and adopted in 1744 by the Saudi family. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Wahhābism is prevalent in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The term Wahhābī is used primarily by

  • muwallad (Spanish Muslims)

    Spain: The conquest: …musālimah, and their descendants, the muwallads; many of them were also mawālī (i.e., connected by patronage with an Arab) or even themselves of Amazigh lineage. This group formed the majority of the population because during the first three centuries social and economic motives induced a considerable number of natives to…

  • muwashshaḥ (ode)

    muwashshaḥ, (Arabic: “ode”), an Arabic poetic genre in strophic form developed in Muslim Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. From the 12th century onward, its use spread to North Africa and the Muslim Middle East. The muwashshaḥ is written in Classical Arabic, and its subjects are those of

  • Muwatallis (Hittite king)

    Muwatallis was a Hittite king during the New Kingdom (reigned c. 1320–c. 1294 bc). Muwatallis was the son and successor of Mursilis II. Although Muwatallis’ accession was unmarred by the customary flurry of revolts among the Hittite vassal states, a struggle with resurgent Egypt for the domination

  • Muwatallish (Hittite king)

    Muwatallis was a Hittite king during the New Kingdom (reigned c. 1320–c. 1294 bc). Muwatallis was the son and successor of Mursilis II. Although Muwatallis’ accession was unmarred by the customary flurry of revolts among the Hittite vassal states, a struggle with resurgent Egypt for the domination

  • Muwaṭṭaʾ, al- (work by Mālik ibn Anas)

    Mālik ibn Anas: …Anas produced one major book—the Muwaṭṭaʾ. This is the oldest surviving compendium of Islamic law.

  • Muy Vavi (Arizona, United States)

    Ajo, town, Pima county, southwestern Arizona, U.S. Spaniards mined in the area in the 1750s, and the Ajo Copper Company (1854) was the first incorporated mining concern in the Arizona Territory. Copper and silver were the most valuable minerals mined in the area. The mines remained dormant from

  • Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassany (Kenyan author)

    Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy was a Kenyan poet who was the first Swahili-language secular poet known by name. Ghassaniy is known particularly as an outstanding composer of quatrains (the most popular Swahili verse form for both philosophical and topical themes). Although he experimented little with

  • Muybridge, Eadweard (British photographer)

    Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion and in motion-picture projection. Edward James Muggeridge adopted the name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name. He immigrated to the United

  • Muyua Island (island, Papua New Guinea)

    Muyua Island, coral island of Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean, approximately 150 miles (240 km) northeast of the southeasternmost point of the island of New Guinea, Solomon Sea. Muyua’s rough surface of raised coral pinnacles (rising to 1,200 feet [365 metres] in the south) is covered

  • Muyunkum Desert (desert, Central Asia)

    Kazakhstan: Relief: … of the interior, and the Muyunkum and Kyzylkum deserts in the south. Most of these desert regions support slight vegetative cover fed by subterranean groundwater.

  • Muẓaffar ad-Dīn Gökburi (Islamic leader)

    mawlid: That occasion was organized by Muẓaffar al-Dīn Gökburi, brother-in-law of the Ayyūbid sultan Saladin, at Erbil, near Mosul (Iraq). It closely parallels the modern mawlid in form. The actual day of Muhammad’s birth was preceded by an entire month of merrymaking. Musicians, jugglers, and assorted entertainers attracted people from as…

  • Muẓaffar al-Dīn Sonqur (Salghurid ruler)

    Salghurid dynasty: …founder of the dynasty was Muẓaffar al-Dīn Sonqur (reigned 1148–61), who took advantage of a disturbed state in Fārs to expel his reputed uncle Boz-Aba, the local atabeg. Muẓaffar al-Dīn’s son Zangī (reigned 1161–c. 1175) was confirmed in his possession of Fārs by the Seljuq ruler Arslan ibn Toghrïl.

  • Muẓaffar Jang (Indian ruler)

    India: The Anglo-French struggle, 1740–63: …second son and a grandson, Muẓaffar Jang. Dupleix, encouraged by his easy repulse of the Carnatic nawab from the walls of Madras, decided to support both Muẓaffar and the claimant to the Carnatic nawabship, Chanda Sahib. Dupleix’s reward for success would be the means of ruining the British trade in…

  • Muẓaffar Sayf ad-Dīn Quṭuz, al- (Mamlūk sultan)

    Baybars I: …Egypt by the third sultan, al-Muẓaffar Sayf al-Dīn Quṭuz. He restored them to their place in the army and conferred a village upon Baybars.

  • Muzaffar Shah (Malay sultan)

    sultanate of Malacca: …under the following ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Shah (reigned 1445–59?), the city-state became a major territorial as well as commercial power in the region and a source for the further diffusion of Islam within the Indonesian archipelago. Shortly after his succession, Muzaffar Shah refused to pay the customary tribute to Malacca’s…

  • Muẓaffar ʿAlī (Persian artist)

    Muẓaffar ʿAlī was a Persian miniaturist and calligrapher known best for his elegant human figures in rich, lyrical settings. He painted during the great flowering of Persian painting under the Ṣafavid shahs. He was the son of the Ṣafavid painter Haydar ʿAlī and a relative of the great painter

  • Muẓaffar, ʿAbd al-Malik al- (Umayyad caliph)

    Spain: The caliphate of Córdoba: Al-Muẓaffar (1002–08) continued his father’s policies, hemming in Hishām II and fighting against the Christians. After Al-Muẓaffar’s premature death, his brother ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Sanchuelo took the reins of power, but he lacked the fortitude to maintain the structure built by his father. An uprising that…

  • Muzaffarnagar (India)

    Muzaffarnagar, city, northwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is located in the Upper Ganges-Yamuna Doab alluvial plain, about 65 miles (100 km) north-northeast of Delhi. Muzaffarnagar was founded about 1633 by the Mughal nobleman Khan-e Jahān, who named it for his father, Muẓaffar

  • Muzaffarpur (India)

    Muzaffarpur, city, north-central Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies just south of the Burhi (“Old”) Gandak River. The city was founded by Muẓaffar Khan in the 18th century and was constituted a municipality in 1864. A major road and rail hub, it is a trade centre on the route between Patna

  • muzāriʿ Shibʿā (area along the border of Lebanon and the Golan Heights)

    Shebaa Farms, area of land along the border of Lebanon and the Golan Heights (a territory recognized by most of the international community as part of Syria but occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War [1967]) that is claimed by Lebanon, internationally recognized as part of Syria, and occupied by

  • Muzdalifah (Saudi Arabia)

    hajj: …holy places outside Mecca—Jabal al-Raḥmah, Muzdalifah, and Minā—and sacrifices an animal in commemoration of Abraham’s sacrifice. Male pilgrims’ heads are then usually shaved, and female pilgrims remove a lock of hair. After the rajm ritual at Minā, in which pilgrims throw seven stones at three walls (formerly pillars, symbolizing the…

  • Muzeeka (play by Guare)

    John Guare: His first notable works—Muzeeka (1968), about American soldiers of the Vietnam War who have television contracts, and Cop-Out (1968)—satirize the American media.

  • Muzeyi, Saint Jean Marie (Ugandan saint)

    Martyrs of Uganda: The page Jean Marie Muzeyi was beheaded on January 27, 1887.

  • Muzgu i perēndive tē stepēs (novel by Kadare)

    Ismail Kadare: …i perëndive të stepës (1978; Twilight of the Eastern Gods) is a roman à clef about Kadare’s time at the Gorky Institute. His subsequent works of fiction included Nëpunësi i pallatit të ëndrrave (1981; The Palace of Dreams), Dosja H. (1990; The File on H.), and Piramida (1995; The Pyramid).…

  • Muẓhir fīʿulūm al-lughah wa anwāʿihā, Al- (work by Suyūṭī)

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