insurance: Rate making: …systems are in use: the manual, or class-rating, method and the individual, or merit-rating, method. Sometimes a combination of the two methods is used.

Manual of Discipline, one of the most important documents produced by the Essene community of Jews, who settled at Qumrān in the Judaean desert in the early 2nd century bc. They did so to remove themselves from what they considered a corrupt religion symbolized by the religiopolitical high priests

Albert Spear Hitchcock: His most important work, Manual of Grasses of the United States (1935), remains a standard reference.

Philip Henry Gosse: …of his most important works, Manual of Marine Zoology, 2 vol. (1855–56), a comprehensive work on the subject, and Actinologia Britannica (1858–60), concerning sea anemones in British waters. As a member of the Plymouth Brethren, a very conservative Christian sect, Gosse rejected all evolutionary concepts; these views were set forth…

parliamentary procedure: Origins and development: …in their character” was the Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1845), by Luther S. Cushing (1803–56), a jurist and clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Robert’s Rules of Order (1876), codified by U.S. Army officer General Henry M. Robert (1837–1923), which has gone through various editions and reprintings and continues…

parliamentary procedure: Origins and development: …the new American government was A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801), written by Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States.

Louis-Antoine Ranvier: …bacteriologist André-Victor Cornil he wrote Manual of Pathological Histology (1869), considered a landmark of 19th-century medicine.

Bertolt Brecht: …collected as Die Hauspostille (1927; A Manual of Piety, 1966), his first professional production (Edward II, 1924); and his admiration for Wedekind, Rimbaud, Villon, and Kipling.

Jeremy Bentham: Early life and works: In the Manual of Political Economy (1800) he gave a list of what the state should and should not do, the second list being much longer than the first.

Merritt Lyndon Fernald: …the centennial edition of Gray’s Manual of Botany (1950), one of the best books ever written on the flora of the United States. In 1925 Fernald made a major contribution to glacial geology by refuting the popular theory that nearly all of the northeastern United States and adjacent parts of…

First Church of Christ, Scientist: …activities are discussed in the Manual of The Mother Church, first prepared by Eddy in 1895 and later revised by her. Eddy also provided for the establishment of a self-perpetuating Board of Directors that administers all the activities of the Mother Church. The board is composed of five members who…

William John Macquorn Rankine: His classic Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers (1859) was the first attempt at a systematic treatment of steam-engine theory. Rankine worked out a thermodynamic cycle of events (the so-called Rankine cycle) used as a standard for the performance of steam-power installations in which…

Paulo Coelho: The Alchemist and other works: …do guerreiro da luz (1997; Manual of the Warrior of Light) couches a selection of spiritual exhortations from well-known religious figures in a fictional framework. Though Coelho’s novels continued to succeed both in Brazil and abroad, critics have often characterized them as overly didactic and moralizing.

telephone: Manual switching: From the earliest days of the telephone, it was observed that it was more practical to connect different telephone instruments by running wires from each instrument to a central switching point, or telephone exchange, than it was to run wires between all the…

radar: A basic radar system: Manual tracking has been largely replaced by automatic electronic tracking, which can process hundreds or even thousands of target tracks simultaneously.

handwriting, writing with the hand as distinguished from print. The term handwriting has come to be more or less restricted to mean the form of writing peculiar to each person. Before the introduction of the typewriter for general use, when handwriting had a greater utilitarian value, schools

Vilfredo Pareto: In his Manuale d’economia politica (1906), his most influential work, he further developed his theory of pure economics and his analysis of ophelimity (power to give satisfaction). He laid the foundation of modern welfare economics with his concept of the so-called Pareto Optimum, stating that the optimum…

Giambattista Bodoni: …the best known is his Manuale tipografico (1788; “Inventory of Types”), a folio collection of 291 roman and italic typefaces, along with samples of Russian, Greek, and other types. A second edition of his book was published by his widow in 1818.

Tasaday: …the nearby, more culturally advanced Manubo-Blit or Tboli tribes who had acted the part of more primitive peoples at the prompting of Marcos’ assistant on national minorities. Nevertheless, linguistic evidence obtained during the earlier anthropological study, however incomplete, seemed to indicate that the Tasaday were indeed isolated, though the Philippine…

sternum: …anterior to posterior: (1) the manubrium, which articulates with the clavicles and first ribs; (2) the mesosternum, often divided into a series of segments, the sternebrae, to which the remaining true ribs are attached; and (3) the posterior segment, called the xiphisternum. In humans the sternum is elongated and flat;…

Gonionemus: …of the bell hangs the manubrium, a tubular structure that contains the mouth, and around the bell’s rim are hollow tentacles armed with stinging structures called nematocysts. Each member of the genus begins life as a planula larva, which develops into a solitary nonswimming polyp (q.v.) measuring less than 1…

Aldus Manutius was the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly

manucode, any of certain Australian bird-of-paradise species. See

manucode, any of certain Australian bird-of-paradise species. See

Cotton Mather: His Manuductio ad Ministerium (1726) was a handbook of advice for young graduates to the ministry: on doing good, on college love affairs, on poetry and music, and on style. His ambitious 20-year work on biblical learning was interrupted by his death.

Stoicism: Revival of Stoicism in modern times: …Manuductio ad Stoicam Philosophiam (1604; Digest of Stoic Philosophy) and Physiologia Stoicorum (1604; Physics of the Stoics) provided the basis for the considerable Stoic influence during the Renaissance. About the turn of the 17th century, Guillaume du Vair, a French lawyer and Christian philosopher, made Stoic moral philosophy popular, while…

Joseph Déchelette: …the prehistory of France, Le Manuel d’archéologie préhistorique, celtique et gallo-romaine (1908–14; “Textbook of Prehistoric, Celtic, and Gallo-Roman Archaeology”).

Charles-Victor Langlois: In 1904 he published Manuel de bibliographie historique, 2 vol. (1896–1904; “Manual of Historical Bibliography”), a fundamental work in historical scholarship that provides valuable discussions of bibliographic method.

Arthur Giry: His Manuel de diplomatique (1894), a guide to the study of ancient documents and charts, formed the basis for later studies of the documentary history of the French Middle Ages, particularly the Carolingian period, written by Giry and his students. He also wrote articles on medieval…

Jacques-Charles Brunet: The first edition of Brunet’s Manuel du libraire et de l’amateur de livres (1810; “Bookseller’s and Book Lover’s Manual”) rapidly became the standard French bibliographical dictionary. Among Brunet’s other works are Nouvelles recherches bibliographiques (1834; “New Bibliographical Studies”) and a study of the early editions of François Rabelais.

Manuel I was the king of Portugal from 1495 to 1521, whose reign was characterized by religious troubles (all Moors and Jews refusing baptism were expelled), by a policy of clever neutrality in the face of quarrels between France and Spain, and by the continuation of overseas expansion, notably to

Manuel I Comnenus was a military leader, statesman, and Byzantine emperor (1143–80) whose policies failed to fulfill his dream of a restored Roman Empire, straining the resources of Byzantium at a time when the Seljuq Turks menaced the empire’s survival. The son of John II Comnenus (reigned

Manuel I Comnenus was a military leader, statesman, and Byzantine emperor (1143–80) whose policies failed to fulfill his dream of a restored Roman Empire, straining the resources of Byzantium at a time when the Seljuq Turks menaced the empire’s survival. The son of John II Comnenus (reigned

Manuel II was the king of Portugal from 1908 to 1910, when the republic was declared. Manuel was the younger son of King Charles and Queen Marie Amélie. Charles supported the dictatorship of João Franco and was repudiated by most of the political leaders. On Feb. 1, 1908, Charles and his elder son,

Manuel II Palaeologus was a soldier, statesman, and Byzantine emperor (1391–1425) whose diplomacy enabled him to establish peaceful relations with the Ottoman Turks throughout his reign, delaying for some 50 years their ultimate conquest of the Byzantine Empire. Manuel was a son of John V

Manuel I was the king of Portugal from 1495 to 1521, whose reign was characterized by religious troubles (all Moors and Jews refusing baptism were expelled), by a policy of clever neutrality in the face of quarrels between France and Spain, and by the continuation of overseas expansion, notably to

Manuel I was the king of Portugal from 1495 to 1521, whose reign was characterized by religious troubles (all Moors and Jews refusing baptism were expelled), by a policy of clever neutrality in the face of quarrels between France and Spain, and by the continuation of overseas expansion, notably to

Niklaus Manuel was a painter, soldier, writer, and statesman, and a notable Swiss representative of the ideas of the Italian and German Renaissance and the Reformation. The art of Albrecht Dürer and Hans Baldung-Grien and of the painters of northern Italy prompted Manuel to eschew the prevailing

Bob Dylan: Dylan goes electric: …Hawks (Rick Danko on bass, Richard Manuel on piano, and Garth Hudson on organ and saxophone), Dylan toured incessantly in 1965 and 1966, always playing to sold-out, agitated audiences. On November 22, 1965, Dylan married Sara Lowndes. They split their time between a townhouse in Greenwich Village and a country…

Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games: swimmer Simone Manuel won two golds and two silvers, and her win in the 100-meter freestyle made her the first African American woman to win an individual swimming gold. Americans also led the way in the women’s gymnastics events, as Simone Biles became the first U.S.…

Manueline, particularly rich and lavish style of architectural ornamentation indigenous to Portugal in the early 16th century. Although the Manueline style actually continued for some time after the death of Manuel I (reigned 1495–1521), it is the prosperity of his reign that the style celebrates.

Manueline, particularly rich and lavish style of architectural ornamentation indigenous to Portugal in the early 16th century. Although the Manueline style actually continued for some time after the death of Manuel I (reigned 1495–1521), it is the prosperity of his reign that the style celebrates.

Manuelito was a Navajo chief known for his strong opposition to the forced relocation of his people by the U.S. government. Little is known of Manuelito’s early life. He was already an established leader by 1864 when U.S. Army Colonel Kit Carson, after a war of attrition in which Navajo crops,

Compagnie de Saint-Gobain-Pont-à-Mousson: …origins to 1665, when the Manufacture Royale de Glace (“Royal Factory of Mirror Glass”) was founded under Louis XIV. The company became the royal glass manufacturer in 1692. As it grew the company contributed to the development of the French chemical fertilizer and alkali industries, and it developed various chemical…

Lunéville faience: …by Jacques Chambrette, became the Manufacture Royale du Roi de Pologne (“Royal Factory of the King of Poland”) in 1749, when the exiled king Stanisław I (Louis XV’s father-in-law) became duke of Lorraine and settled in the town.

marketing: Brokers and agents: Manufacturers’ agents, who represent two or more manufacturers’ complementary lines on a continuous basis, are usually compensated by commission. As a rule, they carry only part of a manufacturer’s output, perhaps in areas where the manufacturer cannot maintain full-time salespeople. Many manufacturers’ agents are businesses…

manufacturer’s liability, legal concept or doctrine that holds manufacturers or sellers responsible, or liable, for harm caused by defective products sold in the marketplace. Manufacturer’s liability is usually determined on any of three bases: (1) negligence, which is the failure to exercise

Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, former American multibank holding company whose principal subsidiary was Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company. Headquarters for both were in New York City. The Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company bank had its origins in various banks that arose in New York City in

wholesaling: …wholesalers: (1) merchant wholesalers, (2) manufacturers’ sales branches, and (3) merchandise agents and brokers. The most important are the merchant wholesalers. These independent businesses buy merchandise in large quantities from manufacturers, process and store that merchandise, and redistribute it to retailers and others. Manufacturers’ sales branches are businesses established by…

Victoria and Albert Museum, British museum that houses what is generally regarded as the world’s greatest collection of the decorative arts. It is located in South Kensington, London, near the Science Museum and the Natural History Museum. The foundation of the museum dates from 1852, when the

manufacturing, any industry that makes products from raw materials by the use of manual labour or machinery and that is usually carried out systematically with a division of labour. (See industry.) In a more limited sense, manufacturing denotes the fabrication or assembly of components into

United States: The hierarchy of culture areas: Thus the Manufacturing Belt, a core region for many social and economic activities, now spans parts of four traditional culture areas—New England, the Midland, the Midwest, and the northern fringes of the South. The great urban sprawl, from southern Maine to central Virginia, blithely ignores the cultural…

Noam Chomsky: Politics of Noam Chomsky: …Rights (1979) and later in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), Chomsky and the economist Edward Herman analyzed the reporting of journalists in the mainstream (i.e., corporate-owned) media on the basis of statistically careful studies of historical and contemporary examples. Their work provided striking evidence of…

operations research: Manufacturing progress function: Because of the enormous complexity of a typical mass production line and the almost infinite number of changes that can be made and alternatives that can be pursued, a body of quantitative theory of mass production manufacturing systems has not yet been…

Alexandra, town, south-central South Island, New Zealand. It lies at the junction of the Clutha and Manuherikia rivers and is surrounded by three mountain ranges. Originally known as Lower Dunstan and Manuherikia, the settlement was named Alexandra South in 1863 to commemorate the marriage of the

Leptospermum: The shrubby New Zealand tea tree, or manuka (L. scoparium), has several cultivated varieties with white to rose-red flowers and gray-green to brownish leaves.

Manukau, ward of Auckland, northern North Island, New Zealand. It lies on an isthmus separating Tamaki Strait (east) from Manukau Harbour (west). The latter is a shallow 150-square-mile (390-square-km) inlet of the Tasman Sea. Manukau’s population includes a notable concentration of Maori and other

Pallas’s cat, (Felis manul), small, long-haired cat (family Felidae) native to deserts and rocky, mountainous regions from Tibet to Siberia. It was named for the naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. The Pallas’s cat is a soft-furred animal about the size of a house cat and is pale silvery gray or light

slavery: Laws of manumission: Laws of manumission varied widely from society to society and within societies across time. They are often viewed as the litmus test of a particular society’s views of the slave, that is, of the capacities the slave was likely to exhibit as a free…

Neanderthal: Neanderthal culture: …tools decorated with designs, and manuports (natural, unmodified objects that have been moved by people), including fossils and geological curiosities, which were carried away from their original context and sometimes altered by using stone tools. Also noted is the use of feathers, claws, and shells, which were purposefully modified and…

manure, organic material that is used to fertilize land, usually consisting of the feces and urine of domestic livestock, with or without accompanying litter such as straw, hay, or bedding. Farm animals void most of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that is present in the food they eat, and

manure: …is usually applied with a manure spreader, a four-wheeled self-propelled or two-wheeled tractor-drawn wagon. As the spreader moves, a drag-chain conveyor located at the bottom of the box sweeps the manure to the rear, where it is successively shredded by a pair of beaters before being spread by rotating spiral…

manus, in Roman law, autocratic power of the husband over the wife, corresponding to patria potestas of the father over his children. A daughter ceased to be under her father’s potestas if she came under the manus of her husband. Marriage without manus, however, was by far the more common in all

Manus Island, largest of the Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies about 200 miles (320 km) north of the island of New Guinea. The volcanic island has an area of 633 square miles (1,639 square km) and is an extension of the Bismarck Archipelago. From a coast that

textual criticism: Books transmitted in manuscript: Nearly all classical and patristic texts, and a great many medieval texts, fall into this category. Every handwritten copy of a book is textually unique, and to that extent represents a separate edition of the text. Whereas the characteristic grouping of printed texts is…

Ute Lemper: …Manuscrito encontrado em Accra (2012; Manuscript Found in Accra), which she recorded, with Coelho’s collaboration, on The Nine Secrets: Words by Paolo Coelho (2016). In 2018 she created a show in homage to Dietrich and began touring with it. The album Rendezvous with Marlene (the same title as the show)…

illuminated manuscript, handwritten book that has been decorated with gold or silver, brilliant colours, or elaborate designs or miniature pictures. Though various Islamic societies also practiced this art, Europe had one of the longest and most cultivated traditions of illuminating manuscripts. A

handwriting: Later, other educators, experimenting with manuscript writing and printed script, maintained that the latter type of handwriting is learned and executed more speedily because it resembles printed type more.

Ute Lemper: …Manuscrito encontrado em Accra (2012; Manuscript Found in Accra), which she recorded, with Coelho’s collaboration, on The Nine Secrets: Words by Paolo Coelho (2016). In 2018 she created a show in homage to Dietrich and began touring with it. The album Rendezvous with Marlene (the same title as the show)…

Roma: …of entertainment), and (3) the Manush (French Manouches, also known as Sinti, mostly in Alsace and other regions of France and Germany, often traveling showmen and circus people). Each of these main divisions was further divided into two or more subgroups distinguished by occupational specialization or territorial origin or both.

Aldus Manutius was the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly

Aldus Manutius was the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly

Aldus Manutius the Younger was the last member of the Italian family of Manuzio to be active in the famous Aldine Press established by his grandfather Aldus Manutius the Elder. When only 14 years old, Aldus the Younger wrote a work on Latin spelling, “Orthographiae ratio.” While in Venice

Paulus Manutius was a Renaissance printer, the third son of the founder of the Aldine Press, Aldus Manutius the Elder. In 1533 Paulus assumed control of the Aldine Press from his uncles, the Asolani, who had managed the press after the death of Aldus in 1515. During their tenure, the Asolani had

Mavura was an African emperor who was installed as the ruler of the great Mwene Matapa empire by the Portuguese. His conversion to Christianity enabled the Portuguese to extend their commercial influence into the African interior from their trading base in Mozambique on the East African coast.

Aldus Manutius was the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly

Manx, breed of tailless domestic cat of unknown origin but presumed by tradition to have come from the Isle of Man. Noted for being affectionate, loyal, and courageous, the Manx is distinguished both by its taillessness and by its characteristic hopping gait. It is compactly built, with a rounded

Manx language, member of the Goidelic group of Celtic languages, formerly spoken on the Isle of Man. Like Scottish Gaelic, Manx was an offshoot of Irish, and it is closely related to the easternmost dialects of Irish and to Scottish. The earliest record of the Manx language is a version of the

Celtic literature: Manx: Although they succeeded in establishing their language on the Isle of Man, the Gaels lost their hegemony over the island to the Norse in the 9th century and recovered it only from 1266 to 1333, when they lost it again to the English. They…

homing: A Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), transported in a closed container to a point about 5,500 km (3,400 miles) from its nest, returned to the nest in 12 12 days.

Albert Goldbarth: …of the World (1996) and Many Circles (2001), and the novel Pieces of Payne (2003).

Norman Z. McLeod: Marx Brothers and W.C. Fields: Many Happy Returns (1934) was a weak George Burns–Gracie Allen vehicle, in which Allen starred as a scatterbrained heiress whose father tries to bribe a man (Burns) to marry her. McLeod rebounded with It’s a Gift (1934), which is considered one of Fields’s masterpieces. The…

Rudyard Kipling: Legacy of Rudyard Kipling: …the collections Life’s Handicap (1891), Many Inventions (1893), The Day’s Work (1898), Traffics and Discoveries (1904), Actions and Reactions (1909), Debits and Credits (1926), and Limits and Renewals (1932). While his later stories cannot exactly be called better than the earlier ones, they are as good—and they

Max Shulman: …Gillis (1951), which inspired a television series of the same name (1959–63) for which Shulman served as scriptwriter, and Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1957), which was filmed in 1958 and featured Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, and Joan Collins. Shulman also wrote the Broadway play The Tender Trap (1954), which…

Max Shulman: …successes with such novels as The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis (1951), which inspired a television series of the same name (1959–63) for which Shulman served as scriptwriter, and Rally Round the Flag, Boys! (1957), which was filmed in 1958 and featured Paul Newman, Joanne Woodward, and Joan Collins. Shulman…

fallacy: Material fallacies: (6) The fallacy of many questions (plurimum interrogationum) consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: “Do you like the twins?” “Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no.”) or refused altogether, because a…

Jimmy Cliff: …sound track the classics “Many Rivers to Cross,” “Sitting in Limbo,” and the title song—Cliff became reggae’s biggest star.

The Sopranos: In 2021 the prequel movie The Many Saints of Newark was released. The drama centres on Tony’s formative years, and the character was played by Gandolfini’s son, Michael.

celestial mechanics: The n-body problem: The general problem of n bodies, where n is greater than three, has been attacked vigorously with numerical techniques on powerful computers. Celestial mechanics in the solar system is ultimately an n-body problem, but the special configurations and relative smallness of the perturbations…

borane: Structure and bonding of boranes: …the bonding in boranes involves multicentre bonding, in which three or more atoms share a pair of bonding electrons, boranes are commonly called electron-deficient substances. Diborane(6) has the following structure:

shrike: The many-coloured bush-shrike (Chlorophoneus multicolor) is noted for polymorphic variation in the colour of its underparts—a shade of red or yellow but sometimes black or white. The gorgeous, or four-coloured, bush-shrike (Telophorus quadricolor) is green above and golden below, with black-bordered red throat. Some authors equate…

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Family Alucitidae (many-plumed moths) 130 species worldwide; each wing is very deeply cleft into 6 or more narrow plumelike divisions. Superfamily Nepticuloidea Approximately 900 species worldwide; females with one genital opening and a soft ovipositor. Family Nepticulidae (

quantum mechanics: Measurement in quantum mechanics: …may also mention the so-called many-worlds interpretation, proposed by Hugh Everett III in 1957, which suggests that, when a measurement is made for a system in which the wave function is a mixture of states, the universe branches into a number of noninteracting universes. Each of the possible outcomes of…

Manyakheta, site of a former city in Karnataka, India, about 85 miles (135 km) southwest of Hyderabad. The city was founded in the 9th century by the Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha I and became the capital of the dynasty. In 972 it was sacked by the Paramara ruler Siyaka. After the downfall of the

Congo River: Life of the river peoples: …of Boyoma Falls and the Manyanga living downstream from Malebo Pool attach fish traps to stakes or to dams built in the rapids themselves. Fishing of a very different nature, notably by poison, is conducted in the marshy areas, where the population is more extensive than might be imagined. Among…

Lake Manyara, lake in northern Tanzania, 60 miles (100 km) west-southwest of Arusha. It is 30 miles (50 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide and contains salt and rock phosphate deposits. Lake Manyara National Park, founded in 1960 and covering 124 square miles (320 square km), contains five distinct

African architecture: Nomads and pastoralists: …around the cattle enclosure, or manyatta, the frames are packed with leaves and plastered over with cattle dung, which acts as a deterrent to termites. The huts are aerodynamically designed to resist high winds, and the manyatta thicket boundary acts as a defensive barrier. A number of other tribes use…

Kuma-Manych Depression, geologic depression in western Russia that divides the Russian Plain (north) from the North Caucasus foreland (south). It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The depression runs northwest-southeast from the Don River valley to the Caspian

Kuma-Manych Depression, geologic depression in western Russia that divides the Russian Plain (north) from the North Caucasus foreland (south). It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The depression runs northwest-southeast from the Don River valley to the Caspian

Kuma-Manych Depression, geologic depression in western Russia that divides the Russian Plain (north) from the North Caucasus foreland (south). It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The depression runs northwest-southeast from the Don River valley to the Caspian