From the Siege of Toulon (August 28–December 19, 1793) to the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815), Napoleon shaped France’s military fortunes for a generation. As a young officer in the French Revolutionary wars, Napoleon demonstrated his talents on the battlefield, but he was almost undone by the

Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul Bonaparte was the youngest son of Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon I’s youngest brother, and his second wife, Catherine of Württemberg. In 1852 he was named heir presumptive to the throne of the Second Empire. After the French Revolution of 1848, he was elected to the

Napoleon’s image was carefully crafted from the earliest days of his public life. He was not simply a showman, however. He won battles. He survived the French Revolution (no small feat in itself). He helped lay the foundation for the legal code of countries around the world, and he reshaped the

Christian Dietrich Grabbe: Grabbe’s most important poetic work, Napoleon; oder, die hundert Tage (1831; “Napoleon; or, The Hundred Days”), exemplifies the boldly experimental form of his plays, in which he avoided continuous action by the use of a series of vividly depicted and contrasting scenes. His tragedy Don Juan und Faust (1829) is…

Napoleonic Code, French civil code enacted on March 21, 1804, and still extant, with revisions. It was the main influence on the 19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental Europe and Latin America. The demand for codification and, indeed, codification itself preceded the Napoleonic

Alessandro Manzoni: …“Il cinque maggio” (1822; “The Napoleonic Ode”), was considered by Goethe, one of the first to translate it into German, as the greatest of many written to commemorate the event.

Napoleonic Wars, series of wars between Napoleonic France and shifting alliances of other European powers that produced a brief French hegemony over most of Europe. Along with the French Revolutionary wars, the Napoleonic Wars constitute a 23-year period of recurrent conflict that concluded only

Naples, city, capital of Naples provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy. It lies on the west coast of the Italian peninsula, 120 miles (190 km) southeast of Rome. On its celebrated bay—flanked to the west by the smaller Gulf of Pozzuoli and to the southeast by the more extended indentation of

Nauplia, town and dímos (municipality), Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopónnisos) periféreia (region), southwestern Greece, at the head of the Gulf of Argolís (Argolikós Kólpos). The port, southeast of Árgos, sits on the north slope of twin crags; Itche (or Its) Kale (279 feet [85 metres]), the

Bay of Naples, semicircular inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea (an arm of the Mediterranean Sea), southwest of the city of Naples, southern Italy. It is 10 miles (16 km) wide and extends southeastward for 20 miles (32 km) from Cape Miseno to Campanella Point. The bay is noted for its scenic beauty, which

University of Naples, coeducational state university at Naples founded in 1224 as a studium generale by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II to offset the dominant influence of the university at Bologna. Although universities were generally chartered after students had chosen to study in a

Joseph Napolitan was an American political consultant noted for being a pioneer in his field. He is largely credited with coining the term political consultant. After graduating from high school, Napolitan enlisted in the U.S. Army and served in Guam during World War II. He later returned to his

Mario Monti: Giorgio Napolitano asked Monti to form a government.

Black Hawk War: Black Hawk’s intentions in 1832: Black Hawk, White Cloud, and Napope (the most important of the younger but relatively inexperienced rebellious chiefs) led a group of the dissident Sauk and Fox, Kickapoo, and Ho-Chunk that formed what was effectively a separate tribe.

Nappanee, city, Elkhart county, northern Indiana, U.S., 26 miles (42 km) southeast of South Bend. Founded in 1874, it adopted an Algonquian Indian name (probably meaning “flour”) and developed along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. There is a large concentration of Amish farmers in the vicinity,

nappe, in geology, large body or sheet of rock that has been moved a distance of about 2 km (1.2 miles) or more from its original position by faulting or folding. A nappe may be the hanging wall of a low-angle thrust fault (a fracture in the rocks of the Earth’s crust caused by contraction), or it

textile: Napping and shearing: Napping is a process that may be applied to woollens, cottons, spun silks, and spun rayons, including both woven and knitted types, to raise a velvety, soft surface. The process involves passing the fabric over revolving cylinders covered with fine wires that lift the short,…

Ntozake Shange: Shange’s poetry collections included Nappy Edges (1978) and Ridin’ the Moon in Texas (1987). She also published the novels Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo (1982), about the diverging lives of three sisters and their mother; the semiautobiographical Betsey Brown (1985); and Liliane: Resurrection of the Daughter (1994), a coming-of-age story…

childhood disease and disorder: Skin disorders: Diaper, or napkin, rashes, which affect the areas of skin in contact with a wet diaper, are very common and can become severe when additional infection occurs.

Kentucky Derby: History: …in 1970, and the sixth, Rosie Napravnik, finished fifth aboard Mylute in 2013 and last in 2014. Women owners have won the Derby numerous times, beginning in 1904 with Elwood’s victory for owner Laska Durnell. Since then, prominent Derby-winning female owners have included Helen Hay Whitney, Elizabeth Arden Graham, Ethel…

Cleveland Guardians, American professional baseball team based in Cleveland that plays in the American League (AL). Since it began playing as a major league team in Cleveland in 1901, it has won six AL pennants and two World Series titles, the first in 1920 and the second in 1948. It changed its

Napster, music file-sharing computer service created by American college student Shawn Fanning in 1999. Napster allowed users to share, over the Internet, electronic copies of music stored on their personal computers. The file sharing that resulted set in motion a legal battle over digital rights

László Nemes: …cowrote and directed Napszállta (2018; Sunset), which is set in 1913 Budapest, then a capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The drama centres on a young woman who was orphaned at age two. As she attempts to learn more about her family, including a long-lost brother, she also discovers an empire…

Negev, arid region in the southern part of Israel and occupying almost half of Palestine west of the Jordan River and about 60 percent of Israeli territory under the 1949–67 boundaries. The name is derived from the Hebrew verbal root n-g-b, “to dry” or “to wipe dry.” The Negev is shaped like a

Naqādah, town in Qinā muḥāfaẓah (governorate), in Upper Egypt. It lies on the west bank of the Nile River, in the great bend of the river, opposite Qūṣ. One of the oldest regions of Egypt, it is the site of a Neolithic town and burial grounds of the Predynastic period (before c. 2925 bce). It was

Amratian culture, Egyptian Predynastic cultural phase, centred in Upper Egypt, its type-site being Al-ʿĀmirah near modern Abydos. Numerous sites, dating to about 3600 bce, have been excavated and reveal an agricultural way of life similar to that of the preceding Badarian culture but with advanced

Gerzean culture, predynastic Egyptian cultural phase given the sequence dates 40–65 by Sir Flinders Petrie and later dated c. 3400–c. 3100 bce. Evidence indicates that the Gerzean culture was a further development of the culture of the Amratian period, which immediately preceded the Gerzean.

South Asian arts: Performing arts in the Punjab: In the performance of a naqal (comic sketch), two people constitute a troupe. The leader holds a leather folder and slaps his foolish partner, who leads his master to a hilarious situation through absurd replies. Expert in mime and clowning, these character types are distantly related to the Western court…

Arabic literature: Lampoon: Collected as Al-Naqāʾiḍ (“Flytings”), these contests—involving principally Jarīr and al-Farazdaq but also al-Akhṭal and al-Ṭirimmāh—took the level of invective to new heights (or depths):

Arabic literature: Emerging poetics: …was Qudāmah ibn Jaʿfar, whose Naqd al-shiʿr (“Evaluation of Poetry”) provides specific criteria for assessing the quality of poetry; he defines it as “discourse with rhyme, metre, and intention.” What is perhaps most remarkable is that this specific definition of poetry based on both rhyme and metre was to remain…

history of Mesopotamia: Esarhaddon: …his energetic and designing mother, Zakutu (Naqia), who came from Syria or Judah, used all her influence on his behalf to override the national party of Assyria. The theory that he was a partner in plotting the murder of his father is rather improbable; at any rate, he was able…

naker, small kettledrum that reached Europe from the Middle East in the 13th century, during the Crusades. Nakers were made of wood, metal, or clay and were sometimes equipped with snares. They were almost always played in pairs and were struck with hard sticks. They were probably tuned to high and

Arabic literature: Literary drama: In 1847 Mārūn al-Naqqāsh, who had recently returned from a stay in Italy, obtained permission from the Ottoman authorities in Syria to produce in his house Al-Bakhīl, a play inspired by Molière’s drama L’Avare. Most of the actors involved either were members of his family or were…

ancient Iran: Art and literature: At Naqsh-e Bahrām, north of Kāzerūn, Bahrām III is depicted enthroned. The same ruler appears at Qaṣr-e Abū Nasr, near Shīrāz, and at Gūyom, not far from there. Sāsānian sculptured reliefs are less numerous outside Fārs, but a Sāsānian equestrian that once existed at Rayy (ancient…

ancient Iran: Art and literature: …are at Naqsh-e Rostam and Naqsh-e Rajab, both near Persepolis, and at Bishāpūr, an ancient city a few miles north of Kāzerūn in Fārs. At Fīrūzābād—the ancient Gūr, also in Fārs—are two reliefs of Ardashīr I, one depicting the overthrow of Artabanus V, the other depicting an investiture scene. Not…

Persepolis: The site: This place is called Naqsh-e Rostam (“Picture of Rostam”), from the Sasanian carvings below the tombs, which were thought to represent the mythical hero Rostam. That the occupants of these seven tombs were Achaemenian kings might be inferred from the sculptures, and one of those at Naqsh-e Rostam is…

Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī: …Aḥmad joined the mystical order Naqshbandīyah, the most important of the Indian Sufi orders, in 1593–94. He spent his life preaching against the inclination of Akbar and his successor, Jahāngīr (ruled 1605–27), toward pantheism and Shīʿite Islam (one of that religion’s two major branches). Of his several written works, the…

Trinidad and Tobago: Independent Trinidad and Tobago: In December 1986 the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), a coalition party led by A.N.R. Robinson, won the majority of seats on a program calling for divestment of most state-owned companies, reorganization of the civil service, and structural readjustment of the economy in the light of shrinking oil revenues.…

Nara, landlocked ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. The prefectural capital is Nara city. The prefecture occupies the central part of the Kii Peninsula. Its southern and northeastern portions are mountainous, while the northwest is composed of the lowland of the Nara Basin. The basin is

Nara, city, Nara ken (prefecture), southern Honshu, Japan. The city of Nara, the prefectural capital, is located in the hilly northeastern edge of the Nara Basin, 25 miles (40 km) east of Ōsaka. It was the national capital of Japan from 710 to 784—when it was called Heijō-kyō—and retains the

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), independent federal agency headquartered in Washington, D.C., charged with collecting, caring for, and making publicly available U.S. federal government records. Founded in 1934, the National Archives contain, among other objects, some 13.5

Bahawalpur: Farther east the Rohi, or Cholistan, is a barren desert tract, bounded on the north and west by the Hakra depression with mound ruins of old settlements along its high banks; it is still inhabited by nomads. The principal inhabitants of the region surrounding Bahawalpur are Jat and Baloch peoples.…

Nara Canal, important water channel in Sindh province, Pakistan, the longest canal in the country. From its source above Rohri, it runs southward and discharges into the Puran River, an old channel of the Indus River, which flows to the sea farther south through the Rann of Kutch. Because of the

Kurokawa Kishō: In his Nara City Museum of Photography (1989–91), he displayed an awareness of the area’s architecture, particularly that of the Shinyakushiji Temple, whose roof tiles and general form he echoed. Despite the building’s traditional vocabulary, the museum’s use of glass walls makes a modern statement.

Nara National Museum, in Nara, Japan, art museum devoted primarily to Buddhist art. Exhibits include dry-lacquer works, wooden statues, and lacquered wood from the earlier and later Heian periods. There are Kamakura sculptures, including Jizō-Bosatsu, and a relief of 1327 from Kōchi of Kobo Daishi

Nara National Museum, in Nara, Japan, art museum devoted primarily to Buddhist art. Exhibits include dry-lacquer works, wooden statues, and lacquered wood from the earlier and later Heian periods. There are Kamakura sculptures, including Jizō-Bosatsu, and a relief of 1327 from Kōchi of Kobo Daishi

Nara period, (ad 710–784), in Japanese history, period in which the imperial government was at Nara, and Sinicization and Buddhism were most highly developed. Nara, the country’s first permanent capital, was modeled on the Chinese T’ang dynasty (618–907) capital, Ch’ang-an. Nara artisans produced

Chinese literature: Poetry and prose nonfiction: … writing, the 17th-century Manchu poet Nara Singde (Sinicized name Nalan Xingde) was outstanding, but even he lapsed into conscious imitation of Southern Tang models except when inspired by the vastness of open space and the beauties of nature. In nonfictional prose, Jin Renrui continued the familiar essay form.

Belarus: Drainage: Among the largest lakes are Narach, Osveyskoye, and Drysvyaty.

Naracoorte, town, southeastern South Australia. It lies 190 miles (310 km) southeast of Adelaide, near the Victoria border. Founded as Kincraig in 1845, it took its present name in 1869 from an Aboriginal word meaning “large water hole.” During the 1850s Naracoorte was an important stopping place

Naracoorte: …and tourism based on nearby Naracoorte Caves National Park (established 2001) is an added source of income. In the park’s Victoria Fossil Cave, a rich deposit of fossil bones was discovered in 1969; the fossil chamber is estimated to contain more than 5,000 tons of bone-laden sediment, including the remains…

South Asian arts: Chant intonation: …text of the Samaveda, the Naradishiksha, correlates the Vedic tones with the accents described above, suggesting that the Samavedic tones possibly derived from the accents. The Samavedic hymns as chanted by the Tamil Aiyar Brahmans are based on a mode similar to the D mode (D-d on the white notes…

Narai was the king of Siam (1656–88), who was best known for his efforts in foreign affairs and whose court produced the first “golden age” of Thai literature. Narai was a son of King Prasat Thong by a queen who was a daughter of King Song Tham, and he came to the throne after violent palace

Jayaprakash Narayan was an Indian political leader and theorist. Narayan was educated at universities in the United States, where he became a Marxist. Upon his return to India in 1929, he joined the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). In 1932 he was sentenced to a year’s imprisonment for his

Diwali: The second day, called Naraka Chaturdashi or Choti Diwali, commemorates Krishna’s destruction of Narakasura; prayers are also offered for the souls of ancestors. On the third day, Lakshmi Puja, families seek blessings from Lakshmi to ensure their prosperity; light diyas, candles, and fireworks; and visit temples. It is the…

Assam: Prehistory to c. 1950: King Narakasura and his son Bhagadatta were famous rulers of Kamarupa in the Mahabharata period (roughly 400 bce to 200 ce). A Chinese traveler, Xuanzang, left a vivid account of the country and its people about 640 ce. Although information about the following centuries is meager,…

Reproductive Freedom for All, American organization, founded in 1969 to centralize state abortion-rights efforts and continuing its mission thereafter to protect and promote reproductive freedom. In 2023 the organization changed its name from NARAL Pro-Choice America to Reproductive Freedom for

Mesopotamian religion: Epics: …the Akkadian empire long after Naram-Sin, which was wrongly attributed to that ruler’s presumed pride and the gods’ retaliation, is the theme of “The Fall of Akkad.” Akkadian epic tradition continues and gives focus to the Sumerian tales of Gilgamesh.

Narameikhla was the founder and first king (reigned 1404–34) of the Mrohaung dynasty in Arakan, the maritime country lying to the west of Lower Burma on the Bay of Bengal, which had been settled by the Burmese in the 10th century. When Arakan became the scene of a struggle between rival centres of

Koch: …monarch of the dynasty was Naranarayan, the son of Biswa Singh, who extended his power over a large part of Assam and southward over what became the British district of Rangpur. His son became tributary to the Mughal Empire. In 1772 the country was invaded by the Bhutanese, and an…

Catedral de Sevilla: …the original mosque is the Patio de los Naranjos (Orange Tree Courtyard) entrance court, where Muslim faithful once washed their hands and feet in the fountain before entering the mosque, and a minaret that was built between 1184 and 1196. In 1198 four copper spheres were added on top of…

Grammy Award: …the United States by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (NARAS; commonly called the Recording Academy) or the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS; commonly called the Latin Recording Academy) to recognize achievement in the music industry. Winners are selected from more than 25 fields, which…

India: Reconsolidation: …hands of his chief minister, Narasa Nayaka, whom he had appointed regent for his two young sons the previous year. The minister in effect ruled Vijayanagar from 1490 until his own death in 1503. Court intrigues led to the murder of the elder prince by one of Narasa’s rivals and…

Narashino, city, Chiba ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. Narashino is situated on the northeastern shore of Tokyo Bay. Formed in 1951 by the merger of Minomi, Maka, Tsuda-numa, and Okubo, the settlement has no city centre because the former towns are lined up along two railways to Tokyo. Truck

Narasimha, one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the Hindu god Vishnu. The demon Hiranyakashipu—twin brother of Hiranyaksha, the demon overthrown by Vishnu in his previous incarnation as Varaha—obtained a boon from the god Brahma that he could not be killed by human or animal, from inside or

Odisha: History of Odisha: Narasimha I (1238–64) built the Sun Temple (Surya Deula) of Konark, one of the finest specimens of Hindu architecture. In the 13th and 14th centuries, when much of India came under the rule of Muslim powers, independent Kalinga remained a citadel of Hindu religion, philosophy,…

Ramanatha: …whose struggles with his brother Narasimha III significantly weakened the dynasty. Upon the death of Someshvara, the kingdom was divided between his elder son, Narasimha, and Ramanatha, who obtained the southern region in the Kaveri (Cauvery) River valley. Driven out by the Pandyas, Ramanatha turned against Narasimha and occupied part…

Ganga dynasty: Narasimha IV, the last known king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, ruled until 1425. The “mad king,” Bhanudeva IV, who succeeded him, left no inscriptions; his minister Kapilendra usurped the throne and founded the Suryavamsha dynasty in 1434–35. The Eastern Gangas were great patrons of…

India: Decentralization and loss of territory: …east; but it was Saluva Narasimha (since transferred to Penukonda), rather than Virupaksha, who took advantage of the resultant civil war in Orissa to regain lost territory. He reconquered the Tamil region and became master of the east coast up to the Godavari River. Bahmanī aid to Hamvira, in return…

India: Southern India: Mahendravarman’s successor, Narasimhavarman I (reigned c. 630–668), also called Mahamall or Mamalla, avenged the Pallava defeat by capturing Vatapi. He sent two naval expeditions from Mahabalipuram to Sri Lanka to assist the king Manavamma in regaining his throne. Pallava naval interests laid the foundation for extensive reliance…

India: Southern India: Mahendravarman’s successor, Narasimhavarman I (reigned c. 630–668), also called Mahamall or Mamalla, avenged the Pallava defeat by capturing Vatapi. He sent two naval expeditions from Mahabalipuram to Sri Lanka to assist the king Manavamma in regaining his throne. Pallava naval interests laid the foundation for extensive reliance…

Battle of Ngasaunggyan: The Pagan king Narathihapate (reigned 1254–87) shunned the first Mongol embassy and massacred the members of the second. Confident of victory because of recent Burmese conquests of the territory up to Nanchao, Narathihapate advanced boldly into Yunnan in 1277, accompanied by scores of elephants and soldiers. He met…

Narathiwat, town, extreme southern Thailand, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. Narathiwat is a minor port inhabited largely by Malay Muslims. Fishing and shipping are the main activities. The surrounding area is heavily planted in coconuts, rice, and rubber. Pop. (2000)

Kinoshita Keisuke: Narayama-bushi kō (1958; Ballad of Narayama) is praised for the technical excellence with which Kinoshita used colour and the wide screen within the traditional structure of the period film.

Jayaprakash Narayan was an Indian political leader and theorist. Narayan was educated at universities in the United States, where he became a Marxist. Upon his return to India in 1929, he joined the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). In 1932 he was sentenced to a year’s imprisonment for his

Jayaprakash Narayan was an Indian political leader and theorist. Narayan was educated at universities in the United States, where he became a Marxist. Upon his return to India in 1929, he joined the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). In 1932 he was sentenced to a year’s imprisonment for his

R.K. Narayan was one of the finest authors of Indian writing in English. His stories often explore themes such as the clash between tradition and modernity, individual freedom, and the dynamics of Indian family life. His style is marked by genial humor, gentle irony, and simplicity. Hand in hand

R.K. Narayan was one of the finest authors of Indian writing in English. His stories often explore themes such as the clash between tradition and modernity, individual freedom, and the dynamics of Indian family life. His style is marked by genial humor, gentle irony, and simplicity. Hand in hand

Hinduism: Cosmogony: …in the beginning the god Narayana (identified with Vishnu) floated on the snake Ananta (“Endless”) on the primeval waters. From Narayana’s navel grew a lotus, in which the god Brahma was born reciting the four Vedas with his four mouths and creating the “Egg of Brahma,” which contains all the…

Kocheril Raman Narayanan was an Indian politician and diplomat, who was the president of India from 1997 to 2002. He was the first Dalit, a member of the country’s lowest social castes, to occupy the office. Despite his family’s poverty and social status, Narayanan’s intellect won him a

Narayanganj, city, east-central Bangladesh. It is situated along both banks of the Sitalakhya River at its confluence with the Dhaleswari River. The chief river port for nearby Dhaka (northwest), the city has steamer connections with major inland ports and Chittagong. Narayanganj is among the

Gandak River, river in central Nepal and northern India. It is formed by the union of the Kali and Trisuli rivers, which rise in the Great Himalaya Range in Nepal; from this junction to the Indian border the river is called the Narayani. It flows southwest into India and then turns southeast along

R.K. Narayan was one of the finest authors of Indian writing in English. His stories often explore themes such as the clash between tradition and modernity, individual freedom, and the dynamics of Indian family life. His style is marked by genial humor, gentle irony, and simplicity. Hand in hand

Narmada River, major river in central India flowing westward through Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra states. The Narmada basin covers 38,145 square miles (98,796 square km) and includes a portion of Chhattisgarh state. The waterway is fed by 41 tributaries. It has long been an important

Narbonensis, ancient Roman province that lay between the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Cévennes Mountains. It comprised what is now southeastern France. The area first entered ancient history when the Greek colony of Massilia (modern Marseille) was founded about 600 bce. Roman armies first

Judaism: Averroists: Moses of Narbonne, or Moses Narboni, like many other Jewish scholars of the 14th century, wrote mainly commentaries, including those on biblical books, on treatises of Averroës, and on Maimonides’ Guide. In his commentary on the Guide, Narboni often interprets the earlier philosopher’s opinions by…

Narbonne, town, Aude département, Occitanie région, southern France. It lies on a vine-growing plain 8 miles (13 km) from the Mediterranean, east of Carcassonne. Narbonne was the site of Narbo Martius (Narbo), the first colony founded by the Romans in Gaul (118 bce), from which the town derived its

Germaine de Staël: Political views: …had been the mistress of Louis de Narbonne, one of Louis XVI’s last ministers. He took refuge in England in 1792, where she joined him in 1793. She stayed at Juniper Hall, near Mickleham in Surrey, a mansion that had been rented since 1792 by French émigrés. There she met…

Fernandina Island, one of the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador, in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 600 miles (965 km) west of Ecuador. Third largest of the islands, with an area of 245 sq miles (635 sq km), it is separated from Isabela Island by the Bolívar Strait. Its relief is dominated by a single

Kenya: Kenya under Kibaki: …coalition of opposition groups (the National Rainbow Coalition [NARC]), soundly defeated Kenyatta in the 2002 presidential elections, thus ending KANU’s long period of uninterrupted rule.

naloxone, drug used to relieve potentially fatal respiratory depression caused by opioid overdose. Naloxone is used worldwide in medical emergencies involving opioid overdose and is often lifesaving, especially when given promptly upon suspected overdose. The drug is marketed under various names,

Khosrow II: Expansion of the empire: …encouraged by the fact that Narces, who had commanded the Byzantine force that established Khosrow on the throne, refused to recognize Phocas, Khosrow’s armies invaded Armenia and Mesopotamia. The Byzantine forces in Mesopotamia were weak, and the towns of Dara, Amida, and Edessa soon fell (604). Crossing the Euphrates, Khosrow…

narcissism, pathological self-absorption, first identified as a mental disorder by the British essayist and physician Havelock Ellis in 1898. Narcissism is characterized by an inflated self-image and addiction to fantasy, by an unusual coolness and composure shaken only when the narcissistic

number game: Number patterns and curiosities: Thus, narcissistic numbers are numbers that can be represented by some kind of mathematical manipulation of their digits. A whole number, or integer, that is the sum of the nth powers of its digits (e.g., 153 = 13 + 53 + 33) is called a perfect…

narcissism, pathological self-absorption, first identified as a mental disorder by the British essayist and physician Havelock Ellis in 1898. Narcissism is characterized by an inflated self-image and addiction to fantasy, by an unusual coolness and composure shaken only when the narcissistic

narcissism: Definition and assessment: …self-report questionnaires such as the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the most widely used such scale, which can also be used to assess narcissistic personality disorder. The NPI presents respondents with a set of forced-choice items in which they must decide which of two statements is most descriptive of them. For…

narcissism: Definition and assessment: …narcissism that is termed the narcissistic personality type. Such individuals possess most or all of the characteristics of the narcissistic personality disorder but are considered within the normal range of personality.

Narcissus, in Greek mythology, the son of the river god Cephissus and the nymph Liriope. He was distinguished for his beauty. According to Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book III, Narcissus’s mother was told by the blind seer Tiresias that he would have a long life, provided he never recognized himself.

narcissus, (genus Narcissus), genus of about 40 species of bulbous, often fragrant, plants in the amaryllis family. The genus is native primarily to Europe and includes a number of popular garden ornamentals and cut flowers. The bulbs of Narcissus species, which are poisonous, were once used in

Samuel Butler: …for the Piano (1885), and Narcissus, a comic cantata in the style of Handel—whom he rated high above all other composers—in 1888; Ulysses: An Oratorio appeared in 1904. It was typical of Butler to use his native gifts and mother wit in such exploits, and even in literature, his rightful…