Albania: World War II: …contended with them for power—the National Front (Balli Kombëtar) and the pro-Zog Legality Party (Legaliteti)—the communists seized control of the country on November 29, 1944. Enver Hoxha, a college instructor who had led the resistance struggle of communist forces, became the leader of Albania by virtue of his post as…

Declaration of Sitges: …Conservatives to form a coalition National Front government to replace the dictatorial regime of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. Lleras and Gómez, who had met in Benidorm, Spain, in 1956 to discuss the ouster of Rojas, returned the following year to Sitges, where, on July 20, they agreed to a plan devised…

Czechoslovak history: The provisional regime: …formed a coalition called the National Front, collaboration between the communists and noncommunists was difficult from the beginning. While all parties agreed that economic recovery should remain the priority, and while a two-year plan was launched to carry it out, they began to differ as to the means to be…

Madagascar: The Second Republic: …the core of the broader National Front for the Defense of the Revolution (Front National pour la Défense de la Révolution; FNDR). Only parties admitted to this umbrella organization were allowed to participate in political activities.

Uíge: …between Portuguese forces and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola; FNLA), one of three Angolan preindependence guerrilla movements. The fighting, which occurred primarily from 1961 to 1974, resulted in heightened instability in the city and surrounding area, as did the subsequent Angolan…

National Liberation Front (NLF), Vietnamese political organization formed on December 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of North and South Vietnam. An overtly communist party was established in 1962 as a central component of the NLF, but both

National Liberation Front (NLF), Vietnamese political organization formed on December 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow of the South Vietnamese government and the reunification of North and South Vietnam. An overtly communist party was established in 1962 as a central component of the NLF, but both

Mohammad Mosaddegh: Mosaddegh and his National Front Party continued to gain power but alienated many supporters, particularly among the ruling elite and in the Western nations. The British soon withdrew completely from the Iranian oil market, and economic problems increased when Mosaddegh could not readily find alternate oil markets.

Edinburgh: Cultural life: …major cultural institution is the National Galleries of Scotland. It includes the National Gallery on the Mound, with a fine international collection of art as well as a representative collection of Scottish painters, including many with particular connections to Edinburgh. Each year the National Gallery hosts a temporary exhibition of…

National Gallery, art museum in London that houses Great Britain’s national collection of European paintings. It is located on the north side of Trafalgar Square, Westminster. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) The National Gallery was founded in 1824 when the British

National Gallery, in Oslo, Norwegian national art museum, built in 1836 and enlarged in 1903–07, devoted primarily to Norwegian paintings and sculpture of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 2003 the National Gallery joined with three other Norwegian museums to become the National Museum of Art,

National Gallery, German art museum that is part of the National Museums of Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). It is housed in six buildings: the Old National Gallery (Alte Nationalgalerie) and its affiliate, the Friedrichswerder Church (Friedrichswerdersche Kirche); the Hamburger Bahnhof; the

National Gallery of Art, American museum of art that is federally operated. It is located at the east end of the Mall, Washington, D.C. The museum was founded in 1937 when the financier and philanthropist Andrew W. Mellon donated to the government a collection of paintings by European masters and a

museum: New museums and collections: …for instance, Australia opened its National Gallery of Art in Canberra. Also in Australia the National Gallery of Victoria was developed as part of Melbourne’s arts complex, while Sydney’s Powerhouse Museum (1988) introduced a major attraction in that city. In Paris the Pompidou Centre (1977) brought together several public collections…

museum of modern art: History: …Britain the Tate Gallery (now Tate Britain, one of four Tate galleries)—founded in 1897 as the National Gallery of British Art (later officially renamed the Tate Gallery in honour of Henry Tate, its initial donor) and part of the National Gallery of Art until 1954, when it formally became an…

National Gallery of Canada, national art museum founded in Ottawa in 1880. Its holdings include extensive collections of Canadian art as well as important European works. Its nucleus was formed with the donation of diploma works by members of the Royal Canadian Academy. In 1911 the drawing

National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art, in Rome, important collection devoted to 19th- to 21st-century art, including paintings, drawings, sculptures, and installations. The museum was begun in 1883, and in 1914 it moved to its present site in the Palazzo delle Belle Arti. The building was

Urbino: …landmarks—the Ducal Palace, now the National Gallery of the Marches, with an important collection of paintings; and the mausoleum of San Bernardino outside the town—date from the late 15th century. The seat of an archbishop, Urbino’s 15th-century cathedral was rebuilt in the Neoclassical style after an earthquake in 1789. Its…

National Gallery of Victoria, major Australian art museum, located in Melbourne, Victoria, with collections ranging over European, Asian, and Australian art of all periods. The museum was once housed entirely in the Victorian Arts Centre, with a Great Hall featuring a dramatic stained-glass ceiling

baseball: Baseball and the arts: Spink’s The National Game (1910) and A.G. Spalding’s America’s National Game (1911), generally regarded as the first attempts at writing a standard history of baseball, cite “Casey at the Bat” as the best baseball poem ever written. Spalding goes so far as to proclaim that “Love…

Ganges River: Environmental issues: …a new government organization, the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), was launched as a successor to the GAP. The NGRBA also faced criticism for inaction in its early years of existence.

National LGBTQ Task Force, American nongovernmental organization founded in 1973 that advocates for the civil rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals. It was the first such national-level nonprofit organization, and it mobilizes state-level training of LGBTQ

National LGBTQ Task Force, American nongovernmental organization founded in 1973 that advocates for the civil rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals. It was the first such national-level nonprofit organization, and it mobilizes state-level training of LGBTQ

Philip Freneau: …1793 of the strongly Republican National Gazette in Philadelphia. Freneau alternated quiet periods at sea with periods of active newspaper work, until he retired early in the 19th century to his farm in Monmouth county.

Gender Issues in Malawi: The National Gender Policy aims to raise awareness of gender matters, legal rights of women, diet and the efficient utilization of food and nutrition, and the economic empowerment of women in conjunction with the poverty alleviation program. Another important aspect of the National Gender Policy is…

National Geographic Magazine, monthly magazine of geography, archaeology, anthropology, and exploration, providing the armchair traveler with literate and accurate accounts and unsurpassed photographs and maps to comprehend those pursuits. It is published in Washington, D.C. The magazine was

National Geographic Magazine: …and 21st Century Fox formed National Geographic Partners, a for-profit media company that included the magazine, National Geographic’s TV channels, and other properties. As part of the deal, Fox controlled 73 percent of the venture, with the remaining stake being held by the society, which was paid $725 million.

National Geographic Society, American scientific society founded (1888) in Washington, D.C., by a small group of eminent explorers and scientists “for the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge.” The nonprofit organization, which is among the world’s largest scientific and educational

Palomar Observatory: …larger Schmidt camera produced the National Geographic Society–Palomar Observatory Sky Survey in the 1950s, which was a collection of 935 pairs of 14-inch (36-cm) square glass photographic plates that recorded, down to the 20th magnitude, all objects that were visible from Mount Palomar.

government, the political system by which a country or community is administered and regulated. Most of the key words commonly used to describe governments—words such as monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy—are of Greek or Roman origin. They have been current for more than 2,000 years and have not

Poland: The January 1863 uprising and its aftermath: …Reds, who created an underground National Committee, and the Whites, who also set up a clandestine organization. Wielopolski decided to break the Reds by drafting large numbers of them into the Russian army. In January 1863 the National Committee, left with no choice but to take up the challenge, called…

STEM: Development of STEM in the United States: …states received grants from the National Governors Association to pursue three key strategies: (1) to align state K-12 (kindergarten through 12th grade) standards, assessments, and requirements with postsecondary and workforce expectations; (2) to examine and increase each state’s internal capacity to improve teaching and learning, including the continued development of…

dog racing: The National Greyhound Racing Club (founded 1928), the governing body, established race distances for flat and hurdle races from 230 to 1,200 yards (210 to 1,100 metres). Usually no more than six greyhounds run in a race, which is run on grass. Most races are held…

Blueshirt, popular name for a member of the Army Comrades Association (ACA), who wore blue shirts in imitation of the European fascist movements that had adopted coloured shirts as their uniforms. Initially composed of former soldiers in the Irish Free State Army, the ACA was founded in response to

Nicaragua: The Somoza years: A Nicaraguan National Guard, trained by the U.S. Marines and commanded by Gen. Anastasio Somoza García, was now responsible for maintaining order in the country. In 1934 high-ranking officers led by Somoza met and agreed to the assassination of Sandino. Somoza then deposed Sacasa with the support…

U.S. National Guard, reserve group organized by the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force. Every state and territory of the United States has a National Guard, which can be called on by state governors during emergencies including riots and natural disasters. Guard units may also be ordered into active duty

Guinea: The arts: The professional National Guinean Ballet, which emerged after independence, has retained some of the dance and music of the distinct ethnic and regional groups. Creative accomplishments in modern dance and popular music have given Guinean musicians and singers an international reputation. One of the best-known contemporary Guinean…

Tange Kenzō: … in Tokyo, he designed the National Gymnasiums; the two structures featured sweeping curved roofs and an asymmetrical but balanced design that masterfully assimilated traditional techniques. During the same period, Tange also designed St. Mary’s Cathedral in Tokyo, a bold cruciform design with stark, soaring roofs made of stainless steel.

Oklahoma: The arts: …extensive displays of artifacts), the National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians, and the Southern Plains Indian Museum. Western historical collections are maintained by the University of Oklahoma and by the Oklahoma History Center in Oklahoma City. Two museums in the state celebrate a historic highway running from Chicago…

biomonitoring: Studies and surveillance programs: … (CDC) as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The NHANES, which has been performed annually since 1999, is used to obtain information on the health and nutrition of approximately 5,000 representative non-institutionalized civilians from the U.S. population. It also collects blood and urine samples from most…

autism: Classification and incidence: …United States, for example, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is one of several different surveillance methods used to determine ASD prevalence. In 2014, changes in NHIS questions about ASD, including rewording and expansion for greater detail, were associated with a subsequent increase in parent-reported diagnoses of ASDs in children.

National Health Service (NHS), in Great Britain, a comprehensive public-health service under government administration, established by the National Health Service Act of 1946 and subsequent legislation. Virtually the entire population is covered, and health services are free except for certain

National Health Service: …government administration, established by the National Health Service Act of 1946 and subsequent legislation. Virtually the entire population is covered, and health services are free except for certain minor charges.

South Africa: Health and welfare: Since 1994 both the Department of National Health and the administrations of the new provinces have emphasized primary health care delivery, building in some instances on programs that farsighted medical workers instituted during the apartheid period.

Kensington and Chelsea: The headquarters of the National Heart and Lung Institute (founded 1946) is in the borough; it was placed under the control of the University of London’s Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (in Westminster) in 1995.

Albert Spear Hitchcock: …collect grass samples for the National Herbarium in Washington, D.C. He increased its collection of grasses to one of the largest and most complete in the world. Using these specimens, he began in 1905 to publish a series of monographs and handbooks on the grasses of many parts of the…

Royal Botanic Gardens: The National Herbarium of New South Wales, situated at the garden, contains approximately one million reference specimens. Although the herbarium has worldwide representation, it specializes in the plants of New South Wales and other areas of Australia. Its principal publication is Telopea, formerly entitled Contributions from…

National Endowment for the Arts: …culturally diverse American arts, providing National Heritage Fellowship Awards to folk and blues musicians, instrument makers, weavers, metalworkers, woodcarvers, and others who embody Native American, Latin American, Asian, and other ethnic arts traditions in American communities.

Who Invented the High Five?: …is so popular that a National High Five Day, established in 2002 at the University of Virginia, is celebrated annually on the third Thursday of April. But who invented the high five, and when?

Kolkata: Transportation: The Grand Trunk Road, a national highway, is one of the oldest road routes in India. It runs through Haora to Pakistan and is the main route connecting the city with northern India. National highways also connect Kolkata with the west coast of India, the northern…

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), organization within the United States Department of Transportation charged with reducing deaths, injuries, and property damage from motor vehicle accidents. The NHTSA develops and implements safety standards and oversees the recall of unsafe

National Hispanic Heritage Month, month (September 15–October 15) in which the people of the United States honour the achievements of Hispanics. The celebration was first authorized in 1968, when the U.S. Congress adopted a resolution asking the president of the United States annually to issue a

National Register of Historic Places: …register was established by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, and it is administered by the National Park Service.

Trail of Tears: …Trail of Tears as a National Historic Trail in memory of those who had suffered and died during removal. As mentioned above, the original trail was more than doubled in size in 2009 to reflect the addition of several newly documented routes, as well as roundup and dispersion sites.

ice hockey: League rivalries: The National Hockey Association (NHA), the forerunner of the National Hockey League (NHL), was organized in 1910 and became the strongest hockey association in North America. Rising interest in the game created problems, however, for there were few artificial-ice rinks. In 1911 the Pacific Coast Hockey…

National Hockey League (NHL), organization of professional ice hockey teams in North America, formed in 1917 by four Canadian teams, to which the first U.S. team, the Boston Bruins, was added in 1924. The National Hockey League (NHL) became the strongest league in North America and in 1926 took

horsemanship: Horse shows: The National Horse Show at New York, first held in 1883, is another great yearly event. Held at Madison Square Garden, it lasts several days and includes about 10 different events. Among the most important are the international jumping under FEI rules and the open jumping…

drag racing: …the first president of the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), now in Glendora, California. Under Parks’s leadership, the NHRA grew to encompass some 144 race tracks hosting nearly 4,000 events annually, with more than 85,000 members. Among the most prestigious drag racing events are the NHRA-sponsored Winter Nationals and the…

biomonitoring: Detection of chemicals: …Protection Agency (EPA) ran the National Human Adipose Tissue Survey (NHATS) to test people for levels of fat-soluble environmental contaminants. The EPA used a minor surgical procedure to obtain fatty tissue from living persons and also analyzed postmortem fat specimens. Analyses of the NHATS data documented a significant presence in…

ENCODE: National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) as a follow-on to the Human Genome Project (HGP; 1990–2003), which had produced a massive amount of DNA sequence data but had not involved comprehensive analysis of specific genomic elements.

R. Dale Hylton: …as program director of the National Humane Education Center (NHEC), the HSUS’s new humane-education headquarters and model animal shelter in Waterford, Va. His activities included investigating and leading instruction in humane methods of animal euthanasia at Waterford. He also conceived and produced monthly publications for the Kindness Club, a humane-education…

Miami: The contemporary city: … (1972), the site of the National Hurricane Center operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Jackson Memorial Hospital, Baptist Health, and the University of Miami Hospital are among the city’s major medical complexes. The city is a world leader in marine study. Located there are the famed University…

figure skating: Regional and national: The National Ice Skating Association of Great Britain (NISA) governs eligible skating in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1879, the association organizes tests for skaters and oversees competitions for figure skating, ice dancing, synchronized team skating, speed skating, and recreational skating. Figure skaters who hope to…

National Ignition Facility (NIF), laser-based fusion research device, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, U.S. A major goal for the device is to create a self-renewing, or energy-producing, fusion reaction for the first time. If successful, it may demonstrate

intelligence: The United States: The National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) was created in 1996 under the aegis of the Department of Defense to produce imagery intelligence for the U.S. military and other government agencies.

gross national income: …domestic product (GDP) plus net income (positive or negative) from abroad. It represents the value produced by a country’s economy in a given year, regardless of whether the source of the value created is domestic production or receipts from overseas.

national income accounting, a set of principles and methods used to measure the income and production of a country. There are basically two ways of measuring national economic activity: as the money value of the total production of goods and services during a given period (usually a year) or as the

History of film: Early growth of the film industry: …Association—reorganized that fall as the National Independent Moving Picture Alliance—to provide financial and legal support against the Trust. A more effective and powerful anti-Trust organization was the Motion Picture Distributing and Sales Company, which began operation in May 1910 (three weeks after the inception of General Film) and which eventually…

Canada: Indigenous affairs: …National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations), while Métis and nonstatus Indians were represented by the Native Council of Canada. These and other organizations advocated policies including aboriginal rights (recognized in the Constitution Act [Canada Act] of 1982), improved education, and economic development. In 1983 a government report…

South America: Sociological changes: …Proteção do Indio) and the National Indian Foundation (Fundação Nacional do Indio) were established, although such organizations often have become agents for the relocation and control of Indian groups rather than for their interests and survival. Christian missionaries sometimes have acted as representatives of Indian rights. Indians of the Andean…

Spain: Economy: …government ownership, realized through the National Industrial Institute (INI), which was created in 1941 to develop defense-related industries and other industries ignored by the private sector. The self-imposed economic isolation was reinforced by the Western democracies, which shunned Spain after 1945 because of its “fascist” government. Spain did not receive…

National Industrial Recovery Act, U.S. labour legislation (1933) that was one of several measures passed by Congress and supported by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt in an effort to help the nation recover from the Great Depression. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was an unusual experiment

Brady Law: …required to use a federal National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) to conduct background checks on individuals purchasing any firearm. Before the measure became law, it was popularly known as the Brady bill, named for James Brady, the White House press secretary who was seriously injured in an attempted…

Italy: Theater: …promoting Italian repertory, and the National Institute for Ancient Drama (Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico; INDA). In 1990 the government tightened its legislation on eligibility for funding, which severely affected fringe and experimental theaters. Financial constraints in subsequent years led to an increasing number of international coproductions.

Louis Braille: …to Paris to attend the National Institute for Blind Children, and from 1826 he taught there.

Amazon River: The length of the Amazon: …that included members of Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research and other organizations traveled to the region of Carruhasanta and Apacheta creeks in an attempt to determine which of the two was the “true” source of the Amazon. Their data revealed that Apacheta was 6 miles (10 km) longer than…

National Institutes of Health: …and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National…

Bruce Ames: Education and career: …Metabolic Diseases (NIAMD; later the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases) in Maryland, where he was a public health service fellow. While there he conducted research to isolate enzymes and genes involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid histidine. He used the bacterium Salmonella as his…

Bruce Ames: Education and career: …Metabolic Diseases (NIAMD; later the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases) in Maryland, where he was a public health service fellow. While there he conducted research to isolate enzymes and genes involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid histidine. He used the bacterium Salmonella as his…

Mexico: Cultural institutions: …the federal government sponsors the National Institute of Fine Arts. Under its auspices are the programs of the National Symphony Orchestra, the Ballet Folklorico, and the Modern and Classical Ballet, all of which perform nationally and internationally to promote Mexican culture. Folk and popular culture also receive support through government…

serial murder: Definition and motives: …definition put forward by the National Institute of Justice, an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, according to which serial murder involves at least two different murders that occur “over a period of time ranging from hours to years.”

mental health: National agencies: …possible the creation of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1949 within what later became the Department of Health and Human Services. State hospital systems were reorganized with increased budgets, while significant federal funds were made available for research, training, and clinical facilities. NIMH is the major funding…

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce responsible for the standardization of weights and measures, timekeeping, and navigation. Established by an act of Congress in 1901, the agency works closely with the U.S. Naval Observatory and the

alcohol consumption: The new scientific orientation: …been the founding of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in 1970. The new trend has had its repercussions also on international cooperation. The International Bureau Against Alcoholism, founded in 1907, became, in 1964, the International Council on Alcohol and Alcoholism—and more recently was renamed the International Council…

drug use: Extent of contemporary drug abuse: The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), which is part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, is tasked with conducting research on drug use in the United States. NIDA monitors trends in drug abuse primarily through the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)…

National Institutes of Health (NIH), agency of the United States government that conducts and supports biomedical research into the causes, cure, and prevention of disease. The NIH is an agency of the Public Health Service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the largest

David Lloyd George: Social reform and the outbreak of war: This he did in the National Insurance Act of 1911. The measure inspired bitter opposition and was even unpopular with the working class, who were not convinced by Lloyd George’s slogan “ninepence for fourpence,” the difference in these two figures being the employer’s and the state’s contribution. Lloyd George, undeterred,…

United Kingdom: Cash benefits: …from contributions goes into the National Insurance Fund.

intelligence: Levels of intelligence: …is conducted on three levels: strategic (sometimes called national), tactical, and counterintelligence. The broadest of these levels is strategic intelligence, which includes information about the capabilities and intentions of foreign countries. Tactical intelligence, sometimes called operational or combat intelligence, is information required by military field commanders. Because of the enormous…

Iran: Nuclear program and sanctions: A National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) report issued by the U.S. intelligence community in December 2007 indicated with high confidence that Iran had halted its nuclear weapons program in 2003 and assessed with moderate confidence that work had not resumed by mid-2007. However, in February 2008 the…

intelligence: South Korea: The agency, renamed the National Intelligence Service in 1999, collects and coordinates national security intelligence. The Defense Security Command of the Ministry of National Defense and the National Intelligence Service are responsible for the collection of national security intelligence, particularly with regard to the threat from North Korea. The…

director of national intelligence (DNI), head of the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC), a collection of 18 military and civilian intelligence agencies. With the support of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), the DNI runs the National Intelligence Program, serves in the

rodeo: Origins and history: …participation of athletes from the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA), founded in 1948, and as a result of the annual National Finals Rodeo (NFR), which was established in 1959 and became the richest and most prestigious rodeo in the world. At the turn of the 21st century, some 600 PRCA-sanctioned…

public investment: …deemed to be of vital national interest. Public investment has tended to increase as a consequence of industrialization and corresponding demands for new infrastructure to facilitate the growth of urban communities. At the turn of the 21st century, the privatization of state industries and the accompanying deregulation of markets led…

National Intergroup, Inc. (NII), American holding company established in 1983 to facilitate the diversification of National Steel Corporation. Formerly headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pa., NII moved to Dallas, Texas, in 1991, and National Steel moved to Mishawaka, Ind., in 1992. The steel company was

multiplier: …of a change in total national investment on the amount of total national income. It equals the ratio of the change in total income to the change in investment.

National Invitation Tournament (NIT), collegiate basketball competition initiated in the United States in 1938 by New York City basketball writers and held annually since then in Madison Square Garden under the auspices of the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association (MIBA). It is a

Iran: Mining: The government-operated National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) produces petroleum for export and domestic consumption. Petroleum is moved by pipeline to the terminal of Khārk (Kharq) Island in the Persian Gulf and from there is shipped by tanker throughout the world. Iran’s main refining facility at Ābādān was…

Sudan: The rise of Muslim fundamentalism: …of the party, renamed the Islamic National Front (NIF). Turābī methodically charted the Brotherhood and the NIF on a course of action designed to seize control of the Sudanese government despite the Muslim fundamentalists’ lack of popularity with the majority of the Sudanese people. Tightly disciplined, superbly organized, and inspired…

Peronist, in Argentine politics, a supporter of Juan Perón, a member of the Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista; PJ), or an adherent of the populist and nationalistic policies that Perón espoused. Peronism has played an important part in Argentina’s history since the mid-1940s. The Peronist