The Man Who Was Thursday, allegorical novel by G.K. Chesterton, published in 1908. It relates the experiences of Gabriel Syme, a poet turned detective, who is hired by a shrouded, nameless person to infiltrate a group of anarchists, each named for a day of the week and all determined to destroy the

The Man Who Was Thursday, allegorical novel by G.K. Chesterton, published in 1908. It relates the experiences of Gabriel Syme, a poet turned detective, who is hired by a shrouded, nameless person to infiltrate a group of anarchists, each named for a day of the week and all determined to destroy the

Coen brothers: The Man Who Wasn’t There (2001) won rave reviews for its pitch-perfect film noir style.

Michael Caine: …popular films as John Huston’s The Man Who Would Be King (1975) and John Sturges’s The Eagle Has Landed (1976). He continued his prodigious output during the 1980s, appearing in some two dozen films during the decade. Though many of these films were dismal failures, Caine’s reputation did not suffer,…

The Man Who Would Be King, short story by Rudyard Kipling, first published in The Phantom Rickshaw, and Other Tales in 1888. The piece, which is narrated by a British journalist in India, is about a pair of comic adventurers who briefly establish themselves as godlike leaders of a native tribe in

Georges Braque: Cubism: Braque’s Man with a Guitar is an example: the colours are brown, gray, and green, the pictorial space is almost flat, viewpoints and light sources are multiplied, contours are broken, volumes are often transparent, and facets are turned into apparently illogical simultaneous views. While many of…

Western sculpture: Avant-garde sculpture (1909–20): …in this fashion, he produced Man with a Guitar, and “Standing Figure” (1915), in which voids are introduced, while in the early 1920s he developed freer forms more consistently based on curves.

History of film: The Soviet Union: …is Chelovek s kinoapparatom (Man with a Movie Camera, 1929), a feature-length portrait of Moscow from dawn to dusk. The film plays upon the “city symphony” genre inaugurated by Walter Ruttmann’s Berlin, the Symphony of a Great City (1927), but Vertov repeatedly draws attention to the filmmaking process to…

Andrea Solari: …in a fine portrait, “Man with a Pink [Carnation]” (c. 1492; National Gallery, London), which displays Antonello’s sculptural conception of form. Solari’s earliest dated work is a “Madonna and Child with SS. Joseph and Jerome” (Brera, Milan), with a fine landscape background, executed for the Church of San Pietro…

Carrie Fisher: The Blues Brothers (1980), The Man with One Red Shoe (1985), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), and When Harry Met Sally… (1989).

The Man with the Golden Arm, novel by Nelson Algren, published in 1949. It won a National Book Award in 1950. Set on Chicago’s West Side, the novel evokes the gritty street life of petty criminals and hustlers. Hero Frankie Machine is a shrewd poker dealer whose “golden arm” shakes as he relies on

The Man with the Golden Arm, American film drama, released in 1955, that broke new ground with its realistic look at the life of a heroin addict. The film was based on the novel of the same name by Nelson Algren and starred Frank Sinatra as Frankie Machine, a struggling addict who gets clean while

Christopher Lee: …and the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), in which he starred as Bond’s nemesis Scaramanga. Appearances in a steady series of unremarkable films were punctuated by a well-received turn as Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, in Jinnah (1998).

Edwin Markham: …San Francisco Examiner of “The Man with the Hoe.” Inspired by Jean-François Millet’s painting, Markham made the French peasant the symbol of the exploited classes throughout the world. Its success enabled Markham to devote himself to writing and lecturing—in which he concerned himself with social and industrial, as well as…

Miles Davis: Legacy: …returned to public notice with The Man with the Horn (1981), critics felt that Davis’s erratic playing showed the effects of his five-year layoff, but he steadily regained his powers during the next few years. He dabbled in a variety of musical styles throughout the 1980s, concentrating mostly on jazz-rock…

Dave Bautista: Acting: He subsequently appeared in The Man with the Iron Fists (2012) and in Riddick (2013) alongside Vin Diesel.

Carl Reiner: Film directing: Reiner then made The Man with Two Brains (1983), a sci-fi comedy that he also wrote with Martin and Gipe. Martin played a neurosurgeon attending a convention in Vienna. His faithless wife (Kathleen Turner in arguably her best comic performance) becomes insanely jealous when he falls in love…

Archie Mayo: Films of the 1930s: The Man with Two Faces (1934) was a melodrama adapted from a play by George S. Kaufman and Alexander Woollcott, with Edward G. Robinson as a famous actor who is suspected of murdering the overbearing husband (Louis Calhern) of his sister (Mary Astor). After Desirable…

Graham Greene: …success of his first novel, The Man Within (1929; adapted as the film The Smugglers, 1947), he quit The Times and worked as a film critic and literary editor for The Spectator until 1940. He then traveled widely for much of the next three decades as a freelance journalist, searching…

Edward Everett Hale: …for his short story “The Man Without a Country.”

Kurt Vonnegut: Plays, later short stories, and nonfiction: In 2005 he published A Man Without a Country: A Memoir of Life in George W. Bush’s America, a collection of essays and speeches inspired in part by contemporary politics.

Mel Gibson: …made his directorial debut with The Man Without a Face, in which he also starred. Gibson next directed the epic Braveheart (1995), in which he portrayed the Scottish national hero Sir William Wallace. The film won five Academy Awards, including best picture and best director.

King Vidor: Later films: …(although enjoyable) Kirk Douglas western Man Without a Star (1955).

Erik Lindegren: …poetry, Mannen utan väg (1942; The Man Without a Way), marked the beginning of the poetry of the ’40s. Using unconventional imagery and syntax, the poetry in this volume can best be understood in terms of its visions of the stupidities and horrors of the contemporary human scene. Lindegren’s two…

The Man Without Qualities, unfinished novel by Austrian writer Robert Musil, published as Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften in three installments in 1930, 1933, and 1943. Musil’s sprawling masterpiece was his life’s work. On the surface a witty, urbane portrait of life in the last days of the

The Silent Cry, novel by Ōe Kenzaburō, published in Japanese in 1967 as Man’en gannen no futtōbōru (literally, “Football in the First Year of Man’en”) and awarded the Tanizaki Prize. The Silent Cry is a nonlinear and difficult work whose subject matter bears little relationship to the events

Italian literature: Other writings: A Man’s Blessing]). After a Neorealistic phase, Giuseppe Berto plunged into the world of psychological introspection (Il male oscuro [1964; “The Dark Sickness”] and La cosa buffa [1966; “The Funny Thing”; Eng. trans. Antonio in Love]). Natalia Ginzburg’s territory is the family, whether she reminisces…

Frank Borzage: Freelancing after Fox: Man’s Castle (1933) is a colorful romance, starring Tracy as a hard-boiled resident of New York’s “Hoover Flats” shantytown who takes in a homeless woman (Loretta Young); when she becomes pregnant, he decides to rob for her and their unborn child.

André Malraux: Life: …in 1930, and the masterpiece La Condition humaine in 1933 (awarded the Prix Goncourt) established his reputation as a leading French novelist and a charismatic, politically committed intellectual. Though he captivated Paris with his exceptional intelligence, lyrical prose, astonishing memory, and breadth of knowledge, it was not generally appreciated that…

Howard Hawks: Final films: In the comedy Man’s Favorite Sport? (1964), Rock Hudson played a role in the Grant vein of an expert department-store fly caster who is sent by his boss to enter a fishing competition—a sport he knows nothing about. Red Line 7000 (1965) was Hawks’s disappointing return to the…

André Malraux: Life: His novel L’Espoir (Man’s Hope), based on his experiences in Spain, was published in 1937. A motion-picture version of L’Espoir that Malraux produced and directed in Barcelona in 1938 was not shown in France until after the country’s liberation at the end of World War II.

Richard Overton: In Man’s Mortality (1643), he argued that the soul as well as the body dies and must be resurrected. His tracts of 1645–46, published under the pseudonym Martin Marpriest, castigated the Presbyterians and the Westminster Assembly of Divines for their intolerance. In a series of 40…

Xunzi: …to the often-quoted essay “Man’s Nature Is Evil.” Because Mencius believed that human beings were innately disposed toward moral behaviour, Xunzi was perceived, as the author of this essay, to be attacking his illustrious predecessor. The truth is that Xunzi remained Confucian in his firm rejection of the amoral…

Max Scheler: …des Menschen im Kosmos (1928; Man’s Place in Nature) is a sketch for these projected major works. It offers a grandiose vision of a gradual, self-becoming unification of man, Deity, and world. This converging process has two polarities: mind or spirit on the one hand, and impulsion on the other.…

Annie Ernaux: A Man’s Place and A Woman’s Story: …separate volumes, La Place (1983; A Man’s Place) and Une Femme (1987; A Woman’s Story). The former delves into the life of an early 20th-century working-class man with minimal education. It received great acclaim, earning her the Prix Renaudot, the French literary prize for an outstanding original novel, as well…

Japanese art: Calligraphy and painting: …of Chinese characters, known as man’yōgana, were employed to represent Japanese phonetic sounds, and two even more abbreviated phonetic writing systems, hiragana and katakana, were known in nascent form. The former was highly stylized and cursive, while the latter was somewhat more severe and rectilinear in form. Use of hiragana…

Man’yō-shū, (Japanese: “Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves”), oldest (c. 759) and greatest of the imperial anthologies of Japanese poetry. Among the 4,500 poems are some from the 7th century and perhaps earlier. It was celebrated through the centuries for its “man’yō” spirit, a simple freshness and

hiragana: One such adaptation was man’yōgana, a phonetic syllabary that came into use in the 8th century. This system used Chinese characters whose Chinese pronunciation sounded similar to Japanese syllables, rather than using the ideas that the characters represented. In the 9th century man’yōgana was simplified, giving rise to the…

Man’yō-shū, (Japanese: “Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves”), oldest (c. 759) and greatest of the imperial anthologies of Japanese poetry. Among the 4,500 poems are some from the 7th century and perhaps earlier. It was celebrated through the centuries for its “man’yō” spirit, a simple freshness and

Isle of Man: …southwest lies an islet, the Calf of Man, with precipitous cliffs, which is administered by the Manx National Heritage as a bird sanctuary.

St. Augustine: The City of God: …God over and against the City of Man. Rome was dethroned—and the sack of the city shown to be of no spiritual importance—in favour of the heavenly Jerusalem, the true home and source of citizenship for all Christians. The City of Man was doomed to disarray, and wise men would,…

Martin Heidegger: Being and Time: …the notion of the anonymous das Man—“the They.” Conversely, the possibility of authentic Being-in-the-world seemed to portend the emergence of a new spiritual aristocracy. Such individuals would be capable of heeding the “call of conscience” to fulfill their potential for Being-a-self.

Fall of Man, in Christian doctrine, the descent of humanity from a state of innocence lived in the presence of God to a sinful world of misery and death. After disobeying God and eating the forbidden fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of

history of photography: Photojournalism: Felix H. Man, encouraged by Stefan Lorant, editor of the Münchner Illustrierte, made sequences of photographs at interviews and cultural and social events, which Lorant then laid out in imaginative picture essays.

Belgium: The interwar period: …ideas of the socialist theorist Hendrik de Man. At the same time, there emerged two Belgian parties: a strictly Flemish party that enjoyed little success and the broader-based Rexists under the leadership of Léon Degrelle. The latter party won 21 seats, more than 10 percent of the chamber, in the…

Isle of Man, one of the British Isles, located in the Irish Sea off the northwest coast of England. The island lies roughly equidistant between England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom but rather is a crown possession (since 1828) that is

Musée de l’Homme, in Paris, museum and library of ethnography and anthropology. It was founded in 1878 and is supported by the state. The institution is attached to the National Museum of Natural History and has a professional staff that engages in postgraduate instruction and supervision of

Paul de Man was a Belgian-born literary critic and theorist, along with Jacques Derrida one of the two major proponents of deconstruction, a controversial form of philosophical and literary analysis that was influential within many academic disciplines in the 1970s and ’80s. De Man was born into a

philosophical anthropology, discipline within philosophy that seeks to unify the several empirical investigations of human nature in an effort to understand individuals as both creatures of their environment and creators of their own values. In the 18th century, “anthropology” was the branch of

Isaac ben Solomon Luria: …and Adam Qadmon, the symbolic “primordial man,” who is the highest configuration of the divine light, is rebuilt. Man plays an important role in this process through various kawwanot used during prayer and through mystical intentions involving secret combinations of words, all of which is directed toward the restoration of…

Kingdom of God: …endowed, intermediary (the Messiah or Son of Man), whose functions would include a judgment to decide who was worthy to “inherit the Kingdom,” an expression which emphasizes that the Kingdom was thought of as a divine gift, not a human achievement.

political science: Systems analysis: In Man, the State, and War (1959), the American international relations theorist Kenneth Waltz applied systems theory to the study of international conflict to develop a view known as structural realism. Waltz argued that the underlying cause of war is an anarchic international system in which…

comparative psychology: One, termed for convenience the man-brute view, stresses differences often to the point of denying similarities altogether and derives from the traditional religious accounts of the separate creations of humans and animals; the other, the evolutionary view, stresses both similarities and differences. Aristotle formalized the man-brute view, attributing a rational…

Manzhouli, city in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China. It is situated on the border opposite the Russian town of Zabaykalsk and lies 100 miles (160 km) west of Hailar and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Lake Hulun. Manzhouli was long a small Mongolian settlement in the Hulun Buir League. It

Manchukuo, puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (northeastern China). After the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan gained control of the Russian-built South Manchurian Railway, and its army established a presence in the region; expansion there was

Nile crocodile: Attacks on people: …per year; however, because many attacks occur in rural areas and may go unreported, the true figure may be higher. Most attacks on people occur near the water’s edge, where people wash their clothes, board and exit fishing boats, or walk along the shore. Children are considered at greatest risk…

white shark, (Carcharodon carcharias), any member of the largest living species of the mackerel sharks (Lamnidae) and one of the most powerful and dangerous predatory sharks in the world. Starring as the villain of movies such as Jaws (1975), the white shark is much maligned and publicly feared.

Giovanni Papini: …novel Un uomo finito (1912; A Man—Finished; U.S. title, The Failure), a candid account of his early years in Florence and his desires for ideological certainty and personal achievement.

basketball: Principles of play: …major strategies is known as man-to-man. In this system each player guards a specific opponent, except when “switching” with a teammate when that teammate is screened or in order to guard another player in a more threatening scoring position. Another major strategy is the zone, or five-man, defense. In this…

Lake of the Ozarks: One of the largest artificial lakes in the United States, it is impounded by Bagnell Dam, built (1929–31) across the Osage River to provide hydroelectric power for the St. Louis area. Covering an area of 93 square miles (241 square km), the lake is approximately 90 miles (145 km)…

Charlotte Perkins Gilman: …included What Diantha Did (1910); The Man-Made World (1911), in which she distinguished the characteristic virtues and vices of men and women and attributed the ills of the world to the dominance of men; The Crux (1911); Moving the Mountain (1911); His Religion and Hers (1923); and The Living of…

frigate bird, any member of five species of large seabirds constituting the family Fregatidae (order Pelecaniformes or Suliformes). Frigate birds are about the size of a chicken and have extremely long, slender wings, the span of which may reach to about 2.3 metres (nearly 8 feet), and a long,

warship, the chief instrument by which military power is projected onto the seas. Warships protect the movement over water of military forces to coastal areas where they may be landed and used against enemy forces; warships protect merchant shipping against enemy attack; they prevent the enemy from

man-of-war fish, (species Nomeus gronovii), small marine fish of the family Nomeidae (order Perciformes; sometimes placed in family Stromateidae), noted for living unharmed among the stinging tentacles of the Portuguese man-of-war jellyfish (Physalia). The man-of-war fish is usually found in the

basketball: Principles of play: …major strategies is known as man-to-man. In this system each player guards a specific opponent, except when “switching” with a teammate when that teammate is screened or in order to guard another player in a more threatening scoring position. Another major strategy is the zone, or five-man, defense. In this…

Kublai Khan: Social and administrative policy: …or northern Chinese, and the nanren, or southern Chinese—the latter group also referred to pejoratively as manzi (“barbarians”)—who lived in what had been Nan Song China. The expenses of state and the support of the privileged bore heavily on those two classes. Kublai’s continuing wars produced a heavy and useless…

Mana, town, northwestern French Guiana, on the south bank of the Mana River, near its mouth on the Atlantic coast. It originated in 1830 around an orphanage founded by a French nun and, after 1848, also served as a refuge for runaway and newly emancipated slaves. The site of a large leprosarium,

Mannai, ancient country in northwestern Iran, south of Lake Urmia. During the period of its existence in the early 1st millennium bc, Mannai was surrounded by three major powers: Assyria, Urartu, and Media. The Mannaeans are first recorded in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (reigned

mana, among Melanesian and Polynesian peoples, a supernatural force or power that may be ascribed to persons, spirits, or inanimate objects. Mana may be either good or evil, beneficial or dangerous. The term was first used in the 19th century in the West during debates concerning the origin of

Kariba: …to several national parks, including Mana Pools National Park, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984. The town has an international airport. Pop. (2002) 22,726; (2012) 26,112.

Manabe Syukuro is a meteorologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2021 for the foundational progress he and German oceanographer Klaus Hasselmann made in modeling Earth’s climate, quantifying variability, and predicting global warming. Manabe and Hasselmann shared the prize with

manakin: Males of the genus Manacus perform near one another, each in a cleared area of forest floor with one or two saplings serving as perches for their acrobatics. Females may join in before mating. In some species, males cooperate in complex dances at their lek sites. Two or more…

Manado, city, capital of Sulawesi Utara (North Celebes) provinsi (province), Indonesia, located near the tip of the north-northeastern arm of Celebes island on an inlet of the Celebes Sea. Manado lies at the foot of Mount Klabat (6,634 feet [2,022 metres]), about 600 miles (970 km) northeast of

Robert Mueller: Later work and Russia investigation: In October Paul Manafort, Trump’s former campaign manager, was indicted on various charges, including money laundering and conspiracy against the United States. Two months later Michael Flynn, who had briefly served as Trump’s national security adviser, pleaded guilty to making false statements to the FBI about his…

managed care, type of health insurance and system of delivering health care services that is intended to minimize costs. Managed care is specific to health care in the United States. The origins of managed care in the United States can be traced to the late 19th century, when a small number of

marketing: Corporate chains: Managed chain stores have a number of advantages over independently managed stores. Because managed chains buy large volumes of products, suppliers are willing to offer cost advantages that are not usually available to other stores. These savings can be passed on to consumers in the…

Franklin D. Roosevelt: Foreign policy of Franklin D. Roosevelt: …he refused to support international currency stabilization at the London Economic Conference in 1933, by 1936 he had stabilized the dollar and concluded stabilization agreements with Great Britain and France. Roosevelt extended American recognition to the government of the Soviet Union, launched the Good Neighbor Policy to improve U.S. relations…

International Monetary Fund: Stabilizing currency exchange rates: …the international currency markets; a managed float, in which a country’s monetary officials will occasionally intervene in international currency markets to buy or sell its currency to influence short-term exchange rates; a pegged exchange arrangement, in which a country’s monetary officials pledge to tie their currency’s exchange rate to another…

managed care, type of health insurance and system of delivering health care services that is intended to minimize costs. Managed care is specific to health care in the United States. The origins of managed care in the United States can be traced to the late 19th century, when a small number of

business organization: Types of business associations: …essential feature, a system of management, varies greatly. In a simple form of business association the members who provide the assets are entitled to participate in the management unless otherwise agreed. In the more complex form of association, such as the company or corporation of the Anglo-American common-law countries, members…

accounting: Managerial accounting: Although published financial statements are the most widely visible products of business accounting systems and the ones with which the public is most concerned, they represent only a small portion of all the accounting activities that support an organization. Most accounting data and…

Elton Mayo: Dickson summarized the results in Management and the Worker (1939). Parts of this study—those concerning the collection of data, labour-management relations, and informal interaction among factory employees—continued to be influential. Mayo also advocated a personnel-counseling program that would address the particular needs of industrial workers unable to derive satisfaction from…

governance: The new public management: For example, management by objectives (MBO) emphasizes clearly defined objectives for individual managers, whereas management by results (MBR) emphasizes the use of past results as indicators of future ones, and total quality management (TQM) emphasizes awareness of quality in all organizational processes. Performance measures are concrete attempts…

governance: The new public management: …objectives for individual managers, whereas management by results (MBR) emphasizes the use of past results as indicators of future ones, and total quality management (TQM) emphasizes awareness of quality in all organizational processes. Performance measures are concrete attempts to assure effective management by auditing inputs and outputs and relating them…

electronic management game, electronic game genre in which players run a business or an enterprise. Unlike most electronic games, management games did not get their start in the arcades. With its characteristic requirement for slow meticulous planning, the genre first appeared for early home

computer science: Development of computer science: Management information systems, originally called data processing systems, provided early ideas from which various computer science concepts such as sorting, searching, databases, information retrieval, and graphical user interfaces evolved. Large corporations housed computers that stored information that was central to the activities of running a…

information system: Management reporting systems: Information systems support all levels of management, from those in charge of short-term schedules and budgets for small work groups to those concerned with long-term plans and budgets for the entire organization. Management reporting systems provide routine, detailed, and voluminous information reports…

management science, any application of science to the study of management. Originally a synonym for operations research, the term management science (often used in the plural) now designates a distinct field. Whereas operations research affords analytical data, statistics, and methods to increase

baseball: The batting order: …the start of each game, managers from both teams submit a batting order to the umpire. The order lists the name and defensive position of each player in the game and the order in which they will hit. The order may not be changed during the course of the game.…

accounting: Managerial accounting: Although published financial statements are the most widely visible products of business accounting systems and the ones with which the public is most concerned, they represent only a small portion of all the accounting activities that support an organization. Most accounting data and…

managerial economics, application of economic principles to decision-making in business firms or of other management units. The basic concepts are derived mainly from microeconomic theory, which studies the behaviour of individual consumers, firms, and industries, but new tools of analysis have

business organization: Management and control of companies: …it is common for a managing director (directeur général, direttore generale) to be appointed, often with one or more assistant managing directors, and for the board of directors to authorize them to enter into all transactions needed for carrying on the company’s business, subject only to the general supervision of…

The cost of sending a child to college has nearly doubled in the last 10 years. What’s a parent to do? Before you sell the family silver, consider investing in a qualified tuition plan, also known as a 529 plan. A 529 plan allows the owner (usually a parent) to contribute money to a tax-advantaged

Managua, city, capital of Nicaragua, lying amid small crater lakes on the southern shore of Lake Managua. The city is only 163 feet (50 metres) above sea level and is one of Central America’s warmest capitals. Throughout the Spanish colonial period, Managua was recognized only as an Indian town,

Lake Managua, lake in western Nicaragua, in a rift valley at an elevation of 128 feet (39 meters) above sea level. The lake, 65 feet (20 meters) in depth, is 36 miles (58 km) from east to west and 16 miles (25 km) from north to south; its area is 400 square miles (1,035 square km). Also known by

international trade: The Central American Common Market: …December 13, 1960, of the Treaty of Managua. Its aims were similar to those of the EEC, namely, the establishment of a common market within five years and the organization of integrated industrial development. Most barriers on the region’s internal trade were then removed or reduced.

Menahem was a king of Israel whose 10-year reign was distinguished for its cruelty. Events of his rule are related in II Kings 15:14–22. In about 746 bc, Shallum ben Jabesh assassinated Zechariah, king of Israel (the northern kingdom of the Jews, as distinguished from the southern kingdom, Judah),

Manakara, town, southeastern Madagascar. It is situated along the Indian Ocean and the Pangalanes Canal. An old fishing village, it became a thriving Indian Ocean port after a railway was constructed connecting it to Fianarantsoa (75 miles [120 km] northwest). Now it handles the coastal trade of

manakin, (subfamily Piprinae), common name given to about 60 species of small, stubby, generally short-tailed birds abundant in American tropical forests. Manakins are short-billed birds that range in size from 8.5 to 16 cm (3.5 to 6.5 inches) long and weigh a mere 10–40 grams (0.35–1.4 ounces).

Manala, in Finnish mythology, the realm of the dead. The word is possibly derived from the compound maan-ala, “the space (or area) under the earth.” It is also called Tuonela, the realm of Tuoni, and Pohjola, derived from the word pohja, meaning “bottom” and also “north.” The Finnish underworld and