Mongolia: The mountains: …14,350 feet (4,374 metres) at Khüiten Peak (Nayramadlyn Orgil) at the western tip of the country, Mongolia’s highest point. Extending eastward from the Mongolian Altai are the Gobi Altai Mountains (Govi Altain Nuruu), a lesser range of denuded hills that lose themselves in the expanses of the Gobi.

Nursultan Nazarbayev was the first president of Kazakhstan (1990–2019), a reformist who sought regional autonomy for his Central Asian republic. Nazarbayev was the son of Kazakh peasants. He graduated from a technical school in Dneprodzerzhinsk (now Kamianske, Ukraine) in 1960, from a technical

Nursultan Nazarbayev was the first president of Kazakhstan (1990–2019), a reformist who sought regional autonomy for his Central Asian republic. Nazarbayev was the son of Kazakh peasants. He graduated from a technical school in Dneprodzerzhinsk (now Kamianske, Ukraine) in 1960, from a technical

Nursultan Nazarbayev was the first president of Kazakhstan (1990–2019), a reformist who sought regional autonomy for his Central Asian republic. Nazarbayev was the son of Kazakh peasants. He graduated from a technical school in Dneprodzerzhinsk (now Kamianske, Ukraine) in 1960, from a technical

Kazakhstan: 1990–2019: Presidency of Nursultan Nazarbayev: …year, he appointed his daughter, Dariga Nazarbayeva, as deputy prime minister. A year later, in September 2016, he appointed her to the Senate, increasing speculation that she was being groomed to take over the presidency.

Nazarene, one of an association formed by a number of young German painters in 1809 to return to the medieval spirit in art. Reacting particularly against 18th-century Neoclassicism, the brotherhood was the first effective antiacademic movement in European painting. The Nazarenes believed that all

Nazarene, in the New Testament, a title applied to Jesus and, later, to those who followed his teachings (Acts 24:5). In the Greek text there appear two forms of the word: the simple form, Nazarēnos, meaning “of Nazareth,” and the peculiar form, Nazōraios. Before its association with the locality,

Colorado Springs: …at Colorado Springs (1965), and Nazarene Bible College (1967) and is well served by rail, road, and air links. The Garden of the Gods, a 1,350-acre (546-hectare) natural park with red sandstone monoliths, now a national landmark, is one of many scenic attractions in the area. Of cultural and historical…

Church of the Nazarene, American Protestant denomination, the product of several mergers stemming from the 19th-century Holiness movement. The first major merger occurred in 1907, uniting the Church of the Nazarene (organized in California in 1895) with the Association of Pentecostal Churches of

Sholem Asch: …Der man fun Netseres (1943; The Nazarene), a reconstruction of Christ’s life as expressive of essential Judaism; The Apostle (1943), a study of St. Paul; Mary (1949), the mother of Jesus seen as the Jewish “handmaid of the Lord”; and The Prophet (1955), on the Second (Deutero-) Isaiah, whose message…

Nazarene, one of an association formed by a number of young German painters in 1809 to return to the medieval spirit in art. Reacting particularly against 18th-century Neoclassicism, the brotherhood was the first effective antiacademic movement in European painting. The Nazarenes believed that all

Nazarene, in the New Testament, a title applied to Jesus and, later, to those who followed his teachings (Acts 24:5). In the Greek text there appear two forms of the word: the simple form, Nazarēnos, meaning “of Nazareth,” and the peculiar form, Nazōraios. Before its association with the locality,

Nazret, town, central Ethiopia, 62 miles (100 km) southeast of Addis Ababa. It is a road junction and rail station on the main route between Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. Beginning in the 1950s, economic development brought rapid population growth to Nazret. A giant sugar plantation and factory near

Moravian church: North America: …went to Pennsylvania and founded Nazareth and Bethlehem. The prospect of organizing the many German settlers of Lutheran, Reformed, and sectarian background into a union church was an additional factor in Zinzendorf’s interest in Pennsylvania. He spent 14 months in America (1741–43), which he saw as a haven from possible…

Nazareth, historic city of Lower Galilee, in northern Israel; it is the largest Arab city of the country. In the New Testament Nazareth is associated with Jesus as his boyhood home, and in its synagogue he preached the sermon that led to his rejection by his fellow townsmen. The city is now a

Ronaldo is a retired football (soccer) player who led Brazil to a World Cup title in 2002 and who won three Player of the Year awards (1996, 1997, and 2002) from the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). According to a FIFA tribute published in 2024: The discrepancy between the

Pernell Whitaker: …title defenses, Whitaker knocked out Juan Nazario of Puerto Rico in the first round on August 11, 1990, to win the World Boxing Association (WBA) lightweight title. The following year, he defended his lightweight titles three times, each time winning on a 12-round decision.

Tajikistan: Sports and recreation: Dilshod Nazarov won the country’s first Olympic gold medal after competing in the men’s hammer throw in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games.

Nazas River, river in Durango and Coahuila states, northern Mexico. Formed in Durango by the confluence of the Oro (or Sestín) and Ramos rivers, which descend inland from the Sierra Madre Occidental and meet at El Palmito, the Nazas flows first southeast and then east-northeast to the Laguna

Nazca, culture located on the southern coast of present-day Peru during the Early Intermediate Period (c. 200 bc–ad 600), so called from the Nazca Valley but including also the Pisco, Chincha, Ica, Palpa, and Acarí valleys. Nazca pottery is polychrome. Modeling was sometimes employed, particularly

Nazca Lines, groups of geoglyphs, large line drawings that appear, from a distance, to be etched into Earth’s surface on the arid Pampa Colorada (“Coloured Plain” or “Red Plain”), northwest of the city of Nazca in southern Peru. They extend over an area of nearly 190 square miles (500 square km).

Nazca Plate, major tectonic plate composed of oceanic crust underneath the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the western coast of South America. Bounded by the Cocos, Pacific, Antarctic, and South American tectonic plates, the Nazca Plate is roughly 15,600,000 square km (6,023,000 square miles) in area.

Amami Great Island: Amami (formerly Naze), the largest city, has a scientific research station and hospitals for senior citizens and mentally handicapped children. Amami and Setouchi are domestic shipping ports, and Setouchi has a museum. An airport is situated on Cape Kasari, and a highway connects Kasari and…

Nazareth, historic city of Lower Galilee, in northern Israel; it is the largest Arab city of the country. In the New Testament Nazareth is associated with Jesus as his boyhood home, and in its synagogue he preached the sermon that led to his rejection by his fellow townsmen. The city is now a

Nazareth: …1957, the Jewish suburb called Naẕerat ʿIllit (“Upper Naẕareth”) was built on the hills to the east of the city. It has auto-assembly, food-processing, and textile plants; some of Nazareth’s Arabs work there. It also is the administrative seat of Israel’s Northern district. Pop. (2010 est.) 73,000.

Nanshe, in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian city goddess of Nina (modern Surghul, Iraq) in the southeastern part of the Lagash region of Mesopotamia. According to tradition, Nanshe’s father Enki (Akkadian: Ea) organized the universe and placed her in charge of fish and fishing. Nanshe was also

Nazi Party, political party of the mass movement known as National Socialism. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, the party came to power in Germany in 1933 and governed by totalitarian methods until 1945. Antisemitism was fundamental to the party’s ideology and led to the Holocaust, the

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, (August 23, 1939), nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that was concluded only a few days before the beginning of World War II and which divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. The Soviet Union had been unable to

Third Reich: The totalitarian police state: The Nazification of public life was perhaps best displayed to the outside world at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. Under pressure from the International Olympic Committee, Nazi authorities allowed a single Jewish athlete to join the German team, but Hitler made every effort to use…

Nazism, totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. In its intense nationalism, mass appeal, and dictatorial rule, Nazism shared many elements with Italian fascism. However, Nazism was far more extreme both in its ideas and in its practice. In almost every

Nazım Hikmet was a poet who was one of the most important and influential figures in 20th-century Turkish literature. The son of an Ottoman government official, Nazım Hikmet grew up in Anatolia; after briefly attending the Turkish naval academy, he studied economics and political science at the

Alla Nazimova was a Russian-born and Russian-trained actress who won fame on the American stage and screen. At age 17 Alla Leventon abandoned her training as a violinist and went to Moscow to work in theater with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and Konstantin Stanislavsky. She graduated into the Moscow

Pakistan: Liaquat Ali Khan: Khwaja Nazimuddin, the chief minister of East Bengal, was called on to take up the office of governor-general. Known for his mild manner, it was assumed Nazimuddin would not interfere with the parliamentary process and would permit the prime minister to govern the country. Prime Minister…

Red Volta River, river in West Africa, rising in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) northwest of Ouagadougou. It flows about 200 mi (320 km) south-southeast to join the White Volta (Volta Blanche) near the Gambaga scarp in the Upper Region of Ghana. The combined rivers then turn southwestward as

Swiss National Park, national park in Graubünden canton, southeastern Switzerland, adjoining the Italian border 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Saint Moritz. Established in 1914 and enlarged in 1959, the park occupies 65 square miles (169 square km) and is made up of a magnificent area in the Central

South Asian arts: Urdu: Naẓīr Akbarābādī, who wrote in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, was a poet of consummate skill who chose to display it in short poems (in various forms) written in the language of popular speech as well as of literature. His themes show similar…

Nazirite, (from Hebrew nazar, “to abstain from” or “to consecrate oneself to”), among the ancient Hebrews, a sacred person whose separation was most commonly distinguished by his uncut hair and his abstinence from wine. Originally, the Nazirite was endowed with special charismatic gifts and

Nazism, totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. In its intense nationalism, mass appeal, and dictatorial rule, Nazism shared many elements with Italian fascism. However, Nazism was far more extreme both in its ideas and in its practice. In almost every

Nazism, totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. In its intense nationalism, mass appeal, and dictatorial rule, Nazism shared many elements with Italian fascism. However, Nazism was far more extreme both in its ideas and in its practice. In almost every

Ibn al-Fāriḍ: Arberry, The Poem of the Way, 1952). Almost equally famous is his “Khamrīyah” (“Wine Ode”; Eng. trans., with other poems, in Reynold Alleyne Nicholson’s Studies in Islamic Mysticism [1921] and in The Mystical Poems of Ibn al-Fāriḍ, translated by A.J. Arberry [1956]). This long qaṣīdah describes…

Tevfik Fikret was a poet who is considered the founder of the modern school of Turkish poetry. The son of an Ottoman government official, Tevfik Fikret was educated at Galatasaray Lycée, where he later became principal. As a young writer he became editor of the avant-garde periodical Servet-i Fünun

Croatian literature: …time include Vladimir Vidrić and Vladimir Nazor. The leading figure of the early Modernist phase until World War I was Antun Gustav Matoš. He edited the anthology Mlada hrvatska lirika (1914; “The Young Croatian Lyric”), which marked the zenith of such verse. Between the wars, avant-garde poetry continued to be…

Nazarene, in the New Testament, a title applied to Jesus and, later, to those who followed his teachings (Acts 24:5). In the Greek text there appear two forms of the word: the simple form, Nazarēnos, meaning “of Nazareth,” and the peculiar form, Nazōraios. Before its association with the locality,

Nazret, town, central Ethiopia, 62 miles (100 km) southeast of Addis Ababa. It is a road junction and rail station on the main route between Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. Beginning in the 1950s, economic development brought rapid population growth to Nazret. A giant sugar plantation and factory near

Ob River: Physiography: …the Great Salym (left), the Nazym (right), and finally, at Khanty-Mansiysk, the Irtysh (left). In its course through the taiga, the middle Ob has a minimal gradient, a valley broadening to 18 to 30 miles (29 to 48 km) wide, and a correspondingly broadening floodplain—12 to 18 miles (19 to…

Ibrāhīm al-Naẓẓām was a brilliant Muslim theologian, a man of letters, and a poet, historian, and jurist. Naẓẓām spent his youth in Basra, moving to Baghdad as a young man. There he studied speculative theology (kalām) under the great Muʿtazilite theologian Abū al-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf but soon broke

Mikhāʾīl Naʿīmah was a Lebanese literary critic, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer who helped introduce modern realism into Arabic prose fiction. Naʿīmah was educated at schools in Lebanon, Palestine, Russia, and the United States. After graduating in law from Washington State University

niobium (Nb), chemical element, refractory metal of Group 5 (Vb) of the periodic table, used in alloys, tools and dies, and superconductive magnets. Niobium is closely associated with tantalum in ores and in properties. Due to the great chemical similarity of niobium and tantalum, the establishment

National Basketball Association (NBA), professional basketball league formed in the United States in 1949 by the merger of two rival organizations, the National Basketball League (founded 1937) and the Basketball Association of America (founded 1946). In 1976 the NBA absorbed four teams from the

Medha Patkar: …which in 1989 became the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA; Save the Narmada). The NBA’s major aim was to provide project information and legal representation to the concerned residents of the Narmada valley.

T. Berry Brazelton: …and his colleagues developed the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), an assessment tool for newborn behaviour. The NBAS can serve as an early indicator of developmental abnormalities, and it has also been used to measure the impacts on infants’ neurological functioning of numerous variables during pregnancy and birth.

basketball: The early years: This group was renamed the National Basketball Committee (NBC) of the United States and Canada in 1936 and until 1979 served as the game’s sole amateur rule-making body. In that year, however, the colleges broke away to form their own rules committee, and during the same year the National Federation…

National Broadcasting Co., Inc. (NBC), major American commercial broadcasting company, since 2004 the television component of NBCUniversal, which is owned by the Comcast Corporation. The oldest broadcasting network in the United States, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) came into being on

Tom Brokaw: …selected Brokaw to coanchor the Nightly News with Roger Mudd. After a year, network executives made Brokaw the sole anchor of the show. He was in competition with news anchors Dan Rather at CBS and Peter Jennings at ABC, and for the next two decades the three anchors represented the…

NBC Symphony, American orchestra created in 1937 by the National Broadcasting Company expressly for the internationally renowned conductor Arturo Toscanini. Based in New York City, the orchestra gave weekly concerts that were broadcast worldwide over NBC radio. Often billed as the Toscanini

weapon of mass destruction (WMD), weapon with the capacity to inflict death and destruction on such a massive scale and so indiscriminately that its very presence in the hands of a hostile power can be considered a grievous threat. Modern weapons of mass destruction are either nuclear, biological,

Saturday Night Live (SNL), American sketch comedy and variety television series that has aired on Saturday nights on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network since 1975, becoming one of the longest-running programs in television. The series is a fixture of NBC programming and a landmark in

NBCUniversal, global media and entertainment company that develops, produces, and markets news and entertainment through its various subsidiaries. Its headquarters are in New York City. NBCUniversal was formed in 2004 via the merger of the American television network National Broadcasting Co., Inc.

NBCUniversal, global media and entertainment company that develops, produces, and markets news and entertainment through its various subsidiaries. Its headquarters are in New York City. NBCUniversal was formed in 2004 via the merger of the American television network National Broadcasting Co., Inc.

basketball: U.S. professional basketball: …2001 the NBA launched the National Basketball Development League (NBDL; now called the NBA G League). The league serves as a kind of “farm system” for the NBA. Through its first 50 years the NBA did not have an official system of player development or a true minor league system…

Combahee River Collective: Founding: …a breakaway group from the National Black Feminist Organization. After some disagreements with that organization’s failure to address class struggles faced by Black women, the group quickly became a coalition in its own right in 1974. According to Smith, the Combahee River Collective formed out of a desire to synthesize…

set theory: The Neumann-Bernays-Gödel axioms: The second axiomatization of set theory (see the Neumann-Bernays-Gödel axiomsNeumann-Bernays-Gödel axioms.

Johann Sebastian Bach: Revival of music: …BG was succeeded by the Neue Bach-Gesellschaft (NBG), which exists still, organizing festivals and publishing popular editions. Its chief publication is its research journal, the Bach-Jahrbuch (from 1904). By 1950 the deficiencies of the BG edition had become painfully obvious, and the Bach-Institut was founded, with headquarters at Göttingen and…

Ayn Rand: The Collective and the Nathaniel Branden Institute: In 1950 Rand agreed to meet a young admirer, Nathan Blumenthal, on the basis of his several articulate fan letters. The two established an immediate rapport, and Blumenthal and his girlfriend, Barbara Weidman, became Rand’s friends as well as her intellectual followers.…

singularity: …accepts the inevitability of so-called NBIC convergence, that is, the near-future synthesis of nanotech, biotech, infotech, and cognitive science. Because this volume was sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and edited by two of its officers, Mihail Roco and Bainbridge, some saw it as a semiofficial government endorsement of…

basketball: U.S. professional basketball: …first professional league was the National Basketball League (NBL), formed in 1898. Its game differed from the college game in that a chicken-wire cage typically surrounded the court, separating players from often hostile fans. (Basketball players were long referred to as cagers.) The chicken wire was soon replaced with a…

nitrile rubber (NBR), an oil-resistant synthetic rubber produced from a copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. Its main applications are in fuel hoses, gaskets, rollers, and other products in which oil resistance is required. In the production of NBR, acrylonitrile (CH2=CHCN) and butadiene

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce responsible for the standardization of weights and measures, timekeeping, and navigation. Established by an act of Congress in 1901, the agency works closely with the U.S. Naval Observatory and the

pro-choice movement: …Project in 1983 (renamed the Black Women’s Health Imperative in 2002) and eventually to a broader move away from the personal-liberty approach.

Oracle: …and vocal support for the Network Computer (NC). The NC was not as fully equipped as a standard personal computer and relied on computer servers for its data and software. Ellison, by then Oracle’s chief executive officer (CEO), and partners such as Sun Microsystems’ Scott McNealy bet that business users…

computer numerical control (CNC), in manufacturing, the control of a device, particularly machine tools, by direct input of data from a computer program. It is a principal element of computer-integrated manufacturing. CNC is also essential to the operation of industrial robots. CNC systems often

distress signal: …SOS, the international code signal NC, or the spoken word “Mayday” (pronounced like the French m’aider, “help me”), by radiotelephone. Distressed vessels may also actuate alarms of other vessels by a radio signal consisting of a series of 12 four-second dashes or by a radiotelephone signal consisting of two tones…

noise pollution: Noise regulation and mitigation: These have developed into the noise criteria (NC) and preferred noise criteria (PNC) curves, which provide limits on the level of noise introduced into the environment. The NC curves, developed in 1957, aim to provide a comfortable working or living environment by specifying the maximum allowable level of noise in…

David Watson Taylor: Navy, including the NC-4, first plane to fly the Atlantic (1919). He made many other contributions to aeronautics in 15 years of service on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

cricket: The Cricket Council and the ECB: …County Cricket Board (TCCB), the National Cricket Association (NCA), and the MCC, was the result of these efforts. The TCCB, which amalgamated the Advisory County Cricket Committee and the Board of Control of Test Matches at Home, had responsibility for all first-class and minor-counties cricket in England and for overseas…

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), organization in the United States that administers intercollegiate athletics. It was formed in 1906 as the Intercollegiate Athletic Association to draw up competition and eligibility rules for football and other intercollegiate sports. The NCAA

NCAA Division I men’s college basketball champions, winners of the annual National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s college basketball tournament (commonly referred to as March Madness). The tournament’s field consists of 68 teams that either automatically qualify by winning

The national championship in football is one of the most sought-after titles in American college sports. It is also one of the most controversial. Until the late 1990s, the winner was determined by various methods, most notably the AP and UPI polls. This often led to disputes as well as a number of

Judy Blume: …a board member with the National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC). For Places I Never Meant to Be (2001), Blume invited other young adult writers whose work had been censored or challenged to contribute original stories to benefit the NCAC.

I.M. Pei: Founding of I.M. Pei & Associates and projects from the late 1950s to the early ’80s: …the Mesa Laboratory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, which, located near mountains, mimics the broken silhouettes of the surrounding peaks; and the Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, New York, which consists of four buildings joined by bridges. For the U.S. Federal Aviation Agency, Pei designed a…

National Coal Board (NCB), former British public corporation, created on January 1, 1947, which operated previously private coal mines, manufactured coke and smokeless fuels, and distributed coal, heating instruments, and other supplies. It was renamed the British Coal Corporation in 1987. The

Interpol: Organization and functions: …has a domestic clearinghouse—called the National Central Bureau, or NCB—through which its individual police forces may communicate with the General Secretariat or with the police forces of other member countries. Interpol relies on an extensive telecommunications system and a unique database of international police intelligence. Each year, Interpol’s telecommunications staff…

boxing: Intercollegiate boxing: …in national tournaments of the National Collegiate Boxing Association (NCBA). Seeking to teach fundamentals to novices in a safety-oriented and structured environment of balanced competition, the NCBA bars persons who have participated in noncollegiate bouts after age 16. Almost since its inception and the first tournament in 1976, NCBA boxing…

National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (NCC), an agency of Protestant, Anglican, and Eastern Orthodox denominations that was formed in 1950 in the United States by the merger of 12 national interdenominational agencies. The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.

AmeriCorps: …public-health and job-training programs, (2) AmeriCorps NCCC (National Civilian Community Corps, modeled on the Great Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps), a full-time residential program in which volunteers living on several regional campuses work with various organizations and agencies on team-based service projects in their region, and (3) AmeriCorps State and National,…

Silvio Berlusconi: Prosecutions, political ban, and continued influence of Silvio Berlusconi: …Angelino Alfano to become the New Centre Right (Nuovo Centrodestra; NCD) party.

Navy SEAL: History: …World War II, particularly to naval combat demolition units (NCDUs) and underwater demolition teams (UDTs) whose “frogmen” were trained to destroy obstacles on enemy-held beaches prior to amphibious landings in Europe and the Pacific. Other special units of that war were scouts and raiders, who were assigned to reconnoitre coastal…

weather bureau: …United States, for example, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), near Washington, D.C., are the keystone of the National Weather Service, preparing most of the guidance material and long-range forecasts used at synoptic scales—that is, at scales between 1,000 and 2,500 km (about 620 and 1,550 miles)—by local and…

camping: History: …in the United States (National Campers and Hikers Association and North American Family Campers Association) and one in Canada (Canadian Federation of Camping and Caravanning).

Bamum: The first mfon, Nchare, and his followers are believed to have come from the territory of the neighbouring Tikar people early in the 18th century. Settling among the Bamileke people and among other Tikar, Nchare proclaimed himself king and established his palace at Foumban. The 11th mfon, Mbuembue,…

National Council of Hispanic Women (NCHW), organization of both individuals and organizations, such as universities and corporations, founded in 1985 with the mission of empowering Hispanic women and giving them a greater role in American society. The main goal of the organization is to have a more

pharmaceutical industry: Taxol and the Pacific yew: …of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the United States. Extracts from the Pacific yew were tested against two cancer cell lines in 1964 and found to have promising effects. After a sufficient quantity of the extract was prepared, the active compound, taxol, was isolated in 1969.…

Linda Hunt: Later work: …Hetty Lange on the series NCIS: Los Angeles (2009–23).

National Council of Jewish Women (NCJW), oldest volunteer Jewish women’s organization in the United States, founded in 1893. Prompted by Jewish values, the organization works with both the Jewish community and the general public to safeguard rights and freedoms for people worldwide. This objective

National Consumers League (NCL), American organization founded in 1899 to fight for the welfare of consumers and workers who had little voice or power in the marketplace and workplace. Many of the NCL’s goals, such as the establishment of a minimum wage and the limitation of working hours, directly

No Child Left Behind (NCLB), U.S. federal law aimed at improving public primary and secondary schools, and thus student performance, via increased accountability for schools, school districts, and states. The act was passed by Congress with bipartisan support in December 2001 and signed into law by

Nnamdi Azikiwe: …as a founder of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), which became increasingly identified with the Igbo people of southern Nigeria after 1951. In 1948, with the backing of the NCNC, Azikiwe was elected to the Nigerian Legislative Council, and he later served as premier of the…

western Africa: The formation of African independence movements: …of the west, and the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC), whose prime support came from the Igbo of the east. These parties expected the whole country quickly to follow the Ghanaian pattern of constitutional change. But any elective central assembly was bound to be dominated by the north, which…

National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), American umbrella organization, founded by Mary McLeod Bethune in New York City on December 5, 1935, whose mission is “to advance opportunities and the quality of life for African American women, their families and communities.” Disappointed with the lack of

noncommissioned officer (NCO), military officer appointed by a commissioned officer, generally to supervise enlisted soldiers and aid the commissioned officer corps. The noncommissioned officer corps is the administrative apparatus of the U.S. military, and NCOs are vital to the routine management