naumachia, in ancient Rome, a mimic sea battle and the specially constructed basin in which such a battle sometimes took place. These entertainments also took place in flooded amphitheatres. The opposing sides were prisoners of war or convicts, who fought until one side was destroyed. The earliest

Bruce Nauman is an American artist whose work in a broad range of mediums made him a major figure in conceptual art. Nauman was educated at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (B.A., 1964), and the University of California, Davis (M.F.A., 1966), and became part of the burgeoning California art

Friedrich Naumann was a political and social theorist, publicist, and reformer who became one of the most influential partisans of German liberalism combined with imperialism. As a young pastor, Naumann had joined the Christian Social movement of the Prussian court chaplain Adolf Stoecker, but he

Naumburg, city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), east-central Germany. It lies along the Saale River, near the mouth of the Unstrut River, southwest of Halle. Founded by the margraves of Meissen about the year 1000, Naumburg was granted to the bishop of Zeitz when he transferred his seat there in 1028.

Salem, city, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on Salem Bay Harbor (an inlet of Massachusetts Bay), 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Boston. Salem was incorporated as a town in 1626 by Roger Conant, who emigrated from Cape Ann, 14 miles (22 km) northeast. The first Congregational

Nauplia, town and dímos (municipality), Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Pelopónnisos) periféreia (region), southwestern Greece, at the head of the Gulf of Argolís (Argolikós Kólpos). The port, southeast of Árgos, sits on the north slope of twin crags; Itche (or Its) Kale (279 feet [85 metres]), the

animal development: The larval stage: In crustaceans the larva, called nauplius, does not differ substantially in mode of life or means of locomotion from the adult but has fewer appendages than the adult. A typical crustacean nauplius has three pairs of legs and an unpaired simple eye. Additional pairs of appendages and paired compound eyes…

Peter Naur was a Danish astronomer and computer scientist and winner of the 2005 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for “fundamental contributions to programming language design and the definition of Algol 60, to compiler design, and to the art and practice of computer

jewelry: Indian: …of Hindu amulet called a nauratan was made of a gold plaque with nine precious stones fastened above it. A series of nauratans could be used to form a necklace. Jeweled belts followed the shape of the body and often had extra pieces that reached up to the neck or…

Nauru, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of a raised coral island located in southeastern Micronesia, 25 miles (40 km) south of the Equator. The island is about 800 miles (1,300 km) northeast of the Solomon Islands; its closest neighbour is the island of Banaba, in

national flag consisting of a blue field with a single horizontal yellow stripe and a white star in the lower hoist corner. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.None of the colonial flags flown by the German, British, or Australian rulers of the island were appropriate for the Republic of

Nauru, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of a raised coral island located in southeastern Micronesia, 25 miles (40 km) south of the Equator. The island is about 800 miles (1,300 km) northeast of the Solomon Islands; its closest neighbour is the island of Banaba, in

Micronesian languages: …two Micronesian languages, Yapese and Nauruan, are of uncertain relation to the Nuclear Micronesian group. Nuclear Micronesian languages are similar in phonology and close enough in structure to show their close interrelationship, but vocabulary items generally show few similarities, with less than 25 percent of the total vocabulary similar within…

Nowruz, festival celebrating the start of the new year on the Persian calendar. Nowruz, meaning “new day” in Persian (or Fārsī), occurs on the spring equinox, which is the first day of the month of Farvardīn on the Iranian calendar. The holiday usually falls on March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

naus, prehistoric grave found in the Balearic Isles. The naus was built of closely fitting blocks of stone in the shape of an overturned boat with a rounded stern and a squared or slightly concave front. A small door in the front gave access to a slab-roofed passage leading to a long, rectangular

Nausea, first novel by Jean-Paul Sartre, published in French in 1938 as La Nausée. It is considered Sartre’s fiction masterwork and is an important expression of existentialist philosophy. Nausea is written in the form of a diary that narrates the recurring feelings of revulsion that overcome

nausea, (from Greek nausia, “seasickness”), feeling of discomfort in the pit of the stomach that is associated with a revulsion for food and an expectation that vomiting will follow, as it often does. Nausea results from the irritation of nerve endings in the stomach or duodenum, which in turn

Nauset, any member of an Algonquian-speaking Native North American tribe that occupied most of what is now Cape Cod, in Massachusetts. The Nauset probably came into contact with Europeans at an early date because of their location, and Samuel de Champlain is known to have encountered them in 1606.

Nowshera, town, Kyber Pakhtunkhwa province, northern Pakistan. Lying on a sandy plain surrounded by hills, on the banks of the Kābul River (there bridged), Nowshera is a commercial and industrial centre that is connected by rail and road with Dargai (Malakand Pass), Mardan, Peshawar, and

India: Other important sites: …Balochistan, the small settlement of Naushahro Firoz provides valuable evidence of the actual transformation of Early Harappan into mature Harappan. Near the Rann of Kachchh, Surkotada is a small settlement with an oblong fortification wall of stone. Also in Kachchh is Dholavira, which appears to be among the largest Harappan…

Rahīmyār Khān, town, southern Punjab province, Pakistan. The town was founded in 1751 as Naushehra and received its present name in 1881. It is linked by road and rail with Bahāwalpur, Multān, and Sukkur and is a growing industrial centre (cotton ginning and cottonseed-oil pressing). It has a large

Miyazaki Hayao: Launch of Studio Ghibli: …no tani no Naushika (Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind), a monthly manga (Japanese cartoon) strip he wrote for Animage magazine. The story followed Naushika, a princess and reluctant warrior, on her journey through an ecologically ravaged world. Its success inspired a film of the same name (released…

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Italian journey (1786–88) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …some scenes for a drama, Nausikaa, which was never completed but contains some of his most beautiful verse, evocative of the Mediterranean islands and, flitting about them, the almost audible ghosts of Classical antiquity. From Messina he returned to Naples, from which he visited the best-preserved of all Doric temples,…

Epicurus: Early life and training: …Teos, where his teacher was Nausiphanes, a disciple of the naturalistic philosopher Democritus. It may have been from this source that Epicurus’ atomistic theory came, which he used not as a means of studying physics but as the basis for a philosophical system that ultimately sought ethical ends.

South Asian arts: The performing arts in India: …of opera (bhavai, terukkuttu, and nautanki), the characters sing and dance at the same time or alternate. Ballad singers from the states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh dramatize their singing by strong facial gestures and rhythmic ankle bells and execute dance phrases between the narrative singing. On the other hand,…

navigation: Almanacs and tables: …were published in the annual Nautical Almanac, which was inaugurated in 1766.

map: Nautical charts: Nautical charts are commonly large, 28 by 40 inches (70 centimetres by 1 metre) being an internationally accepted maximum size. In order that a navigator may work with them efficiently, charts must be kept with a minimum of folding in drawers in a…

mile: A nautical mile was originally defined as the length on the Earth’s surface of one minute (160 of a degree) of arc along a meridian (north-south line of longitude). Because of a slight flattening of the Earth in polar latitudes, however, the measurement of a nautical…

nautilus, either of two genera of cephalopod mollusks: the pearly, or chambered, nautilus (Nautilus), to which the name properly applies; and the paper nautilus (Argonauta), a cosmopolitan genus related to the octopus. The pearly nautilus has a smooth, coiled external shell about 25 cm (10 inches)

mollusk: Annotated classification: …subclasses are Palcephalopoda (Orthoceroida; fossils); Nautiloida (fossil groups and 3–5 recent species); Ammonoida (fossils); and Coleoida (fossils and 4 recent orders). Many aspects of molluscan classification remain unsettled, particularly for gastropods and bivalves. The Amphineura, the former name for a group made up of the Polyplacophora

mollusk: Annotated classification: …subclasses are Palcephalopoda (Orthoceroida; fossils); Nautiloida (fossil groups and 3–5 recent species); Ammonoida (fossils); and Coleoida (fossils and 4 recent orders). Many aspects of molluscan classification remain unsettled, particularly for gastropods and bivalves. The Amphineura, the former name for a group made up of the Polyplacophora

mollusk: Annotated classification: …subclasses are Palcephalopoda (Orthoceroida; fossils); Nautiloida (fossil groups and 3–5 recent species); Ammonoida (fossils); and Coleoida (fossils and 4 recent orders). Many aspects of molluscan classification remain unsettled, particularly for gastropods and bivalves. The Amphineura, the former name for a group made up of the Polyplacophora

Nautilus, any of at least three historic submarines (including the world’s first nuclear-powered vessel) and a fourth submarine famous in science fiction. The American engineer Robert Fulton built one of the earliest submersible craft in 1800 in France under a grant from Napoleon. A collapsible

nautilus, either of two genera of cephalopod mollusks: the pearly, or chambered, nautilus (Nautilus), to which the name properly applies; and the paper nautilus (Argonauta), a cosmopolitan genus related to the octopus. The pearly nautilus has a smooth, coiled external shell about 25 cm (10 inches)

Nautilus: The name Nautilus was chosen for the U.S. Navy vessel launched January 21, 1954, as the first submarine capable of prolonged, instead of temporary, submersion. Powered by propulsion turbines that were driven by steam produced by a nuclear reactor, the Nautilus was capable of traveling submerged at…

nautilus, either of two genera of cephalopod mollusks: the pearly, or chambered, nautilus (Nautilus), to which the name properly applies; and the paper nautilus (Argonauta), a cosmopolitan genus related to the octopus. The pearly nautilus has a smooth, coiled external shell about 25 cm (10 inches)

Nauvoo, city, Hancock county, western Illinois, U.S. It lies along the Mississippi River, about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Burlington, Iowa. The area was long inhabited by Sauk and Fox Indians before American settlement. Permanent settlement was begun in 1824 by Captain James White, and the area

Nauwalabila I, rock shelter archaeological site in the Northern Territory, Australia, that archaeological evidence suggests is among the oldest Aboriginal sites on the continent, with an estimated age of more than 50,000 years. Nauwalabila I is located on the southern margin of Deaf Adder Gorge in

airport: Navigational aids: The most common form of navaid used for the approach phase of aircraft descent is the instrument landing system (ILS). This is a radio signal that is beamed along the centreline of the runway and at the correct angle of approach (usually 3°…

Keshab Chunder Sen: …a new society—Naba Bidhan, or Nava Vidhana (“New Dispensation”)—continuing to preach a mixture of Hindu philosophy and Christian theology. He revived many ancient Vedic practices and sent 12 disciples to preach under a flag bearing a crescent, a cross, and a trident, the respective symbols of Islam, Christianity, and Shaivism…

Indian philosophy: The new school: … (author of Upaskara); and the Navadvipa school, whose chief representatives were Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (1450–1525), Raghunatha Shiromani (c. 1475–c. 1550), Mathuranatha Tarkavagisha (flourished c.1570), Jagadisha Tarkalankara (flourished c. 1625), and Gadadhara Bhattacharya (flourished c. 1650).

Nabadwip, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Jalangi rivers. The Bhagirathi River has shifted its course, cutting the city off from the rest of the surrounding area. Reputedly founded in 1063, the town served as the ancient

navagraha, in Indian astrology (jyotisha), the set of nine celestial bodies that is thought to impact people’s lives in positive and negative ways, which many Hindus, and some Jains and Buddhists, endeavor to influence through rituals. The term navagraha comes from the Sanskrit words nava (“nine”)

rocket and missile system: Navaho: The second postwar U.S. cruise missile effort was the Navaho, an intercontinental supersonic design. Unlike earlier efforts, which were extrapolated from V-1 engineering, the Navaho was based on the V-2; the basic V-2 structure was fitted with new control surfaces, and the rocket engine…

Navajo, an Indigenous North American people who settled in the Southwest of what is now the United States some time before European contact. Nearly 425,000 Americans claimed at least partial Navajo (self-name Diné) descent in the 2020 U.S. census, with more than 315,000 solely claiming Navajo

Navajo language, North American Indian language of the Athabascan family, spoken by the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico and closely related to Apache. Navajo is a tone language, meaning that pitch helps distinguish words. Nouns are either animate or inanimate. Animate nouns may be

Clyde K.M. Kluckhohn: Wyman), and Navaho Witchcraft (1944), which is considered his finest work.

airport: Navigational aids: The most common form of navaid used for the approach phase of aircraft descent is the instrument landing system (ILS). This is a radio signal that is beamed along the centreline of the runway and at the correct angle of approach (usually 3°…

Navajo, an Indigenous North American people who settled in the Southwest of what is now the United States some time before European contact. Nearly 425,000 Americans claimed at least partial Navajo (self-name Diné) descent in the 2020 U.S. census, with more than 315,000 solely claiming Navajo

code talker: …initiated its employment of the Navajo code talkers with its first cohort of 29 recruits in May 1942. They served in all of the marine divisions and took part in their major campaigns. By the end of the war, the Marine Corps had employed 540 Navajos for service, 375 to…

Navajo language, North American Indian language of the Athabascan family, spoken by the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico and closely related to Apache. Navajo is a tone language, meaning that pitch helps distinguish words. Nouns are either animate or inanimate. Animate nouns may be

Navajo National Monument, a complex of three prehistoric cliff dwellings near the town of Tonalea in northeastern Arizona, U.S. Located in the Navajo Reservation, the three sites—Betatakin (Navajo: “Ledge House”), Keet Seel (“Broken Pottery”), and Inscription House—are among the best-preserved and

Navajo weaving, blankets and rugs made by the Navajo and thought to be some of the most colourful and best-made textiles produced by North American Indians. The Navajo, formerly a seminomadic tribe, settled in the southwestern United States in the 10th and 11th centuries and were well established

United States Naval Academy, institution of higher education conducted by the U.S. Department of the Navy and located at Annapolis, Md., for the purpose of preparing young men and women to enter the lowest commissioned ranks of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The academy was founded as a Naval

airplane: Takeoff and landing gear: The demands placed on naval planes used on aircraft carriers require a heavier structure to withstand the stresses of catapult launches and landings abruptly terminated by arresting gear. Landing-gear mechanisms are also reinforced, and a tail hook is installed to engage the arresting gear, a system that is also…

United States: Arming for war: …the National Guard, but the Naval Appropriations Act of 1916 provided for more ships than the administration had requested.

naval architecture, the art and science of designing boats and ships to perform the missions and to meet the requirements laid down by the prospective owners and operators. It involves knowledge of mechanics, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, steady and unsteady body motion, strength of materials, and

logistics: Special features of naval logistics: …involved a major dislocation in naval logistics and changed the stakes of imperial competition.

In the Battle of Lake Maracaibo on July 24, 1823, José Prudencio Padilla led the 22-vessel fleet of Simón Bolívar’s Republic of Gran Colombia to victory over Ángel Laborde y Navarro’s superior Spanish squadron, which numbered 32 ships crewed by 1,650 highly trained mariners. Against unequal odds,

blockade, an act of war whereby one party blocks entry to or departure from a defined part of an enemy’s territory, most often its coasts. Blockades are regulated by international law and custom and require advance warning to neutral states and impartial application. In a memorandum prepared for

brass: Characteristics of the alloy: …are more easily machined; the naval and admiralty brasses, in which a small amount of tin improves resistance to corrosion by seawater; and the aluminum brasses, which provide strength and corrosion resistance where the naval brasses may fail.

Navy SEAL: History: …World War II, particularly to naval combat demolition units (NCDUs) and underwater demolition teams (UDTs) whose “frogmen” were trained to destroy obstacles on enemy-held beaches prior to amphibious landings in Europe and the Pacific. Other special units of that war were scouts and raiders, who were assigned to reconnoitre coastal…

Nick Joaquin: …publication of his essay “La Naval de Manila” (1943), a description of Manila’s fabled resistance to 17th-century Dutch invaders. After World War II he traveled to the United States, Mexico, and Spain, later serving as a cultural representative of the Philippines to Taiwan, Cuba

military unit: …which in turn form a fleet. For operations, however, many navies organize their vessels into task units (3–5 ships), task or battle groups (4–10 ships), task forces (2–5 task groups), and fleets (several task forces).

navy, a nation’s warships and craft of every kind maintained by armed forces for fighting on, under, or over the sea. A large modern navy includes aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, submarines, minesweepers and minelayers, gunboats, and various types of support, supply, and repair

Central Intelligence Agency: The emergence of the CIA: …an unsystematic way by the Office of Naval Intelligence, by U.S. Army intelligence, and by the FBI. The information gathered was rarely shared with other government agencies and was sometimes not even provided to senior policy makers. For example, because of rivalries between army and navy intelligence offices, which did…

submarine mine, underwater weapon designed to explode when a target presents itself. See

United States Naval Observatory (USNO), in Washington, D.C., an official source, with the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST; formerly the National Bureau of Standards), for standard time in the United States. The positional measurement of celestial objects for purposes of

operations research: History: … began in 1942 in the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. This group, which dealt with mine warfare problems, was later transferred to the Navy Department, from which it designed the aircraft mining blockade of the Inland Sea of Japan.

SEAL Team 6, common name for an elite U.S. military special missions unit consisting of Navy SEALs (Sea, Air, and Land forces). SEAL Team 6 is best known for the 2011 raid that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden. It is overseen by the Joint Special Operations Command, a component of the

Navy SEAL: Training and deployment: …teams are components of either Naval Special Warfare Group One, based at Coronado on the West Coast, or Naval Special Warfare Group Two, based at Little Creek, near Virginia Beach, Virginia, on the East Coast. Each of the groups is also assigned an SDV team, which operates submersible craft designed…

Navy SEAL: Training and deployment: …on the West Coast, or Naval Special Warfare Group Two, based at Little Creek, near Virginia Beach, Virginia, on the East Coast. Each of the groups is also assigned an SDV team, which operates submersible craft designed to insert and extract SEALs operating in marine areas. Many other boat and…

naval stores, products such as tar, pitch, turpentine, pine oil, rosin, and terpenes obtained from the pine and other coniferous trees, and originally used in maintaining wooden sailing ships. Naval stores are produced chiefly by the United States and France, with large amounts coming also from

warning system: Air defense systems: …links, is connected with the Naval Tactical Data System, located in fleet headquarters, which processes, organizes, and displays information of the overall picture of the tactical situation.

Sir William Monson: …his retirement he composed his Naval Tracts, which were first printed in abbreviated form in 1682, then in full in 1704, a definitive edition in five volumes being edited by M. Oppenheim for the Navy Records Society in 1902–14. It is to these writings that Monson owes his fame, since,…

war college: U.S. Naval War College: The oldest military institution in the United States is the NWC, established in 1884 on Coasters Harbor Island, Newport, Rhode Island, to offer an advanced course of professional study for naval officers. The founding president, Commodore Stephen B. Luce, viewed the…

United States: The Federalist administration and the formation of parties: Virtual naval war with France had followed from American acceptance of British naval protection. In 1798 a French attempt to solicit bribes from American commissioners negotiating a settlement of differences (the so-called XYZ Affair) aroused a wave of anti-French feeling. Later that year the Federalist majority…

Philip Howard Colomb: …but his major work remains Naval Warfare, 8 vol. (1891). In this overly long historical study he stressed the importance of sea power in maintaining Britain’s colonial empire and its geopolitical supremacy vis-à-vis the other European powers. Colomb thus came independently to many of the conclusions that were more ably…

naval warfare, the tactics of military operations and armed forces conducted on, under, or over the sea. Being the activities of battle itself, tactics are conceived and executed at the literal and metaphoric centre of war’s violence. Tactical science is an orderly description of these activities,

Aleksey Navalny was a Russian lawyer, anti-corruption activist, and politician who achieved international recognition as one of the most prominent domestic critics of Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin (1999–2008, 2012– ). Navalny, who suffered a near-fatal poisoning in 2020, was jailed on several

Navan, urban district and county seat of County Meath, Ireland. It lies at the confluence of the Rivers Boyne and Blackwater. The Great Motte, an imposing earthwork 52 feet (16 metres) high, is on its western outskirts. The town was walled and fortified by Hugh de Lacy and later became an outpost

Armagh: …at the site known as Navan Fort, served as the centre of a kingdom of Ulster extending to the Rivers Shannon and Boyne in the west and south. Also associated with that period is an ancient frontier earthwork, Black Pig’s Dyke. Following the decline of Ulster in the 4th century,…

siddha: … sect the saint-wheel is called navapada (“nine dignities,” or “nine virtues”) and consists of the pañca-parameṣṭhin plus the Jina (saviour) image, temple, scriptures, and dharma-cakra (sacred wheel of the law).

Polatsk: …Polatsk and its satellite town, Navapolatsk (Novopolotsk), are railway junctions and industrial centres, with oil-refining, petrochemical, glass-fibre, woodworking, and food-processing industries, as well as a teacher-training institute. Pop. (2006 est.) 82,400.

Navratri, in Hinduism, major festival held in honour of the divine feminine. Navratri occurs over 9 days during the month of Ashvin, or Ashvina (in the Gregorian calendar, usually September–October). It often ends with the Dussehra (also called Vijayadashami) celebration on the 10th day. In some

stew: … made with lamb or mutton; navarin à la printanière has been garnished with new potatoes, carrots, peas, onions, and turnips. Fricassees and blanquettes are “white” stews of poultry (in the case of fricassee), veal, or lamb. They are delicately flavoured with mushrooms, mild vegetables, and herbs; the sauce is thickened…

Pylos, any of three sites in Greece. The most important of them is identified with the modern Pylos, the capital of the eparkhía (“eparchy”) of Pylia in the nomós (department) of Messenia (Modern Greek: Messinía), Greece, on the southern headland of the Órmos (bay) Navarínou, a deepwater shipping

Battle of Navarino, decisive naval engagement on October 20, 1827, during the War of Greek Independence against the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turks, with assistance from their tributary state of Egypt, had gained the upper hand in the Greek Independence War, but then Britain, France, and Russia

Bay of Navarino, small, deep, and almost landlocked bay of the Ionian Sea (Modern Greek: Ióvio Pélagos) in the nomós (department) of Messenia (Messinía), in the southwestern Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos), Greece. Known also as Pylos (Pýlos) Bay after Homeric Pylos, which has been identified farther to

Bay of Navarino, small, deep, and almost landlocked bay of the Ionian Sea (Modern Greek: Ióvio Pélagos) in the nomós (department) of Messenia (Messinía), in the southwestern Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos), Greece. Known also as Pylos (Pýlos) Bay after Homeric Pylos, which has been identified farther to

Navarra, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of northern Spain, officially known as the Comunidad Foral de Navarra (“Regional Community of Navarra”). It is roughly coextensive with the Spanish portion of the historical kingdom of Navarra and coextensive with the modern provincia (province) of

Opus Dei: Membership and activities: …endowed (with government assistance) the University of Navarra, which is regarded by many as Spain’s finest university, and operates the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome and the University of Piura in Peru.

Navarra, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of northern Spain, officially known as the Comunidad Foral de Navarra (“Regional Community of Navarra”). It is roughly coextensive with the Spanish portion of the historical kingdom of Navarra and coextensive with the modern provincia (province) of

Kingdom of Navarre, former independent kingdom of Spain (known until the last half of the 12th century as the Kingdom of Pamplona, after its capital and chief city), which, at the time it ceased to exist as such (1512), occupied the area of the present province of Navarra (about 4,000 square miles

South Bend: In 1820 Pierre Freischütz Navarre, an agent of the American Fur Company, established a trading post at the site (his cabin has been restored). Three years later the post was bought by Alexis Coquillard and his business partner, Francis Comparet; Coquillard named the place Big St. Joseph…

Greece: Athens, Thebes, and Corinth: …dominated the region until the Navarrese Company (an army of mercenaries originally hired by Luis of Evreux, brother of Charles II of Navarre, to help assert his claim over Albania and then temporarily in the service of the Hospitallers, a military-monastic order) took Thebes in 1378 or 1379. This weakened…

Juan Fernández de Navarrete was a painter of the Spanish Mannerist school. He studied in Italy, mostly in Venice, where he was influenced by Sebastiano del Piombo, Tintoretto, and Titian. In 1568 he was appointed painter to the king, who chose him (1576) to play a major role in the decoration of El

Fats Navarro was an American jazz trumpet virtuoso, one of the founders of bebop, who was distinguished by the beauty and fertility of his melodic creations. Navarro first performed as a tenor saxophonist in Miami, Florida, and went on to play trumpet in big bands, most notably Andy Kirk’s

Pedro Navarro, count de Olivetto was a Spanish military engineer and general who fought for various countries and city-states in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Navarro began life as a sailor and was employed later as mozo de espuela, or running footman, by Cardinal Juan de Aragon. On the

Fats Navarro was an American jazz trumpet virtuoso, one of the founders of bebop, who was distinguished by the beauty and fertility of his melodic creations. Navarro first performed as a tenor saxophonist in Miami, Florida, and went on to play trumpet in big bands, most notably Andy Kirk’s