Daniel Mann was an American director who was best known for his film adaptations of plays, several of which he also staged on Broadway. After attending New York’s Professional Children’s School, Mann studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre. He later directed theatre productions,

Delbert Mann was an American film and television director who applied the low-budget intimacy of television to the big screen, notably in the film adaptations of such teleplays as Marty (1955) and The Bachelor Party (1957). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Mann

Delbert Mann was an American film and television director who applied the low-budget intimacy of television to the big screen, notably in the film adaptations of such teleplays as Marty (1955) and The Bachelor Party (1957). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Mann

Matthias Georg Monn was an Austrian composer and organist whose compositions mark a transition from the Baroque to the Classical period in music. Monn changed his original name to avoid confusion with his younger brother Johann Christoph Monn (1726–82), who was a pianist and composer. Little is

Harriet Mann Miller was an American children’s author whose writing tended to either heartrending fiction about desolate children or lively, factual nature pieces. Harriet Mann grew up in various towns as her itinerant father drifted from place to place, and her schooling was consequently

Heinrich Mann was a German novelist and essayist, a socially committed writer whose best-known works are attacks on the authoritarian social structure of German society under Emperor William II. Mann, the elder brother of the novelist Thomas Mann, entered publishing, but, after the death (1891) of

Horace Mann was an American educator, the first great American advocate of public education who believed that, in a democratic society, education should be free and universal, nonsectarian, democratic in method, and reliant on well-trained professional teachers. Mann grew up in an environment ruled

Isle of Man, one of the British Isles, located in the Irish Sea off the northwest coast of England. The island lies roughly equidistant between England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom but rather is a crown possession (since 1828) that is

shot put: 44 meters (31 feet) by J.M. Mann of the United States in 1876. It had long been conventional to start from a position facing at a right angle to the direction of the put. In the 1950s, however, American Parry O’Brien developed a style of beginning from a position facing…

Matthias Georg Monn was an Austrian composer and organist whose compositions mark a transition from the Baroque to the Classical period in music. Monn changed his original name to avoid confusion with his younger brother Johann Christoph Monn (1726–82), who was a pianist and composer. Little is

Matthias Georg Monn was an Austrian composer and organist whose compositions mark a transition from the Baroque to the Classical period in music. Monn changed his original name to avoid confusion with his younger brother Johann Christoph Monn (1726–82), who was a pianist and composer. Little is

Hiroshi Nakajima: …significant criticism in 1990 after Jonathan Mann, head of the WHO Global Programme on AIDS (GPA), resigned. Mann, widely credited with galvanizing a worldwide effort to combat the then-incipient AIDS pandemic, cited conflicts with Nakajima as the cause of his resignation. In particular, Mann disagreed with Nakajima’s decision to reallocate…

Matthias Georg Monn was an Austrian composer and organist whose compositions mark a transition from the Baroque to the Classical period in music. Monn changed his original name to avoid confusion with his younger brother Johann Christoph Monn (1726–82), who was a pianist and composer. Little is

Michael Mann is an American director and screenwriter working in film and television. He has specialized in crime dramas and is known for work that showcases an elegantly stylized realism. Mann grew up in Chicago and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in English from the University of Wisconsin at

class consciousness: …a seminal redefinition, the sociologist Michael Mann examined different dimensions of class consciousness: class belonging and identity, class antagonism, class totality (the idea that social classes encompass the entirety of society), and the vision of a classless society. Those dimensions not only are formal subcategories but correspond to experiences that…

Michael Mann is an American director and screenwriter working in film and television. He has specialized in crime dramas and is known for work that showcases an elegantly stylized realism. Mann grew up in Chicago and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in English from the University of Wisconsin at

Nicole Aunapu Mann is an American astronaut who was the first Indigenous woman to go into space. Mann is a member of the Wailacki tribe of the Round Valley Indian Tribes of northern California. Mann was the commander of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-5 mission, which traveled to the International Space Station

Sally Mann is an American photographer whose powerful images of childhood, sexuality, and death are often deemed controversial. Mann was introduced to photography by her father, Robert Munger, a physician who photographed her nude as a girl. In 1969, as a teenager, she took up photography in

Equatorial Guinea: Independence of Equatorial Guinea: …court sentenced a British mercenary, Simon Mann, to 34 years in prison for his role in the affair, but Obiang pardoned him in November 2009.

Tom Mann was a radical labour leader, founder and member of numerous British labour unions and organizations. Mann joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1881 and in 1885 affiliated himself with the socialist movement. He first gained national prominence as coleader, with John Burns, of the

Thomas Mann was a German novelist and essayist whose early novels—Buddenbrooks (1900), Der Tod in Venedig (1912; Death in Venice), and Der Zauberberg (1924; The Magic Mountain)—earned him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1929. Mann’s father died in 1891, and Mann moved to Munich, a centre of art

Tom Mann was a radical labour leader, founder and member of numerous British labour unions and organizations. Mann joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1881 and in 1885 affiliated himself with the socialist movement. He first gained national prominence as coleader, with John Burns, of the

statistics: Nonparametric methods: …between two populations is the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. This method is based on data from two independent random samples, one from population 1 and another from population 2. There is no matching or pairing as required for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

manna, in biblical literature, one or more of the foods that sustained the Israelites during the 40 years that intervened between their Exodus from Egypt and their arrival in the Promised Land. The word is perhaps derived from the question man hu? (“What is it?”), asked by the Israelites when they

Mannai, ancient country in northwestern Iran, south of Lake Urmia. During the period of its existence in the early 1st millennium bc, Mannai was surrounded by three major powers: Assyria, Urartu, and Media. The Mannaeans are first recorded in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (reigned

manna: Manna is also the common name for certain lichens of the genus Lecanora native to Turkey, especially L. esculenta. In the Middle East lichen bread and manna jelly are made from Lecanora species.

manna, any of a variety of plants and plant products known for their sweet taste. Certain resins produced by the camel’s thorn plant (Alhagi maurorum) are known as manna; it is a spiny-branched shrub less than 1 metre (about 3 feet) tall and is native to Turkey. An edible white honeylike substance

manna: …(Alhagi maurorum) are known as manna; it is a spiny-branched shrub less than 1 metre (about 3 feet) tall and is native to Turkey. An edible white honeylike substance known as manna forms drops on the stem of salt cedars, or French tamarisk trees (Tamarix gallica). A scale insect that…

ash: Major species: The flowering ash (F. ornus) of southern Europe produces creamy white fragrant flowers, has leaves with seven leaflets, and reaches 21 metres (69 feet). The Chinese ash (F. chinensis) yields Chinese white wax.

Midgard, in Norse mythology, the Middle Earth, the abode of mankind, made from the body of the first created being, the giant Aurgelmir (Ymir). According to legend, the gods killed Aurgelmir, rolled his body into the central void of the universe, and began fashioning the Midgard. Aurgelmir’s flesh

Mannai, ancient country in northwestern Iran, south of Lake Urmia. During the period of its existence in the early 1st millennium bc, Mannai was surrounded by three major powers: Assyria, Urartu, and Media. The Mannaeans are first recorded in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (reigned

Mannar Island, dry, barren island that lies at the eastern end of Adam’s Bridge, a chain of shoals off the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Mannar Island has an area of about 50 square miles (130 square km). Fishing is economically important. The small port of Mannar is on the southeastern

Gulf of Mannar, inlet of the Indian Ocean, between southeastern India and western Sri Lanka. It is bounded to the northeast by Rameswaram (island), Adam’s (Rama’s) Bridge (a chain of shoals), and Mannar Island. The gulf is 80–170 miles (130–275 km) wide and 100 miles (160 km) long. It receives

Bruce McCandless: He also helped develop the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), a rocket-propelled backpack that was worn by an astronaut during shuttle space walks.

space exploration: The first human spaceflights: During the 1950s space planners in both the Soviet Union and the United States anticipated the launching of a human being into orbit as soon as the required launch vehicle and spacecraft could be developed and tested. Much of the initial thinking focused…

space exploration: The first human spaceflights: During the 1950s space planners in both the Soviet Union and the United States anticipated the launching of a human being into orbit as soon as the required launch vehicle and spacecraft could be developed and tested. Much of the initial thinking focused…

Houston: History: …Manned Spacecraft Center (renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973), the command post for flights by U.S. astronauts, was opened near Clear Lake, about 25 miles (40 km) southeast of downtown, making Houston a focus of the nation’s space program. Houston experienced an economic boom in the 1970s…

Brussels: City layout: …of this quarter is the Manneken-Pis Fountain (1619), noted for a small bronze statue of a boy urinating and known to the people of Brussels as their oldest “citizen”; the statue is adorned in various costumes throughout the year to mark festivals, holidays, and other events. Other highlights of the…

Stieg Larsson: The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye) and Hon som måste dö (2019; “She Who Must Die”; Eng. trans. The Girl Who Lived Twice).

Erik Lindegren: …poetry, Mannen utan väg (1942; The Man Without a Way), marked the beginning of the poetry of the ’40s. Using unconventional imagery and syntax, the poetry in this volume can best be understood in terms of its visions of the stupidities and horrors of the contemporary human scene. Lindegren’s two…

Frank Borzage: MGM tenure: Mannequin (1937) was more successful; in it a factory worker (Joan Crawford) rises from poverty to the upper reaches of society, thanks to the attentions of a shipping tycoon (Tracy).

dress: Europe, 1500–1800: …new styles were disseminated by mannequin dolls sent out to European capitals and by costume plates drawn by notable artists from Albrecht Dürer to Wenceslaus Hollar.

Twelfth Amendment, amendment (1804) to the Constitution of the United States repealing and revising presidential election procedures. The catalyst for the Twelfth Amendment was the U.S. presidential election of 1800. Under the text of the Constitution, political participation was restricted in

Eeva Liisa Manner was a lyrical poet and dramatist, a central figure in the Finnish modernist movement of the 1950s. Manner’s first publications as a lyrical poet appeared in the 1940s with Mustaa ja punaista (1944; “Black and Red”) and Kuin tuuli tai pilvi (1949; “As Wind or Clouds”), but her

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim: …tenure, Finland constructed the so-called Mannerheim Line of fortifications across the Karelian Isthmus facing Leningrad (now St. Petersburg); this system of defenses was intended to block any potential aggressive moves by the Soviet Union. When Soviet forces attacked Finland in December 1939, he served as commander in chief, and his…

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim was a Finnish military leader and conservative statesman who successfully defended Finland against greatly superior Soviet forces during World War II and served as the country’s president (1944–46). Mannerheim was of Swedish ancestry. He entered the Russian army in 1889 as a

Mannerism, (from maniera, “manner,” or “style”), artistic style that predominated in Italy from the end of the High Renaissance in the 1520s to the beginnings of the Baroque style around 1590. The Mannerist style originated in Florence and Rome and spread to northern Italy and, ultimately, to much

comedy of manners, witty, cerebral form of dramatic comedy that depicts and often satirizes the manners and affectations of a contemporary society. A comedy of manners is concerned with social usage and the question of whether or not characters meet certain social standards. Often the governing

John Manners, marquess of Granby was a British army officer, a popular British hero of the Seven Years’ War (1756–63). The eldest son and heir apparent of the 3rd duke of Rutland, he was styled the marquess of Granby by courtesy. He fought in Scotland in 1746 and in Flanders the next year. He was a

John James Robert Manners, 7th duke of Rutland was a Conservative Party politician of reformist inclinations who was a leading figure in the “Young England” movement of Britain in the 1840s. The younger son of the 5th Duke of Rutland, he enjoyed the courtesy title of Marquess of Granby and was

Leopold Mannes was an American musician and photographic technician known as a co-developer of Kodachrome film (1935). Mannes attended New York City’s Riverdale School, where he met his future partner, Leopold Godowsky, Jr. They enjoyed a mutual interest in music and photography, and together they

Marya Mannes was an American writer and critic, known for her caustic but insightful observations of American life. Mannes was the daughter of Clara Damrosch Mannes and David Mannes, both distinguished musicians. She was educated privately and benefited from the cultural atmosphere of her home and

Vodafone: …by acquiring German industrial conglomerate Mannesmann AG. Founded as Mannesmannroehren-Werke in 1890 by Reinhard Mannesmann (1856–1922), the German company had become a leading manufacturer of steel tubing and by the 1930s emerged as one of the six giant iron and steel works of the Ruhr. Although Mannesmann executives were not…

Vodafone: …as Mannesmannroehren-Werke in 1890 by Reinhard Mannesmann (1856–1922), the German company had become a leading manufacturer of steel tubing and by the 1930s emerged as one of the six giant iron and steel works of the Ruhr. Although Mannesmann executives were not among the German industrialists who promoted the rise…

Vodafone: …by acquiring German industrial conglomerate Mannesmann AG. Founded as Mannesmannroehren-Werke in 1890 by Reinhard Mannesmann (1856–1922), the German company had become a leading manufacturer of steel tubing and by the 1930s emerged as one of the six giant iron and steel works of the Ruhr. Although Mannesmann executives were not…

myth: Folkloric: …folklore approach is that of Wilhelm Mannhardt, a German scholar, who attempted to collect data on the “lower mythology,” which he considered to be more or less homogeneous in ancient and popular peasant traditions and basic to all formation of myth. Mannhardt saw sufficient analogies and similarities between the ancient…

Mannheim, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the right bank of the Rhine River opposite Ludwigshafen, at the mouth of the canalized Neckar River. Mannheim was mentioned as a village as early as 764. In 1606 it was laid out in a grid pattern of 136 rectangular

Mannheim school: …melodic figures (the famous “Mannheim rocket”), were particularly cultivated in the symphonic works of the Mannheim composers. More important historically than these compositional devices was the tendency of these composers (especially Johann Stamitz) to articulate the various components of the symphonic form to a greater degree than had previously…

slide rule: The Mannheim rule, which also brought into general use a cursor, or indicator, was much used in France, and after about 1880 it was imported in large numbers into other countries.

Mannheim school, in music, a group of 18th-century composers who assembled themselves in the city of Mannheim, Ger., under the patronage of Duke Karl Theodor (reigned 1743–99), the elector palatine. They distinguished themselves particularly in their instrumental music, which proved to be of great

slide rule: Amédée Mannheim, an officer of the French artillery, invented in 1859 what may be considered the first of the modern slide rules. This rule had scales on one face only. The Mannheim rule, which also brought into general use a cursor, or indicator, was much…

Karl Mannheim was a sociologist in Germany before the rise of Adolf Hitler and then in the United Kingdom who is remembered for his “sociology of knowledge” and for his work on the problems of leadership and consensus in modern societies. After teaching at the Universities of Heidelberg (1926–30)

mannikin, any of numerous birds of the tribe Amadini of the songbird family Estrildidae. This name is given particularly to certain species of the genus Lonchura. Mannikins are finchlike birds, mostly brownish and often with black throats and fine barring. Large flocks occur in open country from

human resources management: …managerial policies and programs; (3) staffing, or manning—analyzing jobs, developing job descriptions and specifications, appraising and maintaining an inventory of available capabilities, recruiting, selecting, placing, transferring, demoting, promoting, and thus assuring qualified manpower when and where it is needed; (4) training and development—assisting team members in their continuing personal growth,…

New Orleans Saints: …Saints during that time were Archie Manning (father of future NFL quarterbacks Peyton Manning and Eli Manning), who was one of the most popular players in franchise history as quarterback of the team from 1971 to midway through the 1982 season, and Tom Dempsey, who kicked an NFL-record (tied in…

Chelsea Manning is a U.S. Army intelligence analyst who provided the Web site WikiLeaks with hundreds of thousands of classified documents in what was believed to be the largest unauthorized release of state secrets in U.S. history. Manning was a precocious child, demonstrating an aptitude for

Chelsea Manning is a U.S. Army intelligence analyst who provided the Web site WikiLeaks with hundreds of thousands of classified documents in what was believed to be the largest unauthorized release of state secrets in U.S. history. Manning was a precocious child, demonstrating an aptitude for

Los Angeles Clippers: …the Clippers, led by forward Danny Manning, posted a 45–37 record and advanced to the Western Conference playoffs, where they lost in their first-round series. Following a .500 regular season the next year, the team again lost its opening postseason series. The Clippers returned to their losing ways in 1993–94,…

Eli Manning is an American professional gridiron football player who quarterbacked the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) to two Super Bowl championships (2008 and 2012), earning the game’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) award each time. Manning was the youngest of NFL quarterback

Eli Manning is an American professional gridiron football player who quarterbacked the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) to two Super Bowl championships (2008 and 2012), earning the game’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) award each time. Manning was the youngest of NFL quarterback

Henry Edward Manning was a member of the Oxford movement, which sought a return of the Church of England to the High Church ideals of the 17th century. He converted to Roman Catholicism and became archbishop of Westminster. Manning was the son of a banker and member of Parliament. He was associated

James Manning was a U.S. Baptist clergyman who founded Rhode Island College (renamed Brown University in 1804) and served as its first president. Manning, a graduate of Princeton in 1762, was ordained to the Baptist ministry the following year. Baptist authorities, intent on founding a college, put

Marie Manning was an American journalist, best known for her popular advice column that addressed matters of etiquette and personal concern. Manning was educated in New York City and London. Her long-held ambition to become a journalist came to fruition after a chance meeting at a Washington dinner

Olivia Manning was a British journalist and novelist, noted for her ambitious attempt to portray the panorama of modern history in a fictional framework. Manning, the daughter of a naval officer, produced her first novel, The Wind Changes, in 1937. Two years later she married Reginald Donald Smith,

Peyton Manning is an American collegiate and professional football quarterback who is considered one of the greatest players at his position in National Football League (NFL) history. He won Super Bowls as the quarterback of the Indianapolis Colts (2007) and the Denver Broncos (2016). Manning was

Peyton Manning is an American collegiate and professional football quarterback who is considered one of the greatest players at his position in National Football League (NFL) history. He won Super Bowls as the quarterback of the Indianapolis Colts (2007) and the Denver Broncos (2016). Manning was

Preston Manning is a Canadian politician who was the founder and leader of the Reform Party (1987–2000). Manning was born into a political family. His father, Ernest, was leader of the Alberta Social Credit Party, premier of Alberta (1943–68), and a Canadian senator (1970–83). After graduating from

Sir Reginald Edward Manningham-Buller was a British lawyer and politician who held the highest legal offices in Britain, serving as solicitor general (1951–54), attorney general (1954–62), and lord chancellor (1962–64). Manningham-Buller was educated at Eton and Oxford before being called to the

manna: …the source of a sugar-alcohol, mannitol, which has been used medicinally. The substance is obtained for commercial exploitation by slashing the branches of the tree and collecting the juice that extrudes and hardens. This sweetish material is sold in the form of flakes (flake manna), fragments (common manna), or thick…

Daniel Mannix was a Roman Catholic prelate who became one of Australia’s most controversial political figures during the first half of the 20th century. Mannix studied at St. Patrick’s College, Maynooth, County Kildare, where he was ordained priest in 1890 and where he taught philosophy (1891) and

Ferdinand, knight von Mannlicher was an Austrian firearms designer who invented the cartridge clip, which allows loading a box magazine in one motion. Mannlicher served as chief engineer of the Austrian Northern Railroad and then joined the Austrian Arms Company, Styr, in 1866. His first rifle

polysaccharide: Mannose homopolysaccharides occur in ivory nuts, orchid tubers, pine trees, fungi, and bacteria. Pectins, found in fruits and berries and used commercially as gelling agents, consist of a derivative of galacturonic acid (itself a derivative of the sugar galactose).

Germanic peoples: …from the three sons of Mannus, the son of the god Tuisto, the son of Earth. Hence they were divided into three groups—the Ingaevones, the Herminones, and the Istaevones—but the basis for this grouping is unknown. Tacitus records a variant form of the genealogy according to which Mannus had a…

Robert Mannyng was an early English poet and author of Handlyng Synne, a confessional manual, and of the chronicle Story of England. The works are preserved independently in several manuscripts, none of certain provenance. The author is probably to be identified with a Sir Robert de Brunne,

Robert Mannyng was an early English poet and author of Handlyng Synne, a confessional manual, and of the chronicle Story of England. The works are preserved independently in several manuscripts, none of certain provenance. The author is probably to be identified with a Sir Robert de Brunne,

pre-Columbian civilizations: Incipient agriculture (6500–1500 bce): …in the metates (querns) and manos (handstones) that were used to grind the corn into meal or dough.

Black Hand, any of several extortion rackets run by immigrant Sicilian and Italian gangsters in the Italian communities of New York City, Chicago, New Orleans, Kansas City, and other U.S. cities from about 1890 to 1920. It consisted of sending threatening notes to local merchants and other

Mano River, river rising in the Guinea Highlands northeast of Voinjama, Liberia. With its tributary, the Morro, it forms more than 90 miles (145 km) of the Liberia–Sierra Leone border. The river and its affluents (including the Zeliba) drain a basin of 3,185 square miles (8,250 square km). It

Mano River: The Mano River Bridge, completed in 1976, spans the river at Bo Waterside, Liberia, reducing the distance by road between the capitals of Liberia and Sierra Leone.

Africa: Metallic deposits: …Bong and Nimba ranges, and Mano valley; in the extension into Guinea of the Nimba–Simandou ranges, where hematites have been located; in Nigeria and Mauritania, which have large deposits of low-grade ore; and in Gabon, where extensive reserves are present in the northeast. In Southern Africa most iron ore reserves…

Eldorado: …gold, with legendary cities named Manoa and Omagua. In this quest, Gonzalo Pizarro crossed the Andes from Quito (1539), Francisco de Orellana sailed down the Napo and the Amazon (1541–42), and Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada explored eastward from Bogotá (1569–72). Sir Walter Raleigh searched for Manoa in the Orinoco lowlands…

Immanuel Ben Solomon was a Hebrew poet who lived mainly in Rome and is considered the founder of secular poetic writing in Hebrew. Probably a wandering teacher by profession, he was a prolific writer of Hebrew verse, both sacred and secular (some of the latter being highly erotic), which he

Manohar was a leading miniaturist of the Mughal school of painting in India, noted for his outstanding manuscript illustrations, portraits, and a few animal studies. The son of the celebrated painter Basavan, Manohar executed his work primarily between 1580 and 1620 and spanned the reigns of the

Manolete was a Spanish matador, generally considered the successor to Joselito (José Gómez) and Juan Belmonte as paramount in the profession. Manolete was born in Córdoba, the heart of bullfighting country. His great-uncle, a minor-league bullfighter, was killed by a bull of the dreaded Miura

El Cordobés was a Spanish bullfighter, the most highly paid torero in history. The crudity of his technique was offset by his exceptional reflexes, courage (sometimes considered total indifference to his own safety), and crowd appeal. Reared in an orphanage in his native town, Benítez was

Bulgaria: The arts of Bulgaria: …the earliest Bulgarian opera, by Emanuil Manolov, was performed in 1900. He, along with other Bulgarian composers, concentrated on solo and choral vocal works. Between World War I and World War II, several symphonies and works for ballet, in addition to choral and opera works, were created by such composers…

fluid mechanics: Differential manometers: Instruments for comparing pressures are called differential manometers, and the simplest such instrument is a U-tube containing liquid, as shown in Figure 1A. The two pressures of interest, p1 and p2, are transmitted to the two ends of the liquid column through an inert…

Jules Massenet: Manon (1884; after Antoine-François, Abbé Prévost d’Exiles) is considered by many to be his masterpiece. The opera, marked by sensuous melody and skilled personification, uses leitmotifs to identify and characterize the protagonists and their emotions. In the recitatives (dialogue) it employs the unusual device of…

Monica Mason: …as Lescaut’s mistress in MacMillan’s Manon—rather than in the more concrete, hyperfeminine roles of many classical-ballet standards.

Giacomo Puccini: Mature work and fame: …Bayreuth with the plan for Manon Lescaut, based, like the Manon of the French composer Jules Massenet, on the celebrated 18th-century novel by the Abbé Prévost. Beginning with this opera, Puccini carefully selected the subjects for his operas and spent considerable time on the preparation of the librettos. The psychology…