Vanua Levu Island: Natewa Bay, on the east coast, cuts deeply into the island to make a peninsula of its southeastern corner, while the south coast is indented by the broad Savusavu and Wainunu bays.

Natha, religious movement of India whose members strive for immortality by transforming the human body into an imperishable divine body. It combines esoteric traditions drawn from Buddhism, Shaivism, and Hatha Yoga. The term is derived from the names of the nine traditional masters, all of which

Indian philosophy: Ramanuja: …of real modification of brahman), Nathamuni (c. 1000), and his own teachers’ teacher Yamunacharya (c. 1050).

censorship: Ancient Israel and early Christianity: Thus, the prophet Nathan dared to challenge King David himself for what he had done to secure Bathsheba as his wife (II Samuel 12:1–24). On an earlier, perhaps even more striking, occasion, the patriarch Abraham dared to question God about the terms on which Sodom and Gomorrah might…

Hebrew literature: The Palestinian tradition in Europe, 800–1300: Nathan ben Yehiel completed in 1101 at Rome a dictionary of Talmudic Aramaic and Hebrew, the ʿArukh, which is still used.

Deism: Deists in other countries: Lessing’s Nathan der Weise (1779; “Nathan the Sage”) was noteworthy for the introduction of the Deist spirit of religion into the drama; in the famous parable of the three rings, the major monotheistic religions were presented as equally true in the eyes of God.

Shabbetai Tzevi: …a 20-year-old student known as Nathan of Gaza assumed the role of a modern Elijah, in his traditional role of forerunner of the messiah. Nathan ecstatically prophesied the imminent restoration of Israel and world salvation through the bloodless victory of Shabbetai, riding on a lion with a seven-headed dragon in…

Deism: Deists in other countries: Lessing’s Nathan der Weise (1779; “Nathan the Sage”) was noteworthy for the introduction of the Deist spirit of religion into the drama; in the famous parable of the three rings, the major monotheistic religions were presented as equally true in the eyes of God.

hot dog: …Nathan Handwerker, who opened his Nathan’s Famous hot dog stand at Coney Island in 1916. A gifted marketer, Handwerker promoted the stand by sponsoring a Fourth of July hot dog eating contest, a tradition that continues today; the winner in 2020 set a record by devouring 76 hot dogs in…

Annie Florance Nathan Meyer was an American writer, educator, and antisuffragist, remembered as the moving force behind the founding of Barnard College, New York City. Annie Nathan grew up in an unsettled home and early found her greatest pleasure in books. In 1885 she enrolled in an extension

One of the most famous names in mystery and crime fiction, Ellery Queen is the pseudonym of an American cousin duo who were coauthors of a series of more than 35 detective novels featuring a character named Ellery Queen. The coauthors were Before the two cousins took up writing, Dannay worked in

George Jean Nathan was an American author, editor, and drama critic, who is credited with raising the standards of play producers and playgoers alike. Nathan graduated from Cornell University in 1904 and joined the staff of the New York Herald. Beginning in 1906, he was at various times drama

Maud Nathan was an American social welfare leader who helped to found the National Consumers League. Nathan was an elder sister of writer and antisuffragist Annie Nathan (Meyer). In April 1880 she married her cousin Frederick Nathan. Early in her married life she involved herself in such community

King Records in the Queen City: Record store owner Syd Nathan established King Records in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1943. Situated just across the Ohio River from more rural, Southern-oriented Kentucky, Nathan recorded country acts who came to town to play on WLW’s Midwestern Hayride and the touring black singers and bands who included Cincinnati…

Saint Bartholomew: …9th-century tradition identified him with Nathanael, who, according to John 1:43–51, was called with Philip by Jesus. Upon seeing Nathanael, Jesus said, “Behold, an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile!” This identification sought to explain how the otherwise unknown Bartholomew could be mentioned in the Apostle lists, while Nathanael,…

Ayn Rand: The Collective and the Nathaniel Branden Institute: In 1950 Rand agreed to meet a young admirer, Nathan Blumenthal, on the basis of his several articulate fan letters. The two established an immediate rapport, and Blumenthal and his girlfriend, Barbara Weidman, became Rand’s friends as well as her intellectual followers.…

Daniel Nathans was an American microbiologist who was corecipient, with Hamilton Othanel Smith of the United States and Werner Arber of Switzerland, of the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. The three scientists were cited for their discovery and application of restriction enzymes that

Kanphata Yogi, member of an order of religious ascetics in India that venerates the Hindu deity Shiva. Kanphata Yogis are distinguished by the large earrings they wear in the hollows of their ears (kanphata, “ear split”). They are sometimes referred to as Tantric (esoteric) sannyasis (ascetics),

Nathdwara, town, southern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated in an upland region just east of the Banas River, about 25 miles (40 km) north of Udaipur. Nathdwara, an agricultural market, is connected by road with Udaipur and lies close to a major rail junction to the southeast. The

feeding behaviour: Types of food procurement: Another snail, Natica, supports the scraping action of a filelike structure called a radula with chemical dissolution by sulfuric acid, which is secreted by a gland on the proboscis, and drills a neat hole in a clam. Another snail, Fulgur, cracks a clam shell against its own…

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Naticacea Moon shells (Naticidae) medium-sized, globular predators on burrowing bivalves: bore a hole in the clamshell using acid secretions, then insert the radula to feed; common in most oceans. Superfamily Ptenoglossa (Scalacea) Wentletraps (Epitoniidae) live in shallow to deep ocean

gastropod: Classification: Naticacea Moon shells (Naticidae) medium-sized, globular predators on burrowing bivalves: bore a hole in the clamshell using acid secretions, then insert the radula to feed; common in most oceans. Superfamily Ptenoglossa (Scalacea) Wentletraps (Epitoniidae) live in shallow to deep ocean waters; purple snails (Janthinidae)

gastropod: Classification: Naticacea Moon shells (Naticidae) medium-sized, globular predators on burrowing bivalves: bore a hole in the clamshell using acid secretions, then insert the radula to feed; common in most oceans. Superfamily Ptenoglossa (Scalacea) Wentletraps (Epitoniidae) live in shallow to deep ocean waters; purple snails (Janthinidae)

Natick, town (township), Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Boston. The first recorded settlement there was made in 1650, when the missionary John Eliot was granted the land for use as a plantation for his “praying Indians.” In 1663 Eliot published an

nation, in medieval education, the basic organizational form of early European universities. A nation was formed when groups of students from a particular region or country banded together for mutual protection and welfare in a strange land. In some universities nations were responsible for

nation building, a concerted project to construct or rebuild a nation-state and its underlying institutions and sense of community. The objective of nation building can be to create a cohesive nation-state that never existed or that never properly functioned or to rebuild one that has collapsed or

Nation of Islam, African American movement and organization, founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with Black nationalist ideas. The Nation also promotes racial unity and self-help and maintains a strict code of discipline among members. Islam was

Charles Olson: Other works: …collections of Olson’s work include A Nation of Nothing but Poetry: Supplementary Poems, edited by George F. Butterick (2000), and Collected Prose, edited by Donald Allen and Benjamin Friedlander (1997).

Turkey: The ascendancy of the right, 1961–71: …to the formation of the Nation Party by dissidents who withdrew from the Republican Peasants’ Nation Party, the CHP formed a coalition with the two smaller parties. This accelerated the tendency for former Democrat voters to turn to the JP.

Sudan: The growth of national consciousness: …militants, the moderates formed the Ummah (Nation) Party under the patronage of Sayyid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mahdī, the posthumous son of the Mahdī, with the intention of cooperating with the British toward independence.

Carry Nation was an American temperance advocate famous for using a hatchet to demolish barrooms. Carry Moore as a child experienced poverty, her mother’s mental instability, and frequent bouts of ill health. Although she held a teaching certificate from a state normal school, her education was

Carry Nation was an American temperance advocate famous for using a hatchet to demolish barrooms. Carry Moore as a child experienced poverty, her mother’s mental instability, and frequent bouts of ill health. Although she held a teaching certificate from a state normal school, her education was

Brussels: City layout: …and, to the north, the Palace of the Nation. The Royal Palace is flanked to the west by the late 18th-century Place Royale, a symmetrical Neoclassical square conceived by French architects Nicolas Barré and Barnabé Guimard to evoke the royal squares of France. The Palace of the Nation was erected…

The Nation, American weekly journal of opinion, the oldest such continuously published periodical still extant. It is generally considered the leading liberal magazine of its kind. It was founded in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin at the urging of Frederick Law Olmsted. The Nation under Godkin was an

Thomas D’Arcy McGee: …patriot, McGee was associated with The Nation (1846–48), the literary organ of the Young Ireland political movement (which called for the study of Irish history and the revival of the Irish language). He was implicated in the abortive Irish rebellion of 1848 and fled to the United States, where he…

nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polity—i.e., a state—that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. The legitimacy of a nation-state’s rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group

Australia: Strains of modern radicalism: …1973, from 1977 renamed the National Aboriginal Conference). These organizations contributed to a growing strength and pride in Aboriginality. Early in the period, Aboriginal persons became known for their contributions to sport (boxer Lionel Rose, tennis player Evonne Goolagong Cawley). Later, Aboriginal persons became celebrated in the fields of public…

Australia: Strains of modern radicalism: …1973, from 1977 renamed the National Aboriginal Conference). These organizations contributed to a growing strength and pride in Aboriginality. Early in the period, Aboriginal persons became known for their contributions to sport (boxer Lionel Rose, tennis player Evonne Goolagong Cawley). Later, Aboriginal persons became celebrated in the fields of public…

Reproductive Freedom for All, American organization, founded in 1969 to centralize state abortion-rights efforts and continuing its mission thereafter to protect and promote reproductive freedom. In 2023 the organization changed its name from NARAL Pro-Choice America to Reproductive Freedom for

Hanlin Academy, elite scholarly institution founded in the 8th century ad in China to perform secretarial, archival, and literary tasks for the court and to establish the official interpretation of the Confucian Classics, which were the basis of the civil-service examinations necessary for entrance

Sanford I. Weill: …longtime philanthropic endeavours, including the National Academy Foundation, a network of career academies for high school students, which he had founded in 1982. Weill also raised money to renovate Carnegie Hall in New York City, and he had endowed the medical school at his alma mater, Cornell University. In 2009…

Henry Inman: …of the founders of the National Academy of Design in 1825–26. In 1831 Inman became partners with Cephas G. Childs, an engraver and lithographer who helped Inman make prints of his portraits. Inman left this partnership in 1832 so that he could devote himself entirely to painting. He worked in…

Fred Brooks: National Academy of Engineering (1976), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1976), the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1991), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM; 1994), the British Computer Society (1994), the U.K. Royal Academy of Engineering (1994), and the U.S. National…

Italy: Cultural institutes: …famous learned society is the National Academy of Lincei, of which Galileo was once a member. The most-distinguished literary society is the Academy of Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582. There are also many historical and scientific societies, including the Cimento Academy, which opened in Florence in 1657. Foreign schools…

Paris Opéra, opera company in Paris that for more than two centuries was the chief performer of serious operas and musical dramas in the French language. It is one of the most venerable operatic institutions in the world. The Paris Opéra was established as the Royal Academy of Music (Académie

Grammy Award: …the United States by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (NARAS; commonly called the Recording Academy) or the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS; commonly called the Latin Recording Academy) to recognize achievement in the music industry. Winners are selected from more than 25 fields, which…

National Academy of Sciences, nongovernmental American organization of scientists and engineers, established March 3, 1863, by act of Congress to serve as an official adviser to the government in all matters of science and technology. It is a self-perpetuating body of limited membership; new

Belarus: Education: The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (1929) is the chief scientific organization in the country and is headquartered in Minsk.

Emmy Award: …Awards are made by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Only members of the academy may vote for the awards, and members vote only within their own discipline—actors voting for actors, writers for writers, and so on. Categories in which awards are granted include dramatic series, comedy series,…

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, U.S. national particle-accelerator laboratory and centre for particle-physics research, located in Batavia, Illinois, about 43 km (27 miles) west of Chicago. The facility is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Universities Research Association, a

Libya: Attempt at unity: Government of National Accord: …UN-brokered power-sharing agreement establishing a Government of National Accord (GNA), headed by a prime minister and a nine-member presidency council drawn from constituencies and factions throughout the country. Although the GNA received recognition from the UN Security Council as the legitimate government of Libya, it struggled to consolidate its authority…

National Action Bloc, first Moroccan political party, founded in 1934 to counteract mounting French domination of Morocco and to secure recognition of the equality of Moroccans and Frenchmen under the French protectorate. The National Action Bloc attracted young educated Moroccans of many different

Bahrain: 1999–2010: Reforms of Sheikh Hamad ibn ʿIsa Al Khalifah: …supported by Bahrainis—that ratified the National Action Charter. The charter was followed in 2002 with the promulgation of a new constitution that established a constitutional monarchy in Bahrain, called for equality between Sunnis and Shiʿis, and guaranteed civil and property rights to all citizens.

Al Sharpton: In 1991 Sharpton formed the National Action Network, a civil rights organization that promoted progressive policies, including affirmative action and reparations for African Americans for the enslavement of their ancestors.

Turkey: The ascendancy of the right, 1961–71: …the most prominent was the National Action Party (NAP), created in 1963 from the former Republican Peasants’ Nation Party and led by an ex-officer, Alparslan Türkeş. The NAP’s agenda combined Islam and Turkish nationalism and stressed education. As part of its organization, the NAP developed a paramilitary section, known as…

National Action Party (PAN), conservative Mexican political party with close ties to the Roman Catholic Church. It generally supports minimal government intervention in the economy. The National Action Party (PAN) was founded in 1939 to represent the interests of business and of the Roman Catholic

Álvaro Arzú: …an official political party, the National Advancement Party (Partido de Avanzada Nacional; PAN), under whose sponsorship Arzú made an unsuccessful run for the presidency in 1990. In 1991 he was appointed minister of foreign affairs. He resigned the post that same year to become secretary-general of PAN. Advocating various social…

American civil rights movement: From Black power to the assassination of Martin Luther King: In 1968 the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (also known as the Kerner Commission) concluded that the country, despite civil rights reforms, was moving “toward two societies one Black, one white—separate and unequal.” By the time of the commission’s report, claims that Black gains had resulted in…

National Aeronautics and Space Administration: It was organized around the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which had been created by Congress in 1915. NASA’s organization was well under way by the early years of Pres. John F. Kennedy’s administration when he proposed that the United States put a man on the Moon by the…

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), independent U.S. governmental agency established in 1958 for the research and development of vehicles and activities for the exploration of space within and outside Earth’s atmosphere. The organization is composed of four mission directorates:

Royal Niger Company, 19th-century British mercantile company that operated in the lower valley of the Niger River in West Africa. It extended British influence in what later became Nigeria. In 1885 Sir George Goldie’s National African Company, an amalgamation of British companies, signed treaties

Leo Baeck: Role as Jewish leader: …der Juden in Deutschland (National Agency of Jews in Germany) under Leo Baeck and Otto Hirsch (1885–1941), the jurist and community leader who was killed in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Under constant attack, this group took charge of Jewish life in Germany. Millions of dollars were spent annually in…

Joseph Arch: Arch founded the National Agricultural Labourers’ Union in 1872 and served as its president until it was dissolved in 1896.

National Air and Space Museum, American museum of aviation and space exploration, part of the Smithsonian Institution, housed in two facilities: a building on the Mall in Washington, D.C., and the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington Dulles International Airport, Virginia. Together they

National Air and Space Museum, American museum of aviation and space exploration, part of the Smithsonian Institution, housed in two facilities: a building on the Mall in Washington, D.C., and the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington Dulles International Airport, Virginia. Together they

Pan American World Airways, Inc.: …the purchase, in 1980, of National Airlines, thereby securing an extensive network of routes along the eastern U.S. seaboard and points west. National had been formed in 1929, when founder George Theodore Baker (1900–63) began the National Airlines Air Taxi System in Chicago. He moved the company to Florida in…

José Clemente Orozco: Mature work and later years: …City (1941), as well as National Allegory (1947–48) at the Normal School in Mexico City—he emphasized nationalist themes to the exclusion of the universal. Canvases such as Metaphysical Landscape (1948), however, hint at a growing mysticism, and its abstract style suggests that Orozco may have been on the brink of…

National Alliance, former nationalist anticommunist political party of Italy. Historically, some of its members held neofascist views. The MSI was formed in 1946 by supporters of former Italian leader Benito Mussolini from elements of the defunct Uomo Qualunque (Average Man) Party that had appeared

Bulgaria: Stamboliyski’s foreign policy: …the National Alliance (later called Democratic Alliance) and planned to march on Sofia to wrest control of the country. On the left, the communists viewed the Agrarian government as their principal opponent. But the most dangerous enemies were the Military League and Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).

Trinidad and Tobago: Independent Trinidad and Tobago: In December 1986 the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), a coalition party led by A.N.R. Robinson, won the majority of seats on a program calling for divestment of most state-owned companies, reorganization of the civil service, and structural readjustment of the economy in the light of shrinking oil revenues.…

Raila Odinga: Political maneuvers: …coalition of several parties, the National Alliance of Kenya (NAK), to form the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) under the leadership of former vice president Mwai Kibaki, himself a Kikuyu. Although terms of agreement between the LDP and NAK were not completely revealed to the public, the two parties reportedly promised…

Medha Patkar: In 1996 Patkar founded the National Alliance of People’s Movements (NAPM), an agglomeration of progressive social bodies opposed to globalization policies. She was a representative to the World Commission on Dams, the first independent global advisory body on dam-related issues of water, power, and alternatives; the commission was set up…

DC Comics, American media and entertainment company whose iconic comic-based properties represented some of the most enduring and recognizable characters in 20th- and 21st-century popular culture. Its parent company, DC Entertainment, is a wholly owned subsidiary of WarnerMedia. Its headquarters

National Intergroup, Inc.: …1970 and the creation of National Aluminum Corporation. In 1984 it formed a new computer-data and information-services subsidiary, GENIX. The company also engaged in the distribution of pharmaceuticals, petroleum products, and other goods.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), in the United States, allowable levels of harmful air pollutants set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in accordance with the Clean Air Act (CAA). The CAA established two types of standards for ambient air quality. Primary standards concern

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), American organization created in 1890 by the merger of the two major rival women’s rights organizations—the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association—after 21 years of independent operation. NAWSA was

Sumner Redstone: …Redstone joined his father’s company, National Amusements, Inc., in 1954, and in 1967 he became its president and CEO. His leadership transformed NAI into one of the largest movie theatre chains in the United States. Redstone built new movie theatres near suburban shopping malls and, frustrated by the preferences shown…

Volunteers in Service to America: Bush signed the National and Community Service Act, which created the Commission on National and Community Service. That was expanded in 1993 when President Bill Clinton signed the National and Community Service Trust Act, which created AmeriCorps.

AmeriCorps: It was created by the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993, which also established the Corporation for National and Community Service, an independent federal agency designed to oversee and support domestic-service programs, including AmeriCorps.

AlliedSignal: …1899), specializing in industrial acids; National Aniline & Chemical Company (founded 1917), producing dyes; Semet-Solvay Company (founded 1894), manufacturing coke and its by-products; and Solvay Process Company (founded 1881), producing alkalies and nitrogen materials. In the 1940s these companies were transformed into “divisions” of Allied Chemical. There were further reorganizations…

national anthem, hymn or song expressing patriotic sentiment and either governmentally authorized as an official national hymn or holding that position in popular feeling. The oldest national anthem is the United Kingdom’s “God Save the King,” which was described as a national anthem in 1825,

As the debate over protesting during the playing of the U.S. national anthem gained traction in 2016, when NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick refused to stand and instead knelt during the anthem in protest against racial bigotry and police brutality, the issue of whether the national anthem itself

The debate about kneeling or sitting in protest during the playing of the U.S. national anthem (“The Star-Spangled Banner”) was ignited by NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick in 2016 and escalated to become a nationally divisive issue. (See the related ProCon feature: “Is the U.S. national anthem

museum: Museums of antiquities: In France the Museum of National Antiquities opened at Saint-Germain-en-Laye late in the 18th century. It still acts as a national archaeological repository, as does the State Historical Museum in Stockholm, which houses material recovered as early as the 17th century. The national archaeological museum in Greece was…

National Aquarium, oldest public aquarium in the United States. Originally built at Woods Hole, Mass., in 1873, the aquarium was relocated to a site in Washington, D.C., in 1888. Since 1932 it has been located in the basement of the U.S. Department of Commerce building in Washington. The facility

National Aquarium in Baltimore, one of the largest public aquariums in the United States. The aquarium, which opened in 1981 in the Inner Harbor area of Baltimore, Maryland, was financed largely by the city but was designated a “national” aquarium by the U.S. Congress. Of the more than 10,000

Chinese architecture: Into the 21st century: …himself from the project); the National Aquatics Centre, called the “Water Cube,” was designed by an Australian-Chinese consortium. At the same time, the face of central Beijing’s architecture was further altered by two massive and controversial constructions: the National Centre for the Performing Arts, called “The Egg” and contrasting with…

Washington, D.C.: Parks and open spaces: The National Arboretum, which encompasses 446 acres (180 hectares) of rolling hills in Northeast D.C., was established by Congress in 1927 for environmental research. It has one of the largest collections of azaleas in the country, as well as a collection of bonsai plants ranging in…

National Archaeological Museum, in Athens, museum of ancient Greek art, containing probably the finest collection of Greek antiquities in the world. The museum was erected in 1866–89 and extended in 1925–39, when an additional wing was built. The holdings include sculpture, bronzes, pottery,

Italy: Museums and galleries: … in Rome and in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples are considered among the best in the world. The same may be said of the Etruscan collection in the National Archaeological Museum of Umbria in Perugia, the Classical sculptures in the Capitoline Museums in Rome, and the Egyptian collection in…

archery: History: …eight of them formed the National Archery Association of the United States. In 1939 the National Field Archery Association of the United States was established to promote hunting, roving, and field archery. The number of archers around the world increased phenomenally after 1930, led by remarkable growth in the United…

archives: In the United States the National Archives was established in 1934 to house the retired records of the national government; the Federal Records Act of 1950 authorized the establishment also of “intermediate” records repositories in the several regions into which the country has been divided by the General Services Administration.…

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), independent federal agency headquartered in Washington, D.C., charged with collecting, caring for, and making publicly available U.S. federal government records. Founded in 1934, the National Archives contain, among other objects, some 13.5

Mali: Cultural institutions: The National Archives of Mali and the National Library are located in Bamako, as is the Municipal Library; the Ahmed Baba Institute, a centre that houses and preserves a large collection of historical Arabic and African manuscripts, is located in Timbuktu. These institutions suffer from lack…

National Army Museum, museum of the British army. Established in 1960 at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, it relocated in 1971 to purpose-built premises on Royal Hospital Road, Chelsea, London. The collections of the National Army Museum relate to all aspects of the British army from the

Indonesia: Security of Indonesia: …of their pre-Sukarno names, the National Army of Indonesia (Tentara Nasional Indonesia; TNI), and the police were split into a separate unit. The army, constituting more than three-fourths of the forces, has remained the largest segment of the TNI. Men must be at least 18 years old to join the…

National Art Gallery, in Wellington, N.Z., national collection of paintings by New Zealand and European artists and portraits of prominent New Zealand figures. The gallery grew out of the city’s first public art gallery, opened in 1907 by the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts. The basis for the

Museum of Fine Arts: …could be occupied by the Gallery of National Art (Galería de Arte Nacional), one of the few museums in South America founded to show the national cultural identity of a country. Late in the first decade of the 2000s the Gallery of National Art moved into a building by Carlos…

Thailand: Constitutional framework: …documents have provided for a National Assembly with a prime minister as head of government. Power is exercised by the bicameral National Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the courts in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and laws passed by the National Assembly. The constitution of 2007 (largely…

Djibouti: Constitutional Framework: The National Assembly is the legislative arm of the government and comprises 65 members who are presided over by the prime minister. Assembly members are elected by universal suffrage for a period of five years. A constitutional amendment in 2010 provided for the creation of a…