delay of gratification: Mischel’s experiment: …designed an experimental situation (“the marshmallow test”) in which a child is asked to choose between a larger treat, such as two cookies or marshmallows, and a smaller treat, such as one cookie or marshmallow. After stating a preference for the larger treat, the child learns that to obtain…

Christianity: Missions to Asia: …century in India, William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward—the Serampore trio—worked just north of Calcutta (now Kolkata). Their fundamental approach included translating the Scriptures, establishing a college to educate an Indian ministry, printing Christian literature, promoting social reform, and recruiting missionaries for new areas as soon as translations into…

Marsi, ancient people of Italy, located on the eastern shore of Lake Fucinus (now drained) in the modern province of L’Aquila. In 304 bc the Marsi and their allies, the Vestini, Paeligni, and Marrucini, made an alliance with Rome that lasted until the Social War, sometimes called the Marsic War (91

Marsi: Marsi was also the name of an ancient Germanic tribe located between the Ruhr and Lippe rivers. Defeated during the Roman campaigns in ad 14–16, they then disappeared from history.

South Asian arts: Mars̄iyeh: Mars̄iyeh means “elegy,” but in Urdu literature it generally means an elegy on the travails of the family and kinsmen of Ḥusayn (grandson of Muḥammad) and their martyrdom in the field of Karbalā, Iraq. These elegies and other lamentatory verses were read at public…

Social War, (90–89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome’s Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead

fern: Annotated classification: …plants rooted in the substrate—Marsilea (waterclover), Pilularia (pillwort), and Regnellidium—with about 75 species found nearly worldwide. Order Cyatheales (tree ferns) Family Cyatheaceae

Marsileaceae, only family of the fern order Marsileales, comprising three genera and about 70 species of small aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns. The plants are found nearly worldwide, and root in mud or grow in shallow water. Members of the family do not resemble other ferns and are frequently

Marsilius Of Padua was an Italian political philosopher whose work Defensor pacis (“Defender of the Peace”), one of the most original treatises on political theory produced during the Middle Ages, significantly influenced the modern idea of the state. He has been variously considered a forerunner

history of logic: Late medieval logic: 1316–90), Marsilius of Inghen (died 1399), and others—continued and developed the work of their predecessors. In 1372 Pierre d’Ailly wrote an important work, Conceptus et insolubilia (Concepts and Insolubles), which appealed to a sophisticated theory of mental language in order to solve semantic paradoxes such as…

Marsilius Of Padua was an Italian political philosopher whose work Defensor pacis (“Defender of the Peace”), one of the most original treatises on political theory produced during the Middle Ages, significantly influenced the modern idea of the state. He has been variously considered a forerunner

Alvar Aalto: Early work: In 1925 he married Aino Marsio, a fellow student, who served as his professional collaborator until her death in 1949. The couple had two children.

Mars Express: …Express orbiter also deployed the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) instrument, which used microwave pulses to search for radar signatures of subsurface water. MARSIS found evidence of liquid water on Mars in a possible underground lake beneath the south polar cap. An ultraviolet spectrometer was used…

Hendrik Marsman was one of the outstanding Dutch poets and critics active between World War I and World War II. Marsman studied law and practiced in Utrecht, but after 1933 he travelled in Europe and devoted himself to literature. Under the influence of the German Expressionists, Marsman made his

Evan Hunter was a prolific American writer of best-selling fiction, of which more than 50 books are crime stories published under the pseudonym Ed McBain. Hunter graduated from Hunter College (1950) and held various short-term jobs, including playing piano in a jazz band and teaching in vocational

Battle of Marston Moor, the first major Royalist defeat in the English Civil Wars, and the largest and arguably most important battle in that conflict. Two years after the outbreak of civil war in England, King Charles I was on the defensive in the north. A Royalist army was besieged in York by a

John Marston was an English dramatist, one of the most vigorous satirists of the Shakespearean era, whose best known work is The Malcontent (1604), in which he rails at the iniquities of a lascivious court. He wrote it, as well as other major works, for a variety of children’s companies, organized

William Moulton Marston was an American psychologist who is best remembered for his contributions to two distinct fields: psychology and comic books. His work led to the invention of an early prototype of the lie detector test, which was developed from ideas Marston formulated with his wife,

marsupial, any of more than 250 species belonging to the infraclass Metatheria (sometimes called Marsupialia), a mammalian group characterized by premature birth and continued development of the newborn while attached to the nipples on the mother’s lower belly. The pouch—or marsupium, from which

tree frog: ”) In the marsupial frogs (Gastrotheca) of South America, the young hatch and develop from eggs into tadpoles inside a brood pouch that forms on the back of the female. Some hylids do not climb well and live in the water, on land, or in burrows.

marsupial mole, either of the two species of small marsupial mammals of the genus Notoryctes, comprising the family Notoryctidae. Found in hot sandy wastes of south-central and northwestern Australia, the 18-centimetre (7-inch) N. typhlops and the 10-centimetre (4-inch) N. caurinus (by some not

cuscus, any of the seven species of Australasian marsupial mammals of the genus Phalanger. These are the marsupial “monkeys.” The head and body are 30 to 65 cm (12 to 25 inches) long, the tail 25 to 60 cm (10 to 24 inches). The big eyes are yellow-rimmed, and the nose is yellowish; the ears are

marsupial mouse, any of many small rat- or mouselike animals, belonging to the family Dasyuridae (order Marsupialia), found in Australia and New Guinea. The species vary in body length from 5 to 22 cm (2 to 9 inches), and all have tails, often brushlike, that are about as long as their bodies.

crest-tailed marsupial rat, (Dasyuroides byrnei), rare ratlike mammal of the family Dasyuridae (order Marsupialia), native to the desert and grasslands of central Australia. It averages about 17.5 cm (7 inches) in length, with about a 13.5-centimetre (5-inch) tail. The soft dense fur is a light

thylacine, (Thylacinus cynocephalus), largest carnivorous marsupial of recent times, presumed extinct soon after the last captive individual died in 1936. A slender fox-faced animal that hunted at night for wallabies and birds, the thylacine was 100 to 130 cm (39 to 51 inches) long, including its

marsupial, any of more than 250 species belonging to the infraclass Metatheria (sometimes called Marsupialia), a mammalian group characterized by premature birth and continued development of the newborn while attached to the nipples on the mother’s lower belly. The pouch—or marsupium, from which

marsupium, specialized pouch for protecting, carrying, and nourishing newborn marsupial young. A marsupium is found in most members of the order Marsupialia (class Mammalia). In some marsupials (e.g., kangaroos) it is a well-developed pocket, while in others (e.g., dasyurids) it is a simple fold of

Desiderio da Settignano: …funerary monument for the humanist Carlo Marsuppini.

Anish Kapoor: For his 2002 installation Marsyas at the Tate Modern gallery in London, Kapoor created a trumpetlike form by erecting three massive steel rings joined by a 550-foot (155-metre) span of fleshy red plastic membrane that stretched the length of the museum’s Turbine Hall. In 2004 Kapoor unveiled Cloud Gate…

Marsyas, legendary Greek figure of Anatolian origin. According to the usual Greek version, Marsyas found the aulos (double pipe) that the goddess Athena had invented and thrown away and, after becoming skilled in playing it, challenged Apollo to a contest with his lyre. The victory was awarded to

Marsyas Painter was a Greek painter of the late Classical period, known for a pelike (wine container), now in the British Museum, of “Peleus Taming Thetis,” and for a “Nuptial Lebes” (the bringing of gifts to the newly wed bride), now in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg. Both vases date from 340–330

South Asian arts: Mars̄iyeh: Mars̄iyeh means “elegy,” but in Urdu literature it generally means an elegy on the travails of the family and kinsmen of Ḥusayn (grandson of Muḥammad) and their martyrdom in the field of Karbalā, Iraq. These elegies and other lamentatory verses were read at public…

Merchandise Mart, landmark building in downtown Chicago, one of the largest commercial buildings in the world and the largest wholesale design centre. Encompassing some 4,200,000 square feet (390,000 square metres) of floor space, the Merchandise Mart spans two city blocks along the Chicago River,

Marta is a Brazilian athlete who is widely considered the greatest female football (soccer) player of all time. Marta is a six-time winner of the FIFA World Player of the Year award (2006–10 and 2018), and she helped the Brazilian national team win three Olympic silver medals (2004, 2008, and

Bielefeld: The MARTa Museum, with a structure designed by Frank Gehry and specializing in design, art, and architecture, opened in nearby Herford in 2005. The city is the seat of Bielefeld University (founded 1969). Annexation of several neighbouring cities in 1973 doubled the size of the city,…

Armando Palacio Valdés: Marta y María (1883), with its biblical Martha and Mary theme, is his most profound work. The local colour of Asturias, his native province, abounds in Marta y María, as it does in his other Asturian novels, José (1885), a realistic picture of seafaring life,…

pottery: Thailand and Annam: These Martabani wares were widely exported throughout the East during this period.

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style of Kashmir: …the ruined Sun Temple at Mārtanḍ (mid-8th century), which, though its śikhara is missing, gives a good idea of the characteristic features of the style. The temple is placed in a rectangular court enclosed by a series of columns. Access to the court is through an imposing entrance hall, the…

India: The south: Travancore and Mysore: … state of Venad (Travancore) by Martanda Varma (ruled 1729–58). He built a substantial standing army of about 50,000, reduced the power of the Nayar aristocracy on which rulers of the area had earlier been dependent militarily, and fortified the northern limits of his kingdom at the so-called “Travancore line.” It…

Berlin International Film Festival: …festival was the idea of Oscar Martay, a film officer in the U.S. military who was stationed in West Berlin after World War II. In 1950 he formed a committee that included members of the Berlin Senate and the German film industry. Together they laid the groundwork for the inaugural…

Arizona Diamondbacks: …stellar play of second baseman Ketel Marte, Arizona defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in the NL Championship Series. The team then advanced to the World Series, where it lost to the Texas Rangers in five games.

Pierre Boulez: …voice and six instruments (1953–55; The Hammer Without a Master) has florid decorative textures that flow into one another, with voice and instruments rising and falling with apparent spontaneity.

tactical weapons system: Air-to-surface systems: A European consortium produces a Martel air-to-surface missile that carries a television camera in its nose, transmitting back to the control console in the airplane that released it an image of the target; the controller, by radio signals, then flies the missile to the point where a homing device takes…

Charles Martel was the mayor of the palace of Austrasia (the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom) from 715 to 741. He reunited and ruled the entire Frankish realm and defeated a sizable Muslim raiding party at Poitiers in 732. His byname, Martel, means “the hammer.” Charles was the illegitimate

tank: Interwar developments: Giffard le Quesne Martel and John Carden in the mid-1920s, and a slightly heavier, turreted, two-man light tank. The number of light tanks grew rapidly after 1929, as several countries started to produce armoured vehicles. The Soviet Union was by far the most important producer;…

Yann Martel is a Canadian author best known for Life of Pi (2001), the story of the eponymous Indian teenager adrift at sea, after a shipwreck, in a lifeboat shared with a Bengal tiger. The son of peripatetic Canadian parents—his father was a diplomat as well as an accomplished poet—Martel lived in

Linda Martell is a pioneering American country music singer who was the first Black female artist to perform at the venerable Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. She had a top 25 hit (“Color Him Father”) on Billboard’s country chart in 1969 but then faded into obscurity until a resurgence of interest in

Pandanales: Pandanaceae: >Martellidendron—are distributed in coastal or marshy areas in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (Paleotropics). They are abundant in the Malay Archipelago, Melanesia, and Madagascar and have a few species in Hawaii, New Zealand, southern China, and Japan.

Martello tower, a defensive work whose name is a corruption of that of Cape Mortella in Corsica, where a circular tower of this kind was captured only with great difficulty in 1794 by British forces supporting Corsican insurgents against the French. With the threat to England of invasion by

European exploration: The sea route east by south to Cathay: The map of the German Henricus Martellus, published in 1492, shows the shores of North Africa and of the Gulf of Guinea more or less correctly and was probably taken from numerous seamen’s charts. The delineation of the west coast of southern Africa from the Guinea Gulf to the Cape…

Michel Martelly is a Haitian musician and politician who became president of Haiti (2011–16) in elections that followed a catastrophic earthquake in 2010. Martelly attended community colleges in the United States before returning home in the mid-1980s to embark on a musical career. He became a

marten, (genus Martes), any of eight species of weasel-like carnivores of the genus Martes (family Mustelidae), found in Canada and parts of the United States and in the Old World from Europe to the Russian Far East, Taiwan, and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. Differing in size and coloration

Henry Marten was a leading Parliamentary judge in the trial of King Charles I of England and the signer of his death warrant. Educated at University College, Oxford, Marten first became prominent in 1639 when he refused to contribute to the general loan for the Scottish war, and in April and again

Henry Marten was a leading Parliamentary judge in the trial of King Charles I of England and the signer of his death warrant. Educated at University College, Oxford, Marten first became prominent in 1639 when he refused to contribute to the general loan for the Scottish war, and in April and again

ondes martenot, (French: “musical waves”), electronic musical instrument demonstrated in 1928 in France by the inventor Maurice Martenot. Oscillating radio tubes produce electric pulses at two supersonic sound-wave frequencies. They in turn produce a lower frequency within audible range that is

Maurice Martenot was a French musician who was the inventor of the ondes martenot (also called ondes musicales [French: “musical waves”]), an electronic instrument that supplies colour and tone to orchestral compositions. Martenot studied cello and composition at the Paris Conservatory and was a

Maurice Martenot was a French musician who was the inventor of the ondes martenot (also called ondes musicales [French: “musical waves”]), an electronic instrument that supplies colour and tone to orchestral compositions. Martenot studied cello and composition at the Paris Conservatory and was a

law of war: Law by custom: In this case the Martens Clause, which first appeared in one of the 1899 Hague Conventions (and has been repeated in virtually every major treaty since), avoids any lacuna in the law by providing the following:

Michel de Ghelderode was an eccentric Belgian dramatist whose folkish morality plays resound with violence, demonism, holy madness, and Rabelaisian humour. He has affinities with Fernand Crommelynck but is bleaker and more extreme in his visions. Ghelderode was the son of Flemish parents who

Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens was a Russian jurist and diplomat, international arbitrator, and historian of European colonial ventures in Asia and Africa. After serving four years in the Russian foreign ministry, Martens taught public law in St. Petersburg from 1872 to 1905. He helped to settle the

Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens was a Russian jurist and diplomat, international arbitrator, and historian of European colonial ventures in Asia and Africa. After serving four years in the Russian foreign ministry, Martens taught public law in St. Petersburg from 1872 to 1905. He helped to settle the

Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens was a Russian jurist and diplomat, international arbitrator, and historian of European colonial ventures in Asia and Africa. After serving four years in the Russian foreign ministry, Martens taught public law in St. Petersburg from 1872 to 1905. He helped to settle the

Georg Friedrich von Martens was a Hanoverian diplomat and a professor of jurisprudence at the University of Göttingen from 1783. He was the original editor of what remains the largest collection of treaties in the world. He singlehandedly edited Recueil des traités, covering treaties from 1761,

metallurgy: Hardening treatments: …the low-temperature-transformation phase (known as martensite) increases with carbon content, and this can result in some very strong alloys. Other alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, and manganese are added to steel primarily to slow transformation from the high-temperature phase so that thicker pieces, which cool more slowly on quenching,…

stainless steel: Martensitic steels typically contain 11.5 to 18 percent chromium and up to 1.2 percent carbon with nickel sometimes added. They are hardenable by heat treatment, have modest corrosion resistance, and are employed in cutlery, surgical instruments, wrenches, and turbines. Duplex stainless steels are a combination…

advanced structural ceramics: Transformation toughening: …underlying phase transformation is called martensitic, after a similar transformation in rapidly quenched steel to a phase known as martensite.

marten, (genus Martes), any of eight species of weasel-like carnivores of the genus Martes (family Mustelidae), found in Canada and parts of the United States and in the Old World from Europe to the Russian Far East, Taiwan, and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. Differing in size and coloration

marten: The American marten (M. americana) is a North American species that inhabits northern wooded regions from Alaska to Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also called the pine marten. Its fur is sometimes sold as American, or Hudson Bay, sable. Its adult length is 35–43 cm (14–17…

marten: The yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula), of the subgenus Charronia, is also called the harza. It is found in southern Asia. Its head-and-body length is 56–61 cm (22–24 inches), and its tail is 38–43 cm (15–17 inches) long. It has a brown coat that darkens toward and…

marten: The stone marten, or beech marten (M. foina), inhabits wooded country in Eurasia from Spain eastward to northern China. It has grayish brown fur with a divided white throat bib. It weighs 1–2.5 kg (about 2–5.5 pounds), is 42–48 cm (16.5–19 inches) long, and stands 12…

marten: The Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) is similar to the yellow-throated marten. However, it is slightly longer on average, and the throat patch ranges in colour from yellow to orange. Its body length extends from 55 to 65 cm (22 to 26 inches), with a tail that…

marten: The pine marten (M. martes) of European and Central Asian forests is also called the European marten and, less commonly, baum marten and sweet marten. It has a dark brown coat with an undivided yellowish throat patch. Its head-and-body length is 42–52 cm (about 16.5–20.5 inches),…

fisher, (Martes pennanti), North American carnivore of northern forests (taiga), trapped for its valuable brownish black fur (especially fine in the female). It is a member of the weasel family (Mustelidae). The fisher has a weasel-like body, bushy tail, tapered muzzle, and low rounded ears. Adults

sable, (Martes zibellina), graceful carnivore of the weasel family, Mustelidae, found in the forests of northern Asia and highly valued for its fine fur. The common name is sometimes also applied to related European and Asian species and to the American marten (Martes americana). The sable ranges

piddock: Smith’s martesia (M. smithi), which resembles a fat, gray pea, bores into rocks and mollusk shells in the Atlantic Ocean from New York to the Gulf of Mexico.

piddock: The wood piddock (Martesia striata), up to 2.5 centimetres long, commonly occurs in waterlogged timbers cast up on the beach and ranges from North Carolina to Brazil. M. pusilla and M. cuneiformis have similar habits and distribution. Smith’s martesia (M. smithi), which resembles a fat, gray…

Friedrich von Flotow: …best known for his opera Martha (1847).

Martha and the Vandellas, American soul-pop vocal group that challenged the Supremes as Motown Records’ premier female group in the 1960s. The original members were Martha Reeves (b. July 18, 1941, Eufaula, Alabama, U.S.), Annette Beard Sterling-Helton (b. July 4, 1943, Detroit, Michigan), Gloria

Martha Graham: Maturity of Martha Graham: …restructured her company into the Martha Graham Dance Company in 1973 and continued to create dances and to teach. Her autobiography, Blood Memory, was published in 1991.

Julia Garner: Martha Marcy May Marlene and other early roles: …casting call for the movie Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011). She landed a role playing a cult member alongside actress Elizabeth Olsen and thus kicked off her feature film acting career. Garner’s next feature film, Electrick Children (2012), was her first film in the lead role. She portrayed a fundamentalist…

Ángel Guimerá: …widely translated Terra baixa (1896; Martha of the Lowlands), was made into a film (1946) and was the basis for a German and a French opera (Tiefland and La Catalane, respectively). His other plays include historical and modern tragedies, rural drama, and comedy.

Martha and the Vandellas, American soul-pop vocal group that challenged the Supremes as Motown Records’ premier female group in the 1960s. The original members were Martha Reeves (b. July 18, 1941, Eufaula, Alabama, U.S.), Annette Beard Sterling-Helton (b. July 4, 1943, Detroit, Michigan), Gloria

Martha Stewart: …to publish a monthly magazine, Martha Stewart Living, with Stewart not only as editor in chief but as the featured personality within its pages. She began a syndicated television show of the same name (1993–2004) and eventually bought the magazine from Time Warner Inc. (1997), funding the purchase with proceeds…

Martha Stewart: …international media and home-furnishing corporation, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc.

Geraniales: The florist’s geranium (Pelargonium ×domesticum) is a favourite house plant and is available in many varieties. These cultivars (horticultural varieties) originated from plants native to South Africa. Geranium robertianum (herb Robert) is a well-known garden plant, as are some species of Erodium. Erodium cicutarium (pin-clover), a Mediterranean species…

Martha’s Vineyard, island of glacial origin off the southeastern coast of Massachusetts, U.S., 4 miles (6 km) across Vineyard Sound from the mainland (Cape Cod). It accounts for most of the territory and population of Dukes county, Massachusetts. The island is some 20 miles (32 km) long and 2–10

Atlanta, city, capital (1868) of Georgia, U.S., and seat (1853) of Fulton county (but also partly in DeKalb county). It lies in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwestern part of the state, just southeast of the Chattahoochee River. Atlanta is Georgia’s largest city and the

Joris-Karl Huysmans: …naturalist novelists, include a novel, Marthe, histoire d’une fille (1876; Marthe), about his liaison with a soubrette, and a novella, Sac au dos (1880; “Pack on Back”), based on his experience in the Franco-German War. The latter was published in Les Soirées de Médan (1881), war stories written by members…

Joris-Karl Huysmans: …naturalist novelists, include a novel, Marthe, histoire d’une fille (1876; Marthe), about his liaison with a soubrette, and a novella, Sac au dos (1880; “Pack on Back”), based on his experience in the Franco-German War. The latter was published in Les Soirées de Médan (1881), war stories written by members…

Arabic literature: Poetry: …heroes were commemorated in the marthiyyah, or elegy, and it is in this role that the voice of the female poet is prominently heard, as, for example, in the verses of the 7th-century poets al-Khansāʾ and Laylā al-Akhyāliyyah. Many of the earliest male poets became renowned as warriors and lovers,…

José Martí was a Cuban poet and essayist, patriot and martyr, who became the symbol of Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain. His dedication to the goal of Cuban freedom made his name a synonym for liberty throughout Latin America. As a patriot, Martí organized and unified the movement for

José Martí was a Cuban poet and essayist, patriot and martyr, who became the symbol of Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain. His dedication to the goal of Cuban freedom made his name a synonym for liberty throughout Latin America. As a patriot, Martí organized and unified the movement for

José Martí was a Cuban poet and essayist, patriot and martyr, who became the symbol of Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain. His dedication to the goal of Cuban freedom made his name a synonym for liberty throughout Latin America. As a patriot, Martí organized and unified the movement for

Martial was a Roman poet who brought the Latin epigram to perfection and provided in it a picture of Roman society during the early empire that is remarkable both for its completeness and for its accurate portrayal of human foibles. Martial was born in a Roman colony in Spain along the Salo River.

martial art, any of various fighting sports or skills, mainly of East Asian origin, such as kung fu (Pinyin gongfu), judo, karate, and kendō. Martial arts can be divided into the armed and unarmed arts. The former include archery, spearmanship, and swordsmanship; the latter, which originated in

dress: Male display: Martial display in Europe reached its apex with the tournaments of the Middle Ages. The participants spent fortunes on enameled armour, ostrich plumes, pearl-embroidered tabards, ornate saddles and horsecloths, fine mounts, a retinue of grooms and squires, weapons, tents, and other materials. It was

martial eagle, (Polemaetus bellicosus), large, long-winged eagle inhabiting dry grassland, scrubland, and scattered woodland habitats of sub-Saharan Africa. The martial eagle is one of the largest birds of prey in the world, and, with a length reaching up to 96 cm (37 inches) long and a weight up

martial law, temporary rule by military authorities of a designated area in time of emergency when the civil authorities are deemed unable to function. The legal effects of a declaration of martial law differ in various jurisdictions, but they generally involve a suspension of normal civil rights

Limoges: …brought to the town by St. Martial in the 3rd century. Legends of his miracles spread rapidly, and his shrine became a stopping place for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela in northwest Spain, one of the most important shrines in Christendom. In the 9th century an abbey…

Martial was a Roman poet who brought the Latin epigram to perfection and provided in it a picture of Roman society during the early empire that is remarkable both for its completeness and for its accurate portrayal of human foibles. Martial was born in a Roman colony in Spain along the Salo River.