crabapple: Major species: ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

crabapple: Major species: spectabilis), Siberian crabapple (M. baccata), Toringo crabapple (M. sieboldii), and Japanese flowering crabapple (M. floribunda). Among notable American species are the garland, or sweet crab (M. coronaria), Oregon crabapple (M. fusca), prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), and

crabapple: Major species: …species are the garland, or sweet crab (M. coronaria), Oregon crabapple (M. fusca), prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

apple, (Malus domestica), domesticated tree and fruit of the rose family (Rosaceae), one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. Apples are predominantly grown for sale as fresh fruit, though apples are also used commercially for vinegar, juice, jelly, applesauce, and apple butter and are canned

crabapple: Major species: sieboldii), and Japanese flowering crabapple (M. floribunda). Among notable American species are the garland, or sweet crab (M. coronaria), Oregon crabapple (M. fusca), prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

crabapple: Major species: coronaria), Oregon crabapple (M. fusca), prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

crabapple: Major species: fusca), prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

crabapple: Major species: baccata), Toringo crabapple (M. sieboldii), and Japanese flowering crabapple (M. floribunda). Among notable American species are the garland, or sweet crab (M. coronaria), Oregon crabapple (M. fusca), prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), and southern crabapple (M. angustifolia).

crabapple: Major species: Outstanding Asian crabapples include the Chinese flowering crab (M. spectabilis), Siberian crabapple (M. baccata), Toringo crabapple (M. sieboldii), and Japanese flowering crabapple (M. floribunda). Among notable American species are the garland, or sweet crab (M. coronaria), Oregon crabapple (M. fusca),

Étienne-Louis Malus was a French physicist who discovered that light, when reflected, becomes partially plane polarized; i.e., its rays vibrate in the same plane. His observation led to a better understanding of the propagation of light. A member of the corps of engineers, Malus accompanied

Maloti Mountains, mountain range, northern Lesotho. The term as generally used outside Lesotho refers to a particular range that trends off to the southwest from the Great Escarpment of the Drakensberg Range, which forms the northeastern arc of Lesotho’s circumferential boundary with South Africa.

mallow: …of the genera Hibiscus and Malva. Hibiscus species include the great rose mallow (H. grandiflorus), with large white to purplish flowers; the soldier rose mallow (H. militaris), a shrub that grows to a height of 2 metres (6 feet); and the common, or swamp, rose mallow (H. moscheutos).

musk mallow: Musk mallow also refers to Malva moschata, a perennial European plant with pink or white flowers, deeply cut upper leaves, and kidney-shaped basal leaves. It has hairy black fruits.

mallow: …white flowers in summer, and high mallow (M. sylvestris), the leaves and flowers of which have been used medicinally. Another musk mallow, Abelmoschus moschatus (H. abelmoschus), is widely cultivated in tropical Asia for its musky-smelling seeds.

Malvaceae, the hibiscus, or mallow, family (order Malvales) containing some 243 genera and at least 4,225 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees. Representatives occur in all except the coldest parts of the world but are most numerous in the tropics. A number of species are economically important,

Malvales, medium-sized order, known as the Hibiscus or mallow order, mostly of woody plants, consisting of 10 families, 338 genera, and about 6,000 species. The plants grow in various habitats throughout much of the world, and a number of members are important commercially. In the Angiosperm

Álvarez Quintero brothers: …“The Love That Passes”), and Malvaloca (1912), a serious drama that received the prize of the Spanish Royal Academy. Several of their plays were translated into English by Helen and Harley Granville-Barker (1927–32); their complete works were published in Obras completas, 7 vol. (1953–54).

Convention of Malvana, (1597), agreement made between the Portuguese and the native chiefs of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The chiefs swore allegiance to the king of Portugal and, in return, were assured that their laws and customs would be left inviolate. The convention also provided that the Ceylonese

Monemvasía, town, Laconia (Modern Greek: Lakonía) nomós (department), southern Greece, on the southeastern coast of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). Monemvasía lies at the foot of a rock that stands just offshore and that is crowned by the ruins of a medieval fortress and a 14th-century Byzantine

Benevento, city and archiepiscopal see, Campania regione, southern Italy. The city lies on a ridge between the Calore and Sabato rivers, northeast of Naples. It originated as Malies, a town of the Oscans, or Samnites; later known as Maleventum, or Malventum, it was renamed Beneventum by the Romans.

Great Malvern, town (parish), Malvern Hills district, administrative and historic county of Worcestershire, west-central England. Great Malvern was formerly the largest of several villages and hamlets on the eastern slopes of the Malvern Hills but has since grown to incorporate them. Malvern Chase,

Herefordshire: The core of the Malvern Hills, with an elevation above 1,300 feet (400 metres), comprises Precambrian gneisses and volcanic rocks. Those hills form the boundary with Worcestershire. The Forest of Dean plateau lies to the southeast. In the west, along the Welsh border, lie the sandstone Black Mountains, which…

Malvern Hills, district, administrative county of Worcestershire, western England. The district lies almost entirely within the historic county of Worcestershire, except for a small area between Leigh Sinton and Acton Green that belongs to the historic county of Herefordshire. Its dominant physical

Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern was the prime minister of Southern Rhodesia (1933–53) and architect of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which he served as its first prime minister (1953–56). After practicing medicine in London, Huggins migrated to Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, in

Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern was the prime minister of Southern Rhodesia (1933–53) and architect of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, which he served as its first prime minister (1953–56). After practicing medicine in London, Huggins migrated to Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, in

Monemvasía, town, Laconia (Modern Greek: Lakonía) nomós (department), southern Greece, on the southeastern coast of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). Monemvasía lies at the foot of a rock that stands just offshore and that is crowned by the ruins of a medieval fortress and a 14th-century Byzantine

Rajasthan: Population composition: …in the east and southeast, Malvi in the southeast, and in the northeast Mewati, which shades off into Braj Bhasa (a Hindi dialect) toward the border with Uttar Pradesh.

angiosperm: Annotated classification: Malvids The following 8 orders. Order Brassicales Families: Akaniaceae, Bataceae, Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Caricaceae, Cleomaceae, Emblingiaceae, Gyrostemonaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Limnanthaceae, Moringaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Resedaceae, Salvadoraceae, Setchellanthaceae, Tovariaceae,

Falkland Islands, internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic Ocean. It lies about 300 miles (480 km) northeast of the southern tip of South America and a similar distance east of the Strait of Magellan. The capital and major town is Stanley, on East

Falkland Islands War, a brief undeclared war fought between Argentina and Great Britain in 1982 over control of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and associated island dependencies. Argentina had claimed sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, which lie 300 miles (480 km) east of its coast,

Falkland Islands, internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the South Atlantic Ocean. It lies about 300 miles (480 km) northeast of the southern tip of South America and a similar distance east of the Strait of Magellan. The capital and major town is Stanley, on East

Silurian Period: Reef mounds and coral biostromes: …temperate zone, sometimes called the Malvinokaffric Realm, is represented by the low-diversity Clarkeia (brachiopod) fauna from Gondwanan Africa and South America. A northern temperate zone is represented by the low-diversity Tuvaella (brachiopod) fauna mostly restricted to Mongolia and adjacent parts of Siberia. The Tuvaella fauna also has been discovered in…

Monemvasía, town, Laconia (Modern Greek: Lakonía) nomós (department), southern Greece, on the southeastern coast of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). Monemvasía lies at the foot of a rock that stands just offshore and that is crowned by the ruins of a medieval fortress and a 14th-century Byzantine

Twelfth Night: …to undermine the high-minded, pompous Malvolio by planting a love letter purportedly written by Olivia to Malvolio urging him to show his affection for her by smiling constantly and dressing himself in cross-garters and yellow. Malvolio is thoroughly discomfited and even locked up for a time as a supposed madman—a…

Louis-Jean Malvy was a French politician whose activities as minister of the interior led to his trial for treason during World War I. Malvy entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1906 as a Radical; thereafter he served as under secretary under Ernest Monis (1911) and Joseph Caillaux (1911–12) and

Malwa, historical province and physiographic region of west-central India, comprising a large portion of western and central Madhya Pradesh state and parts of southeastern Rajasthan and northern Maharashtra states. Strictly, the name is confined to the hilly tableland bounded by the Vindhya Range

Mālwa painting, 17th-century school of Rājasthanī miniature painting centred largely in Mālwa and Bundelkhand (in modern Madhya Pradesh state); it is sometimes referred to as Central Indian painting on the basis of its geographical distribution. The school was conservative, and little development

Malwa Plains, alluvial plains region in central Punjab state, northern India. It lies between the Ghaggar and Sutlej rivers south of the Bist Doab (plain). The plains are bordered by the Siwalik (Shiwalik) Range to the northeast and range in elevation from about 985 feet (300 metres) above sea

Malwa Plateau, plateau region in north-central India. It is bounded by the Madhya Bharat Plateau and Bundelkhand Upland to the north, the Vindhya Range to the east and south, and the Gujarat Plains to the west. Of volcanic origin, the plateau comprises central Madhya Pradesh state and southeastern

malware, malicious computer program, or “malicious software,” such as viruses, trojans, spyware, and worms. Malware typically infects a personal computer (PC) through e-mail, Web sites, or attached hardware devices. Mobile malware, including spyware and ransomware, attacks smartphones and tablets,

Rajasthan: Population composition: …in the east and southeast, Malvi in the southeast, and in the northeast Mewati, which shades off into Braj Bhasa (a Hindi dialect) toward the border with Uttar Pradesh.

Sāmarrāʾ: Al-Malwiyyah, a spiral minaret that is a major tourist attraction, was slightly damaged in a 2005 bombing. In 2006, amid violence between Shiʿi and Sunni Muslims, the Golden Mosque was bombed and suffered extensive damage. In 2007 the archaeological remains in Sāmarrāʾ were designated a…

Lesser Caucasus, range of folded mountains in the southern part of the Caucasus region, connected with the main Caucasus Mountains by means of the Likhsky Mountains, which form the divide between the basins of the Rioni and Kura rivers. The range covers portions of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

Igor Ilinsky: …role in 1938 at the Maly Theatre, where he acted and directed until 1985.

Yenisey River: Physical features: …Mountains of Tyva, and the Little (Maly) Yenisey, or Ka-Khem, which rises in the Darhadïn Bowl of Mongolia. From the confluence the Yenisey River runs for 2,167 miles (3,487 km), mainly along the border between eastern and western Siberia, before emptying into the icy Kara Sea. If the Great Yenisey…

Volsk, city, Saratov oblast (region), western Russia. The city lies along the Volga River opposite its confluence with the Bolshoy (Great) Irgiz. Originating as the small settlement of Malykovka, it was made a town in 1780, first called Volgsk, later Volsk. Since the October Revolution (1917),

Hymenoptera: Evolution: According to S.I. Malyshev, a Soviet entomologist, the first hymenopterans appeared in the Mesozoic Era (252.2 million to 66 million years ago)—about the same time as the first butterflies, moths, and flies. It is his thesis that the Hymenoptera derived from the so-called Eumecoptera—ancestors of the modern…

Abramtsevo: …popular ceramics, the Abramtsevo artists—particularly Sergey Malyutin—crafted the first matryoshka doll (a wooden nesting doll) in 1890. Matryoshkas were then exhibited by Abramtsevo artists at the 1900 world’s fair in Paris, and they continued to be iconic of Russian culture into the 21st century.

keyboard instrument: The reed organ: …in mechanical instruments such as Johann Nepomuk Maelzel’s panharmonicon, first exhibited in Vienna in 1804.

Franciszek Bohomolec: …a wider public; they included Małżeństwo z kalendarza (1766; “Marriage by the Calendar”), which ridicules ignorance and superstition and is usually considered his best work, and Czary (1775; “Sorcery”), which also satirizes superstition. Pan dobry (1767; “The Good Lord”) is a social commentary on the relationship between the peasants and…

Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM), museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with a wide-ranging collection of ancient and contemporary art. The MAM collection is of international standing. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) The history of the Milwaukee Art Museum dates to the 1880s,

Guatemala: Languages: …largest Maya groups are the Mam, who reside in the western regions of Guatemala; the K’iche’, who occupy areas to the north and west of Lake Atitlán; the Kaqchikel, who extend from the eastern shores of Lake Atitlán to Guatemala City; and the Q’eqchi’, who are

Terry McMillan: Literary success and readership: …her develop her first novel, Mama, published in 1987. A fictional work inspired by McMillan’s upbringing in Michigan, the novel tells the story of a Black woman who raises five children alone after she forces her alcoholic husband to leave. Because her publisher would not support McMillan’s going out on…

Television in the United States: Sitcoms: …most popular early sitcoms included Mama (CBS, 1949–57), The Aldrich Family (NBC, 1949–53), The Goldbergs (CBS/NBC/DuMont, 1949–56), Amos ’n’ Andy (CBS, 1951–53), and The Life of Riley (NBC, 1949–50 and 1953–58). (It is noteworthy that these last three shows featured—if not always respectfully—Jewish, African American, and lower-income

Jessica Chastain: …starring in the horror film Mama (2013) and taking on disparate roles in Liv Ullmann’s Miss Julie, from the August Strindberg play; the gangster movie A Most Violent Year; and Christopher Nolan’s powerful science-fiction drama Interstellar (all 2014).

Miriam Makeba was a South African-born singer who became known as Mama Afrika, one of the world’s most prominent Black African performers in the 20th century. The daughter of a Swazi mother and a Xhosa father, Makeba grew up in Sophiatown, a segregated Black township outside of Johannesburg and

Aleta Baun is an Indonesian conservationist who was awarded the 2013 Goldman Environmental Prize for her successful efforts to halt the ecologically destructive practices of the mining industry in the remote forests of western Timor island. Baun, who was born into a poor farming family, was

Mama Cax was a Haitian American advocate for people with disabilities and a model with a rising career. She is perhaps best known for challenging the fashion industry’s standards by modeling with her crutches and making her prosthetic leg visible. Cax was born Cacsmy Brutus in Brooklyn, New York,

Mama Cax was a Haitian American advocate for people with disabilities and a model with a rising career. She is perhaps best known for challenging the fashion industry’s standards by modeling with her crutches and making her prosthetic leg visible. Cax was born Cacsmy Brutus in Brooklyn, New York,

Gloria Naylor: The critically praised Mama Day (1988) blends stories from William Shakespeare’s The Tempest with Black folklore. Bailey’s Café (1992) centers on a mythic Brooklyn diner that offers an oasis for the suffering. In 1998 Naylor returned to the scene of her first book with The Men of Brewster…

pre-Columbian civilizations: The beginnings of external expansion: The boy’s mother, Mama Mikay, was a Huayllaca (Wayllaqa) woman who had been promised to the leader of another group called the Ayarmaca (’Ayarmaka). When the promise was broken and Mama Mikay married Inca Roca, the Ayarmaca went to war with the Huayllaca and were defeating them. As…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Inca gods: …until after 1450, was called Cochamama (Mama Qoca), the Sea Mother.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Inca gods: Mama Quilla (Mama-Kilya), wife of the sun god, was the Moon Mother, and the regulator of women’s menstrual cycles. The waxing and waning of the moon was used to calculate monthly cycles, from which the time periods for Inca festivals were set. Silver was considered…

the Shirelles: …the One I Love,” “Mama Said,” and “Baby It’s You” were all Top Ten hits. Following their most successful song, “Soldier Boy” (1962), cowritten by their principal collaborator, producer Luther Dixon, the Shirelles’ popularity waned—partly because of Dixon’s departure and partly because of the onset of the British Invasion.…

LL Cool J: …musically and thematically innovative album Mama Said Knock You Out (1990), which included several hits, including the title track and “Around the Way Girl.”

Randy Newman: …topped the charts with “Mama Told Me Not to Come”) and Harry Nilsson. Bringing his love for the New Orleans piano-oriented rhythm and blues of Fats Domino and Professor Longhair to the pop music tradition of George Gershwin, Newman released Sail Away (1972) and Good Old Boys

Isabelle Huppert: Academy Award nomination and later films: …crime comedy La daronne (2020; Mama Weed), she played a police translator who becomes a drug dealer.

Mbongeni Ngema: …1994 prompted Ngema to write Mama! The Musical of Freedom, in the following year. Based on Ngema’s experiences with Committed Artists, a theatre troupe he founded in Johannesburg in 1983, Mama!—through its joyous songs and exuberant dance—tells the story of the youngsters who joined the troupe. The determined title character…

The Carol Burnett Show: …into a network sitcom called Mama’s Family (1983–90), starring Lawrence. Burnett decided to end the show in 1978 to move on to other projects, although it remained in syndicated reruns for many years. The show was briefly revived on the National Broadcasting Co. (NBC) in 1979 as Carol Burnett &…

Erykah Badu: …second album of original material, Mama’s Gun (2000), sold well on the strength of singles such as “Bag Lady,” and she followed with Worldwide Underground (2003), a collection that was marketed as an EP (extended play) in spite of its 50-minute length.

La MaMa, nonprofit institution founded in New York City in 1961 that is a leader in avant-garde and Off-Off-Broadway theatre and the presentation of work by international theatre groups. It provides residence, rehearsal space, theatres, office space, and an archive of Off-Off-Broadway theatre. La

pre-Columbian civilizations: Inca gods: Mama Quilla (Mama-Kilya), wife of the sun god, was the Moon Mother, and the regulator of women’s menstrual cycles. The waxing and waning of the moon was used to calculate monthly cycles, from which the time periods for Inca festivals were set. Silver was considered…

Dmitry Donskoy: Subsequently, Mamai, the Mongol general who was the effective ruler of the western portion of the Golden Horde, formed a military alliance with neighbouring rulers for the purpose of subduing the Russians. Confronting the Mongols on the Don River, however, in the bloody battle on Kulikovo…

India: Southern India: Mahendravarman’s successor, Narasimhavarman I (reigned c. 630–668), also called Mahamall or Mamalla, avenged the Pallava defeat by capturing Vatapi. He sent two naval expeditions from Mahabalipuram to Sri Lanka to assist the king Manavamma in regaining his throne. Pallava naval interests laid the foundation for extensive reliance…

Mamallapuram, historic town, northeast Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It lies along the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal 37 miles (60 km) south of Chennai (Madras). The town’s religious centre was founded by a 7th-century-ce Hindu Pallava king—Narasimhavarman, also known as Mamalla—for

Solomon Islands: Independence: Solomon Mamaloni, another pre-independence leader, served as prime minister several times in the 1980s and ’90s; resigning from his final term in August 1997 amid allegations of corruption, he was replaced by Bartholomew Ulufa’alu.

Louise Bourgeois: …a monumental steel-and-marble spider (Maman, 1999) from which six monumental bronze versions were cast in 2003; the bronzes traveled to several sites throughout the world. A documentary, Louise Bourgeois: The Spider, The Mistress, and the Tangerine, was released in 2008. In 2016 her house and studio and an adjacent…

Powhatan: …his title as emperor was mamanatowick, and his territory was known as Tsenacommacah. Each tribe within the Powhatan empire had its own chief, or weroance, and Powhatan ruled as the chief of these chiefs.

Bambara states: Mamari Kulibali, known as “the Commander” (reigned c. 1712–55), is regarded as the true founder of Segu; he extended his empire to what is now Bamako in the southwest and to Djénné and Timbuktu in the northeast by forming a professional army and navy and…

Mamaroneck, village, Westchester county, New York, U.S. It is located on Long Island Sound, just northeast of New Rochelle, astride the border separating the towns (townships) of Mamaroneck and Rye. Although considered part of the Dutch West India Company lands, the site was sold in 1661 by

the Mamas and the Papas, American vocal quartet whose intricate harmonies brought them to the forefront of the folk-rock movement of the 1960s. The original members were John Phillips (b. August 30, 1935, Parris Island, South Carolina, U.S.—d. March 18, 2001, Los Angeles, California), Michelle

Dmitry Donskoy: Subsequently, Mamai, the Mongol general who was the effective ruler of the western portion of the Golden Horde, formed a military alliance with neighbouring rulers for the purpose of subduing the Russians. Confronting the Mongols on the Don River, however, in the bloody battle on Kulikovo…

Battle of Stalingrad: …of the Stalingrad Battle,” on Mamayev Hill, a key high ground in the battle that dominates the city’s landscape today. The memorial was finished in 1967; its focal point is The Motherland Calls, a great 52-metre- (172-foot-) high statue of a winged female figure holding a sword aloft. The tip…

mamba, (genus Dendroaspis), any of four species of large, arboreal, venomous snakes that live throughout sub-Saharan Africa in tropical rainforests and savannas. Mambas are slender, agile, and quick and are active during the day. They have smooth scales, flat-sided (coffin-shaped) heads, long front

Ethel Waters: …of DuBose and Dorothy Heyward’s Mamba’s Daughters. A year later she spent a season on Broadway in the hit musical Cabin in the Sky, and she also appeared in the 1943 film version. Probably her greatest dramatic success was in the stage version of Carson McCullers’s The Member of the…

Mamberamo River, river in northwestern New Guinea, in the Indonesian province of Papua. Formed by the confluence of the Taritatu (Idenburg) and Tariku (Rouffaer) rivers, which converge in a large wild sago swamp, it flows generally northwest and empties into the Pacific Ocean near Cape Narwaku

ballroom dance: swing dancing, the mambo, the twist, and disco dancing—have also visited the ballroom repertoire at various points in the tradition’s history. Owing to the social and stylistic breadth of the ballroom tradition, the term ballroom dance has often been loosely applied to all sorts of social and popular…

Robert Rossen: After the blacklist: …1954 he made the melodrama Mambo, which was shot in Venice and starred Shelley Winters, Vittorio Gassman, and Silvana Mangano. Alexander the Great (1956), with a blond Richard Burton, was a handsomely mounted account of Alexander’s remarkable conquests, but Island in the Sun (1957) marked the first time in

Oscar Hijuelos: …1990 for his second novel, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1989; filmed as The Mambo Kings, 1992). Our House in the Last World concerns members of the immigrant Santinio family, who try to integrate into their Cuban identity and values the rhythms and culture of life in New…

Oscar Hijuelos: …1990 for his second novel, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1989; filmed as The Mambo Kings, 1992). Our House in the Last World concerns members of the immigrant Santinio family, who try to integrate into their Cuban identity and values the rhythms and culture of life in New…

Antonio Banderas: Hollywood success: Philadelphia and Interview with the Vampire: …appeared in the cult favorite The Mambo Kings, playing a young Cuban musician living in New York City. Although he spoke almost no English, Banderas was able to learn his lines phonetically and later took intensive English courses, which helped him land the role of Tom Hanks’s lover in the…

fuzzy logic: Fuzzy control: E.H. Mamdani, while a lecturer at Queen Mary College, London, working in the design of learning systems, is credited with implementing the first fuzzy logic controller in the early 1970s. Mamdani and his student Seto Assilian wrote down 24 heuristic rules for controlling the operation…

Angela Lansbury: …of the Jerry Herman musical Mame (1966), for which she won her first Tony Award.

Maya: …[Sacapultec], and Sipacapa [Sipacapeño]); the Mamean peoples of the western Guatemalan highlands (Mam, Teco [Tektiteko], Awakateko, and Ixil); the Q’anjobalan peoples of Huehuetenango and adjacent parts of Mexico (Motocintlec [Mocho’], Tuzantec, Jakalteko, Akateko, Tojolabal, and Chuj); the Tzotzil and Tzeltal peoples of

Goffredo Mameli was an Italian poet and patriot of the Risorgimento and author of the Italian national anthem, “Inno di Mameli” (“Mameli Hymn”), popularly known as “Fratelli d’Italia” (“Brothers of Italy”). Giuseppe Mazzini, the republican leader, was a friend of Mameli’s mother and inspired Mameli

opera: Later opera in France: The comic opera, Les Mamelles de Tirésias (1947; “The Breasts of Tiresias”), is a surreal opéra bouffe, the sardonic music of which is humorously appropriate to the text by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire. The monodrama, La Voix humaine (1959; “The Human Voice,” text by Jean Cocteau), has…

mameluco, (from mamaruca, Indian for “half-breed”), in colonial Brazil, especially in the São Paulo district, a person of mixed Indian and white ancestry. The reputation of mamelucos for cruelty toward Indians, supposedly reminiscent of the Mamlūks, a Muslim military caste of Southwest Asia and

Mamluk, slave soldier, a member of one of the armies of slaves established during the Abbasid era that later won political control of several Muslim states. Under the Ayyubid sultanate, Mamluk generals used their power to establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517. The name is

Mamluk: The Mamluk dynasty: …in the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty, which ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517 and whose descendants survived in Egypt as an important political force during the Ottoman occupation (1517–1798). The Kurdish general Saladin, who gained control of Egypt in 1169, followed what by then constituted a tradition…

Mamertini: Their name was derived from Mamers, Oscan for Mars, the war god. Originally hired by Syracuse, in Sicily, they deserted, seized the Greek colony of Messana (modern Messina) about 288, and plundered the surrounding territory. When Hieron II of Syracuse defeated them near the Longanus River and blockaded Messana about…