Edmund Mortimer, 5th earl of March was a friend of the Lancastrian king Henry V and an unwilling royal claimant advanced by rebel barons. Edmund was the great-grandson of Lionel, duke of Clarence, the second surviving son of Edward III, and was considered by some to be the heir presumptive of the

Francis Andrew March was an American language scholar and lexicographer who was a principal founder of modern comparative Anglo-Saxon (Old English) linguistics. (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.) In 1857 March became professor of English language and comparative

Fredric March was a versatile American stage and film actor, adept at both romantic leads and complex character roles. March developed his interest in acting while a student at the University of Wisconsin. After graduating in 1920, he moved to New York City to work in a bank, but he soon began to

decision making: Appropriate decision making: James G. March and Johan P. Olsen showed how the logic of appropriateness inverts the causal logic of rational decision making. Individuals form opinions and make decisions to be appropriate in their surroundings, to fit in with those around them. This means that context precedes…

Patrick Dunbar, 2nd earl of March was a Scottish noble prominent during the reigns of the Bruces Robert I and David II. He gave refuge to Edward II of England after the Battle of Bannockburn and contrived his escape by sea to England. Later, he made peace with Robert de Bruce and by him was

Patrick Dunbar, 2nd earl of March was a Scottish noble prominent during the reigns of the Bruces Robert I and David II. He gave refuge to Edward II of England after the Battle of Bannockburn and contrived his escape by sea to England. Later, he made peace with Robert de Bruce and by him was

Peyton Conway March was a U.S. Army officer who, as chief of staff (1918—21), reorganized and streamlined the War Department, in order that the U.S. could make an important contribution to the Allied military effort. After graduation from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., March served

Roger Mortimer, 1st earl of March was the lover of the English king Edward II’s queen, Isabella of France, with whom he contrived Edward’s deposition and murder (1327). For three years thereafter he was the virtual king of England during the minority of Edward III. The descendant of Norman knights

Roger Mortimer, 1st earl of March was the lover of the English king Edward II’s queen, Isabella of France, with whom he contrived Edward’s deposition and murder (1327). For three years thereafter he was the virtual king of England during the minority of Edward III. The descendant of Norman knights

Roger Mortimer, 2nd earl of March was a leading supporter of Edward III of England. The eclipse of the Mortimer family’s power following the death of the 1st Earl of March proved no more than temporary. Edward III’s friendship with March’s grandson Roger, 2nd Earl of March, enabled the latter in

E.L. Doctorow: The March (2005) follows a fictionalized version of the Union general William Tecumseh Sherman on his infamously destructive trek through Georgia, aimed at weakening the Confederate economy, during the American Civil War. Doctorow trained his sights on historical figures of less eminence in Homer and…

Emir Rodríguez Monegal: …of the literary section of Marcha, a Montevideo weekly, from 1945 to 1957. Between 1966 and 1968 Rodríguez Monegal was editor of Mundo Nuevo, a Spanish-language literary journal published in Paris that brought international attention to the writers who made up what came to be known as the “boom of…

Georges Marchais was a French politician, leader of the French Communist Party from 1972 to 1994. As a young man Marchais worked as a mechanic and in 1946 became secretary of the union of metalworkers in Issy-les-Moulineaux, near Paris. Marchais joined the Communist Party in 1947, and his rise

Georges Marchais was a French politician, leader of the French Communist Party from 1972 to 1994. As a young man Marchais worked as a mechanic and in 1946 became secretary of the union of metalworkers in Issy-les-Moulineaux, near Paris. Marchais joined the Communist Party in 1947, and his rise

Nueva Ocotepeque: …it was relocated after the Marchala River, a tributary of the Lempa, overflowed in 1935. Nueva Ocotepeque is a trading centre in a fertile agricultural region. Pop. (2001) 9,167; (2013) 11,843.

art market: The rise of Paris: Decorative arts dealers, known as marchands merciers, were allowed to surmount the French guild restrictions that forced craftsmen to specialize and prevented, for example, cabinetmakers from supplying the brass mounts on commodes. The marchand mercier therefore became a pivotal entrepreneurial figure in French furniture making, supplying capital, negotiating with customers,…

Jean Marchand was a Canadian politician, president of the Confederation of National Trade Unions (1961–65), and one of the “three wise men” of Quebec, together with Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Gérard Pelletier. After graduating from Laval University, Marchand became a prominent union leader in

Jean-Baptiste Marchand was a French soldier and explorer known for his occupation of Fashoda in the Sudan (now Kodok, South Sudan) in 1898. After four years in the ranks, Marchand was sent to military school at Saint-Maixent and commissioned a sublieutenant in 1887. He saw active duty in West

Johann Sebastian Bach: The Weimar period: …and the famous French organist Louis Marchand was arranged at Dresden. The exact circumstances are not known, but Marchand avoided the contest by leaving Dresden a few hours before it should have taken place. By implication, Bach won. Perhaps this emboldened him to renew his request for permission to leave…

Franz Danzi: …1790 he married the singer Margarethe Marchand, with whom he toured successfully as a conductor. At his wife’s death in 1800 he retired, but in 1807 he accepted the appointment of kapellmeister in Stuttgart, where he supported and influenced the work of the much younger Carl Maria von Weber. He…

Mademoiselle Dumesnil was a French tragic actress best known for her roles in the plays of Voltaire and Jean Racine. She made her Paris debut in 1737 at the Comédie-Française as Clytemnestre in Racine’s Iphigénie en Aulide. A fiery actress who scorned tradition, she played Cléopâtre in Corneille’s

Paris: Foundation and early growth (c. 7600 bce to 12th century ce): …the butchers’ guild and the river-merchants’ guild, or marchandise de l’eau. In 1141 the crown sold the principal port (near the Hôtel de Ville) to the marchandise, whose ship-blazoned arms eventually were adopted as those of Paris. In 1171 Louis VII gave the marchandise a charter confirming its “ancient right”…

Marcel Paul Pagnol: …Les Marchands de gloire (1925; The Merchants of Glory), written with Paul Nivoix, opened to high critical praise. Because of its unpopular subject matter, war profiteering, the play did not have wide appeal and closed after a few performances. Undaunted, Pagnol finally in 1926 had a hit with Jazz, which…

dance of death: …woodcuts of the Paris printer Guy Marchant (1485), and the explanatory verses have been preserved.

Marchantia, genus of liverworts (creeping ribbonlike plants) in the order Marchantiales, commonly found on moist clay or silty soils, especially on recently burned land throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Marchantia polymorpha, a well-known species, often is discussed as a representative liverwort

Marchantia: Marchantia polymorpha, a well-known species, often is discussed as a representative liverwort in biology textbooks. Dark green Marchantia gametophytes (sexual plants) are branched and ribbonlike, about 1.3 cm (0.5 inch) wide and 5 to 13 cm long. The diamond-shaped markings on their upper surfaces, signs…

bryophyte: Annotated classification: Order Marchantiales Thallus often of complex anatomy, with air pores on the dorsal surface, air chambers with chlorophyllose cells forming a photosynthetic area, and cells of the remainder of the thallus serving for storage; ventral scales often present; rhizoids; sex organs sometimes borne on a stalked…

liverwort, (division Marchantiophyta), any of more than 9,000 species of small nonvascular spore-producing plants. Liverworts are distributed worldwide, though most commonly in the tropics. Thallose liverworts, which are branching and ribbonlike, grow commonly on moist soil or damp rocks, while

Marche, French province before the Revolution of 1789 corresponding roughly to the modern département of Creuse, with a small fragment of Indre and much of northern Haute-Vienne. In ancient times the country was part of Limousin, from which it was detached in the middle of the 10th century to form

Marche, region in central Italy fronting on the Adriatic Sea and comprising the provinces of Ancona, Ascoli Piceno, Fermo, Macerata, and Pesaro e Urbino. A region of mountains and hills, its only pieces of level land are scattered along river valleys and on the Adriatic shore northwest of Ancona.

Saint-Ouen: …Métro (subway) station, the picturesque Marché aux Puces (Paris flea market), which is much visited by tourists. The flea market also attracts Parisians in search of bargains in furniture, curios, and antiques. The suburb is a centre for liqueur distilling, the electrical industry, automobile construction, and the manufacture of machine…

Luc Jacquet: …La Marche de l’empereur (2005; March of the Penguins).

Marche Slave, Op. 31, orchestral composition by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, first performed in Moscow in November 1876. It is a rousing patriotic work based on Serbian and Russian folk themes. Tchaikovsky was commissioned to write the piece specifically for a concert to benefit Serb soldiers wounded while

Antoine-Alfred Marche was a naturalist, explorer, and collector of ethnological artifacts in Africa and the Philippine Islands. Marche made four trips to Africa as a naturalist attached to various expeditions. In 1872, 1873, and 1875 he explored the Ogooué River (in Gabon), on the last occasion

Joan II: …de Bourbon, Count de la Marche, who, confident of his power, soon had Alopo executed (1415), usurped the queen’s power, and demanded the death of a Neapolitan baron who led the opposition to the increasing French influence in Naples. The barons, who had arranged the marriage in the first place,…

Olivier de La Marche was a Burgundian chronicler and poet who, as historian of the ducal court, was an eloquent spokesman of the chivalrous tradition. After serving as a page to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, La Marche entered the service of the Duke’s son, the count of Charolais (later called

house of Bourbon: Origins: …passed to the line of La Marche–Vendôme.

Rocky Marciano was the world heavyweight boxing champion from September 23, 1952, when he knocked out champion Jersey Joe Walcott in 13 rounds in Philadelphia, to April 27, 1956, when he retired from the ring. Marciano was undefeated in 49 professional fights, scoring 43 knockouts. Among his

Märchen, folktale characterized by elements of magic or the supernatural, such as the endowment of a mortal character with magical powers or special knowledge; variations expose the hero to supernatural beings or objects. The German term Märchen, used universally by folklorists, also embraces tall

Marchena, town, Sevilla provincia (province), in Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. Located near the left bank of the Corbones River, it is a rail junction and a processing centre for local agricultural products (cereals, olives, cotton). Marchena was perhaps

Marchena Island, one of the smaller (area 45 sq mi [117 sq km]) of the Galápagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean, 600 mi (965 km) west of Ecuador. Called Bindloe in the 17th century by English pirates in honour of a member of the Jamaican council who condoned their activities, the island was

Wilhelm Hauff: …that were published in his Märchenalmanach auf das Jahr 1826 and had lasting popularity. Similar volumes followed in 1827 and 1828. His novellas, which were collected posthumously in Novellen, 3 vol. (1828), include Jud Süss (serialized 1827; The Jew Suss).

Monmouthshire: …area as one of the marcher lordships. These landed estates in eastern Wales and western England were independent of the English crown’s direct legal control, which gave rise to much lawlessness in the region.

Marche, region in central Italy fronting on the Adriatic Sea and comprising the provinces of Ancona, Ascoli Piceno, Fermo, Macerata, and Pesaro e Urbino. A region of mountains and hills, its only pieces of level land are scattered along river valleys and on the Adriatic shore northwest of Ancona.

Italian literature: The veristi and other narrative writers: …for his dramatic psychological study, Il marchese di Roccaverdina (1901; “The Marquis of Roccaverdina”).

Mathilde Marchesi de Castrone was an operatic soprano whose teaching transmitted the 18th-century bel canto style of singing to the 20th century. She studied in Paris under Manuel García, the foremost teacher of singing of the 19th century, and made her debut as a singer in 1849. In 1854 she began

Canadian literature: The Quiet Revolution: …poetry, essays, and dramatic writing, Jovette Marchessault envisioned a society of women free from male domination.

manorialism: Western Europe: …certain degrading incidents, such as marchet (merchetum), a payment due to the lord upon the marriage of a daughter, which was regarded as a special mark of unfree condition. But there were certain limitations. First, all these incidents of tenure, even marchet, might not affect the personal status of the…

Ars Nova: …theorist of this school was Marchettus of Padua, whose treatise Pomerium (in the early 14th century) outlines certain rhythmic innovations in Italian notation of the time. The most important composers of 14th-century Italy are Jacopo da Bologna, Francesco Landini, and Ghirardello da Firenze.

Italian literature: The veristi and other narrative writers: Emilio De Marchi, another writer in the realist mold, has Milan for his setting and in Demetrio Pianelli (1890) has painted a candid but essentially kindly portrait of the new Milanese urban middle class. Antonio Fogazzaro was akin to the veristi in his powers of…

alcoholism: Chronic diseases: …uncommon chronic brain disorder called Marchiafava-Bignami disease, which involves the degeneration of the corpus callosum, the tissue that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Other brain damage occasionally reported in alcoholics includes cortical laminar sclerosis, cerebellar degeneration, and central pontine myelinolysis

cheerleading: History of cheerleading: …other spirit programs such as marching bands, drum corps, and drill teams. As ambassadors for their schools and communities, cheerleaders were associated with such character-building traits as discipline, cooperation, leadership, and sportsmanship.

the man in the iron mask was a political prisoner, famous in French history and legend, who died in the Bastille in 1703, during the reign of Louis XIV. There is no historical evidence that the mask was made of anything but black velvet (velours), and only afterward did legend convert its material

marquess, marquess equivalentsa European title of nobility, ranking in modern times immediately below a duke and above a count, or earl. Etymologically the word marquess or margrave denoted a count or earl holding a march, or mark, that is, a frontier district; but this original significance has

Sergio Marchionne was a Canadian Italian business executive who, as CEO, reinvigorated Italian automobile manufacturer Fiat SpA in the first decade of the 21st century. Marchionne was born into an Italian military family. When he was 14, his family immigrated to Toronto. He later earned a

Western sculpture: Late Baroque: Giovanni Marchiori worked in Venice with an attractive painterly style, in part based on the wood carvings of Andrea Brustolon; and Giovanni Maria Morlaiter ran the full gamut to a late 18th-century classicism close to the early works of the great Neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova.

Marchmain family, fictional upper-class Roman Catholic English family featured in the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh. The family consists of Lord Marchmain, who lives in Italy with his mistress, Cara; Lady Marchmain, a devout Roman Catholic who lives at the country estate of

Sir Patrick Hume, 2nd Baronet was a Scottish Protestant opponent of James II, who was involved in the rebellion of the duke of Monmouth and the invasion of William of Orange. As a member of the Scottish Parliament in 1665, he was active in opposing the harsh policy of the earl of Lauderdale toward

water supply system: Developments in supply systems: The longest was the Aqua Marcia, built in 144 bce. Its source was about 37 km (23 miles) from Rome. The aqueduct itself was 92 km (57 miles) long, however, because it had to meander along land contours in order to maintain a steady flow of water. For about…

Marcian was the Eastern Roman emperor from 450 to 457, the last ruler of the dynasty begun by the emperor Theodosius I. His relatively peaceful reign, which was later viewed as a golden age in the Eastern Roman Empire, provided a marked contrast to the violence that was destroying the Western

Rocky Marciano was the world heavyweight boxing champion from September 23, 1952, when he knocked out champion Jersey Joe Walcott in 13 rounds in Philadelphia, to April 27, 1956, when he retired from the ring. Marciano was undefeated in 49 professional fights, scoring 43 knockouts. Among his

Marcian was the Eastern Roman emperor from 450 to 457, the last ruler of the dynasty begun by the emperor Theodosius I. His relatively peaceful reign, which was later viewed as a golden age in the Eastern Roman Empire, provided a marked contrast to the violence that was destroying the Western

François VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld was a French classical author who had been one of the most active rebels of the Fronde before he became the leading exponent of the maxime, a French literary form of epigram that expresses a harsh or paradoxical truth with brevity. La Rochefoucauld was the son

stained glass: Late 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries: …Italy with the name of Guglielmo de Marcillat (1467–1529), a Frenchman whose works display a thorough mastery of technique. His finest windows are at Arezzo Cathedral. The building of Milan Cathedral caused an important school of glass painting to develop there, and the work of Conrad Munch, a German from…

Marcion of Pontus was a Christian heretic. Although Marcion is known only through reports and quotations from his orthodox opponents, especially Tertullian’s Adversus Marcionem (“Against Marcion”), the principal outlines of his teaching seem clear. His teaching made a radical distinction between

Marcion of Pontus was a Christian heretic. Although Marcion is known only through reports and quotations from his orthodox opponents, especially Tertullian’s Adversus Marcionem (“Against Marcion”), the principal outlines of his teaching seem clear. His teaching made a radical distinction between

Marcionite, any member of a gnostic sect that flourished in the 2nd century ce. The name derives from Marcion of Pontus (an ancient district in northeastern Anatolia), who, sometime after his arrival in Rome, fell under the influence of Cerdo, a gnostic Christian, and went on to expand upon his

Gerhard Marcks was a German sculptor, printmaker, and designer who helped to revive the art of sculpture in Germany during the first quarter of the 20th century. Marcks was educated in the atelier of the sculptor Richard Scheibe; there he often sculpted animals in terra-cotta. Marcks served in

Christian Marclay is a Swiss American visual artist and composer whose multidisciplinary work encompasses performance, sculpture, and video. Much of his art imaginatively explores the physical and cultural intersections between sound and image, often through the deconstruction and

Christian Marclay is a Swiss American visual artist and composer whose multidisciplinary work encompasses performance, sculpture, and video. Much of his art imaginatively explores the physical and cultural intersections between sound and image, often through the deconstruction and

Marco Polo Bridge Incident, (July 7, 1937), conflict between Chinese and Japanese troops near the Marco Polo Bridge (Chinese: Lugouqiao) outside Beiping (now Beijing), which developed into the warfare between the two countries that was the prelude to the Pacific side of World War II. In 1931 Japan

argali: The Pamir argali is also known as the Marco Polo sheep; the Italian traveler Marco Polo, who crossed the Pamir highlands in the 13th century, was the first Westerner to describe the argali. Horns in Marco Polo sheep may reach up to 1.8 metres (6 feet)…

Marcomanni, German tribe that settled in the Main River valley soon after 100 bc; they were members of the Suebi group (see Suebi). To escape Roman aggression in 9 bc they migrated east to Bohemia, where under their king Maroboduus they built a powerful confederation of tribes. The kingdom broke up

Marcomanni, German tribe that settled in the Main River valley soon after 100 bc; they were members of the Suebi group (see Suebi). To escape Roman aggression in 9 bc they migrated east to Bohemia, where under their king Maroboduus they built a powerful confederation of tribes. The kingdom broke up

Guglielmo Marconi: Education and early radio work: (changed in 1900 to Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd.). During the first years, the company’s efforts were devoted chiefly to showing the full possibilities of radiotelegraphy. A further step was taken in 1899 when a wireless station was established at South Foreland, England, for communicating with Wimereux in France,…

Guglielmo Marconi: Education and early radio work: (changed in 1900 to Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd.). During the first years, the company’s efforts were devoted chiefly to showing the full possibilities of radiotelegraphy. A further step was taken in 1899 when a wireless station was established at South Foreland, England, for communicating with Wimereux in France,…

Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian physicist and inventor of a successful wireless telegraph, or radio (1896). In 1909 he received the Nobel Prize for Physics, which he shared with German physicist Ferdinand Braun. He later worked on the development of shortwave wireless communication, which

Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. is a Filipino politician who has been president of the Philippines since 2022. Prior to becoming president, he served in government from the 1980s to the 2010s as senator, congressman, governor, and vice governor. Marcos Jr. is the scion of a prominent political family in the

Ferdinand Marcos was a Philippine lawyer and politician who, as head of state from 1965 to 1986, established an authoritarian regime in the Philippines that came under criticism for corruption and for its suppression of democratic processes. His son, Ferdinand Marcos, Jr., was elected president of

Ferdinand Marcos was a Philippine lawyer and politician who, as head of state from 1965 to 1986, established an authoritarian regime in the Philippines that came under criticism for corruption and for its suppression of democratic processes. His son, Ferdinand Marcos, Jr., was elected president of

Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. is a Filipino politician who has been president of the Philippines since 2022. Prior to becoming president, he served in government from the 1980s to the 2010s as senator, congressman, governor, and vice governor. Marcos Jr. is the scion of a prominent political family in the

Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. is a Filipino politician who has been president of the Philippines since 2022. Prior to becoming president, he served in government from the 1980s to the 2010s as senator, congressman, governor, and vice governor. Marcos Jr. is the scion of a prominent political family in the

Marcos de Niza was a Franciscan friar who claimed to have sighted the legendary “Seven Golden Cities of Cibola” in what is now western New Mexico. Niza went to the Americas in 1531 and served in Peru, Guatemala, and Mexico. At Culiacán, Mex., he freed Indian slaves from regions to the north. Under

Imelda Marcos is a public figure in the Philippines who wielded great power during the 20-year rule of her husband, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos. The woman who would become known as the “Steel Butterfly” for her combination of fashion sense and political resolve was born Imelda Romuáldez. Her mother died

Imelda Marcos is a public figure in the Philippines who wielded great power during the 20-year rule of her husband, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos. The woman who would become known as the “Steel Butterfly” for her combination of fashion sense and political resolve was born Imelda Romuáldez. Her mother died

Subcomandante Marcos is a Mexican professor who was the leader of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional; EZLN, also called the Zapatistas), which launched a rebellion in 1994 in the state of Chiapas and later functioned as a political movement defending

Marcq-en-Baroeul, town, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It is a part of the Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing urban complex. Its diversified manufactures include cotton textiles, metal products, chocolate, and yeast. Pop. (1999) 37,177; (2014 est.)

Captain Marvel: From Ms. Marvel to Captain Marvel and back: …and revealed that he was Marcus, the son of the Avengers’ time-traveling foe Immortus. He had engineered his own birth by kidnapping Danvers and raping her while she was under the influence of Immortus’s mind-control devices. In an inexplicable turn, Danvers quit the Avengers and agreed to accompany her “child”…

Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor (161–180), best known for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy. Marcus Aurelius has symbolized for many generations in the West the Golden Age of the Roman Empire. When he was born, his paternal grandfather was already consul for the second time and prefect of

Mark Antony was a Roman general under Julius Caesar and later triumvir (43–30 bce), who, with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, was defeated by Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) in the last of the civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. He is one of the major figures of Classical antiquity.

Gordian III was a Roman emperor from 238 to 244. After the deaths of the joint emperors Gordian I and Gordian II in 238, the Roman Senate proclaimed two elderly senators, Pupienus and Balbinus, joint emperors. However, the people and the Praetorian Guard in Rome distrusted the Senate’s nominees and

Gordian I was a Roman emperor for three weeks in March to April 238. Gordian was an elderly senator with a taste for literature. The Greek writer Flavius Philostratus dedicated his Lives of the Sophists to him. Early in 238, when Gordian was proconsul in Africa, a group of wealthy young landowners

Ernest Renan: Later writings of Ernest Renan: …Hadrian, but in Marc-Aurèle (1882; Marcus Aurelius, 1904), the study of Marcus Aurelius, again a self-portrait, it is dominated by the author’s preoccupation with death. Since 1876 Renan had been working on his memoirs, Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse (1883; Recollections of My Youth, 1883), in which he reconstructs his…

Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor (161–180), best known for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy. Marcus Aurelius has symbolized for many generations in the West the Golden Age of the Roman Empire. When he was born, his paternal grandfather was already consul for the second time and prefect of

Caracalla was a Roman emperor, ruling jointly with his father, Septimius Severus, from 198 to 211 and then alone from 211 until his assassination in 217. His principal achievements were his colossal baths in Rome and his edict of 212, giving Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire.

Carinus was a Roman emperor from ad 283 to 285. With the title of Caesar, he was sent by his father, the emperor Carus, to the army of the Rhine in 282. On his father’s death in the summer of 283, Carinus became emperor in the West, his brother Numerian becoming emperor in the East. After a

Carus was a Roman emperor from 282 to 283. Carus was probably from either Gaul or Illyricum and had served as prefect of the guard to the emperor Probus (276–282), whom he succeeded. Like his predecessors, Carus adopted the name Marcus Aurelius as a part of his imperial title. After a brief Danube

Claudius II Gothicus was a Roman emperor in 268–270, whose major achievement was the decisive defeat of the Gothic invaders (hence the name Gothicus) of the Balkans in 269. Claudius was an army officer under the emperor Gallienus from 260 to 268—a period of devastation of much of the Roman Empire

Quintillus was a Roman emperor in ad 270, who died or was killed a few weeks after being proclaimed

Numerian was a Roman emperor from 283–284. He succeeded his father, Carus, in the summer of 283, in the midst of a war with the Sāsānians. Numerian was emperor in the East, and his brother, Carinus, ruled the West. Numerian led the army home but contracted a disabling eye disease. Late in 284,