Nablus, city in the West Bank. It lies in an enclosed fertile valley and is the market centre of a natural oasis that is watered by numerous springs. Founded under the auspices of the Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 ce and originally named Flavia Neapolis, the city prospered in particular because of

Syracuse: …less striking than those in Neapolis, which was long a country district. Archaeological remains in Neapolis include the Greek theatre of Hieron II (3rd century bce), a Roman amphitheatre (2nd century ce), and an altar of Hieron II, pillaged in 1526 to provide building materials for defensive walls. The nymphaeum…

Simferopol: …city is the site of Neapolis, occupied by the Scythians from the 3rd century bce to the 4th century ce; but modern Simferopol was founded by the Russians in 1784, adjacent to the Tatar settlement of Ak-Mechet, after the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula. Simferopol has a wide range of…

Neapolitan opera, style of Italian opera written chiefly by 18th-century composers working in Naples. See opera

pizza: The Neapolitan pizza, or Naples-style pizza, is made specifically with buffalo mozzarella (produced from the milk of Italian Mediterranean buffalo) or fior di latte (mozzarella produced from the milk of prized Agerolese cows) and with San Marzano tomatoes or pomodorino vesuviano (a variety of grape tomato…

Western painting: Late Baroque and Rococo: In the early 18th century, Neapolitan painting under Francesco Solimena developed from the brilliant synthesis of Pietro da Cortona’s grand manner and Venetian colour that Giordano had evolved in the late 17th century. The impact, also, of Preti is revealed by his predilection for brownish shadows; but, compared to the…

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker (NEAR Shoemaker), first spacecraft to orbit and then land on an asteroid (Eros, a near-Earth asteroid, on Feb. 12, 2001). The NEAR spacecraft was launched by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration on Feb. 17, 1996. Its destination, Eros, was

L.H. Myers: …as a single volume entitled The Near and the Far. A feeling of embittered despair also emerges from this monumental work. Four years after its publication Myers committed suicide.

Mona Van Duyn: … (1964), Merciful Disguises (1973), and Near Changes (1990), for which she was awarded the 1991 Pulitzer Prize for poetry. Firefall and If It Be Not I: Collected Poems 1959–1982 were published in 1993. From 1992 to 1993 Van Duyn served as poet laureate of the United States. (She was the…

Kathryn Bigelow: …to the big screen with Near Dark, a vampire film that became a cult classic. Two years later she married director James Cameron (divorced 1991). She described Blue Steel (1989), which she cowrote and directed, as a “woman’s action film.” The crime drama starred Jamie Lee Curtis as a policewoman…

Frederick Wiseman: …an intensive-care hospital ward (Near Death [1989]), and a public park (Central Park [1990]). In his films Wiseman eschewed polemics in favour of a complex and sympathetic presentation of such institutions’ effects on individual people.

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker (NEAR Shoemaker), first spacecraft to orbit and then land on an asteroid (Eros, a near-Earth asteroid, on Feb. 12, 2001). The NEAR spacecraft was launched by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration on Feb. 17, 1996. Its destination, Eros, was

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker (NEAR Shoemaker), first spacecraft to orbit and then land on an asteroid (Eros, a near-Earth asteroid, on Feb. 12, 2001). The NEAR spacecraft was launched by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration on Feb. 17, 1996. Its destination, Eros, was

Near East, usually the lands around the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, including northeastern Africa, southwestern Asia, and, occasionally, the Balkan Peninsula. The term Near East was used by the first modern Western geographers to refer to the nearer part of the Orient, a region roughly

Internet of Things: How the Internet of Things works: …radio frequency identification (RFID), and near field communication (NFC). Typically, IoT devices connect to IoT gateways or edge devices that collect data. They feed data to and from cloud computing environments, which store and process the information. A broad array of networking standards ensure that the data is then sharable…

human nutrition: Body mass, body fat, and body water: …to estimate body fat; and near infrared interactance, in which an infrared light aimed at the biceps is used to assess fat and protein interaction. Direct measurement of the body’s various compartments can only be performed on cadavers.

Near Islands, westernmost group of the Aleutian Islands, southwestern Alaska, U.S. The islands lie about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) west of the tip of the Alaska Peninsula. The two largest islands in the group are Attu and Agattu. Eareckson Air Station (formerly Shemya Station), a strategic refueling

half rhyme, in prosody, two words that have only their final consonant sounds and no preceding vowel or consonant sounds in common (such as stopped and wept, or parable and shell). The device was common in Welsh, Irish, and Icelandic verse years before it was first used in English by Henry Vaughan.

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker (NEAR Shoemaker), first spacecraft to orbit and then land on an asteroid (Eros, a near-Earth asteroid, on Feb. 12, 2001). The NEAR spacecraft was launched by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration on Feb. 17, 1996. Its destination, Eros, was

Robert Lowell: Later works: …For the Union Dead (1964), Near the Ocean (1967), and Notebook 1967–68 (1969). The last-named work is a poetic record of a tumultuous year in the poet’s life and exhibits the interrelation between politics, the individual, and his culture. Lowell’s trilogy of plays, The Old Glory, which views American culture…

emperor penguin: Conservation status: …emperor penguin is considered a near threatened species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ecologists have recorded population declines in some emperor penguin colonies. The largest population decline (50 percent) was observed between 1950 and 2000 in a colony located in the Terre Adélie region in East…

Clarice Lispector: …Perto do coração selvagem (1944; Near to the Wild Heart), published when she was 24 years old, won critical acclaim for its sensitive interpretation of adolescence. In her later works, such as A maçã no escuro (1961; The Apple in the Dark), A paixão segundo G.H. (1964; The Passion According…

near-death experience, Mystical or transcendent experience reported by people who have been on the threshold of death. The near-death experience varies with each individual, but characteristics frequently include hearing oneself declared dead, feelings of peacefulness, the sense of leaving one’s

asteroid: Near-Earth asteroids: Asteroids that can come close to Earth are called near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), although not all NEAs actually cross Earth’s orbit. NEAs are divided into several orbital classes. Asteroids belonging to the class most distant from Earth—those asteroids that can cross the orbit of…

Earth impact hazard: Objects that pose a threat: …comets in short-period orbits—together called near-Earth objects (NEOs)—and those long-period comets that make their closest approach to the Sun inside Earth’s orbit. Short-period comets complete their orbits in less than 200 years and so likely have been observed before; they generally approach along the plane of the solar system, near…

planetary defense: …to launch a space telescope, Near-Earth Object (NEO) Surveyor, in 2026 to detect many more such asteroids.

Eric Betzig: At Cornell he worked on near-field microscopy, which uses light waves near a material’s surface to obtain images of a higher resolution than could be achieved with normal optical microscopy, which has a resolution limit (discovered by German physicist Ernst Abbe in 1873) of about 200 nanometres (nm) for the…

spectroscopy: Infrared spectroscopy: …divided into three regions: the near infrared (4,000–12,500 inverse centimetres [cm−1]), the mid-infrared (400–4,000 cm−1), and the far infrared (10–400 cm−1). With the development of Fourier-transform spectrometers, this distinction of areas has blurred and the more sophisticated instruments can cover from 10 to 25,000 cm−1 by an interchange of source,…

Gwendolyn Brooks: Later work and legacy: …Primer (1980), To Disembark (1981), The Near-Johannesburg Boy, and Other Poems (1986), Blacks (1987), Winnie (1988), and Children Coming Home (1991).

myopia, visual abnormality in which the resting eye focuses the image of a distant object at a point in front of the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of the eye), resulting in a blurred image. Myopic eyes, which are usually longer than normal from front to

Nearchus was an officer in the Macedonian army under Alexander the Great who, on Alexander’s orders, sailed from the Hydaspes River in western India to the Persian Gulf and up the Euphrates River to Babylon. Earlier, in 333, Alexander had made Nearchus satrap (provincial governor) of the newly

Holarctic region: …the Palaearctic (Old World) and Nearctic (New World) subregions. The vegetational divisions roughly corresponding to this region are the Boreal and Palaeotropical (in part) kingdoms. The animals and plants of the region include a vast array of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

ancient Rome: Roman expansion in the western Mediterranean: …197 by creating two provinces, Nearer and Further Spain. They also exploited the Spanish riches, especially the mines, as the Carthaginians had done. In 197 the legions were withdrawn, but a Spanish revolt against the Roman presence led to the death of one governor and required that the two praetorian…

David Williamson: …Let the Sunshine (2010), and Nearer the Gods (2018). Williamson also wrote several screenplays, including Phar Lap (1982) and, in collaboration with Peter Weir, Gallipoli (1981) and The Year of Living Dangerously (1982).

Merce Cunningham: …his new and last work, Nearly Ninety, in April 2009. His career was the subject of the documentary Cunningham (2019).

coastal landforms: Beaches: The nearshore zone is where waves steepen and break, and then re-form in their passage to the beach, where they break for the last time and surge up the foreshore. Much sediment is transported in this zone, both along the shore and perpendicular to it. During…

myopia, visual abnormality in which the resting eye focuses the image of a distant object at a point in front of the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of the eye), resulting in a blurred image. Myopic eyes, which are usually longer than normal from front to

Andréas Ioannídis Kálvos: …at Geneva in 1824 and Néas Odás (“New Odes”) at Paris in 1826. He wrote of an idealized Greece, a Greece of the old virtues but a Greece viewed from outside. Although he sometimes used Demotic Greek (the vernacular tongue), he was generally a purist given to an austere and…

liquid crystal display: Electro-optical effects in liquid crystals: LCDs utilize either nematic or smectic liquid crystals. The molecules of nematic liquid crystals align themselves with their axes in parallel, as shown in the figure. Smectic liquid crystals, on the other hand, arrange themselves in layered sheets; within different smectic phases, as shown in the figure, the molecules may…

liquid crystal: Liquid crystal compounds: …a lamellar phase, also called neat soap. In this case it is important to recognize that soap molecules have a dual chemical nature. One end of the molecule (the hydrocarbon tail) is attracted to oil, while the other end (the polar head) attaches itself to water. When soap is placed…

neat’s-foot oil, pale yellow fatty oil made by boiling the feet (excluding hooves), skin, and shinbones of cattle and used chiefly for dressing and waterproofing leather and as a lubricant. After the slaughterhouse scraps are rendered in water, the oil is skimmed off, filtered through cloth, and

Neath, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Neath Port Talbot county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southern Wales. It is situated on the River Neath (Nedd), about 6 miles (10 km) upstream from Swansea Bay of the Bristol Channel. About 75 ce the Romans chose the site

Neath Port Talbot, county borough, southern Wales. Encompassing the Swansea Bay coast from the Kenfig Burrows in the south to the eastern outskirts of Swansea in the north, it extends inland across an area of wooded hills that form a sandstone plateau crossed by the broad valleys of the Rivers

Lough Neagh, lake in east-central Northern Ireland, about 20 miles (32 km) west of Belfast. It is the largest lake in the British Isles, covering 153 square miles (396 square km), with a catchment area of 2,200 square miles (5,700 square km). The chief feeders of the lake are the Upper River Bann,

Owen Josephus Roberts: …commerce law, Roberts’s opinion in Nebbia v. New York (1934) upheld the price-setting activities of the New York State Milk Control Board and provided a legal foundation for government regulation of business “affected with a public interest.” This liberal orientation was also apparent in Roberts’s decisions to uphold the National…

Alberto Fernández: …with popular Argentine rock singer-songwriter Litto Nebbia. Fernández was a fan of Bob Dylan (after whom he named his dog), poet Walt Whitman, and the Argentinos Juniors football (soccer) club. Divorced, he had an adult son, Estanislao Fernández (better known by his Instagram followers as Dyhzy), who gained notoriety as…

testacean: The genus Nebela forms its pear-shaped shell from the plates of other testaceans ingested as food. Arcella, a soil and freshwater genus, resembles an amoeba enclosed in a one-chambered, umbrella-shaped test. Reproduction is asexual, by division or budding, or sexual.

rocket and missile system: Barrage rockets: The 150-millimetre Nebelwerfer, a towed, six-tube launcher, was particularly respected by U.S. and British troops, to whom it was known as the “Screaming Meemie” or “Moaning Minnie” for the eerie sound made by the incoming rockets. Maximum range was more than 6,000 yards (5,500 metres).

Friedrich Rudolf, Freiherr von Canitz: Though his satires (Nebenstunden unterschiedener Gedichte, published posthumously in 1700) are dry and stilted imitations of French and Latin models, they were widely admired and helped to introduce Classical standards of taste and style into German literature.

Mentuhotep II, king (ruled c. 2009–c. 1959 bce) of ancient Egypt’s 11th dynasty (c. 2080–c. 1940 bce) who, starting as the ruler of southernmost Egypt in about 2009 bce, reunified the country by defeating his rivals and ushered in the period known as the Middle Kingdom (c. 1980–c. 1760 bce). At his

Balkanabat, city and administrative centre of Balkan oblast (province), western Turkmenistan. It is located at the southern foot of the Bolshoy (Great) Balkhan Ridge. The city’s former name, Nebitdag, means “Oil Mountain,” and it is the headquarters of the Turkmen oil industry. Balkanabat grew up

Balkanabat, city and administrative centre of Balkan oblast (province), western Turkmenistan. It is located at the southern foot of the Bolshoy (Great) Balkhan Ridge. The city’s former name, Nebitdag, means “Oil Mountain,” and it is the headquarters of the Turkmen oil industry. Balkanabat grew up

sand dune: Fixed dunes in semiarid regions: These forms are known as coppice dunes, or nebkha. Further, in many regions that are now subhumid or humid, one finds areas of older dunes fixed by vegetation, providing undeniable evidence that these regions were once more arid than they are today. On the North American high plains, in Hungary,…

Neblina Peak, peak in the Imeri Mountains, Amazonas estado (state), northern Brazil, near the Venezuelan border. Reaching 9,888 feet (3,014 metres) above sea level, it is the highest point in Brazil. Until Neblina was discovered in 1962, Bandeira Peak was thought to be Brazil’s highest

Nabu, major god in the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon. He was patron of the art of writing and a god of vegetation. Nabu’s symbols were the clay tablet and the stylus, the instruments held to be proper to him who inscribed the fates assigned to men by the gods. In the Old Testament, the worship of Nebo

Mount Nebo, mountain rising 11,877 feet (3,620 metres) in Juab county, north-central Utah, U.S. It is the highest peak in the Wasatch Range. Named after the mountain in Jordan where Moses is believed to have died, Utah’s Mount Nebo lies within the Uinta National Forest. A 44-square-mile

astronomy: Prehistory: The sky disk of Nebra, a circular bronze plate with areas of applied gold foil, is much clearer as astronomical imagery. It was found in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, and dates from about 1600 bce. Its golden images include the crescent Moon, probably the Sun (or perhaps the…

Nebraska, constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 37th state on March 1, 1867. Nebraska is bounded by the state of South Dakota to the north, with the Missouri River making up about one-fourth of that boundary and the whole of Nebraska’s boundaries

Bruce Springsteen: From Born to Run to Born in the U.S.A.: Nebraska (1982), a stark set of acoustic songs, most in some way concerned with death, was an unusual interlude. It was Born in the U.S.A. (1984) and his subsequent 18-month world tour that cinched Springsteen’s reputation as the preeminent writer-performer of his rock-and-roll period. The…

Alexander Payne: Payne next helmed the black-and-white Nebraska (2013), which centered on a crotchety senior citizen’s cross-country quest, with his son, to cash in a lottery ticket; the dramedy earned Payne his third Oscar nomination for best director. He then ventured into science fiction with the satire Downsizing (2017), which he also…

University of Nebraska: The Museum of Nebraska Art is located at the Kearney campus, and the Center for Afghanistan Studies is found at the Omaha campus.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, in the antebellum period of U.S. history, critical national policy change concerning the expansion of slavery into the territories, affirming the concept of popular sovereignty over congressional edict. In 1820 the Missouri Compromise had excluded slavery from that part of the

Nebraska City, city, seat (1854) of Otoe county, southeastern Nebraska, U.S., on the Missouri River at the Iowa border, about 40 miles (65 km) south of Omaha. Oto Indians were early inhabitants. The Lewis and Clark Expedition visited the site in 1804. The community originated around Fort Kearny

buffalo berry, (Shepherdia argentea), hardy flowering shrub of the oleaster family (Elaeagnaceae), growing wild along stream banks in the Great Plains of North America. Because it is tolerant of windswept sites on dry rocky soil, it is valued as an ornamental and hedge plant where other shrubs

Bellevue: The state’s first newspaper, the Nebraska Palladium, was published there in 1854. It served as county seat from 1857 to 1875. An 1830s log cabin and the Fontenelle Bank, once used as the city hall (1856), are preserved. The establishment nearby of the Martin Bomber Plant (1941) at Fort Crook…

Nebraska: Constitutional framework: …single-house system known as the Nebraska Unicameral. The 49 members, known as senators, are popularly elected to four-year terms following primary and runoff elections in their districts, which are proportioned equally by population. The legislature meets for sessions of 90 legislative days in odd-numbered years and 60 days in even-numbered…

U.S. state flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) with the state seal in the centre.On March 28, 1925, Nebraska became the last of the contiguous 48 states to adopt a flag of its own. The flag design was promoted by many people, including Mrs. B.C. Miller, who wrote “The Flag Song of

University of Nebraska, state university system of Nebraska, U.S., composed of four coeducational campuses. It is a land-grant university with a comprehensive academic program; it is also a research institution. The main campus at Lincoln, through its 10 colleges and its graduate studies program,

Nebraskan Glacial Stage, major division of Pleistocene time and deposits in North America (the Pleistocene Epoch occurred from 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). The Nebraskan Glacial Stage is the oldest generally recognized Pleistocene episode of widespread glaciation in North America; the

Lebrija, city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. It is located south of the city of Sevilla in the lower basin of the Guadalquivir River. Founded as Nebritza by the Phoenicians, it was called Nebrixa by the Romans, Nebrisa

Romance languages: The standardization of the Romance languages: …accompanied by the appearance of Antonio de Nebrija’s Gramática Castellana (“Grammar of the Castilian Language”), which argues the need for an ennobled language fit for imperial exportation. In 16th-century France, with the Renaissance backed by the Reformation and the advent of printing, French really assumed the remaining scholarly, scientific, and

Lebrija, city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. It is located south of the city of Sevilla in the lower basin of the Guadalquivir River. Founded as Nebritza by the Phoenicians, it was called Nebrixa by the Romans, Nebrisa

Lebrija, city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. It is located south of the city of Sevilla in the lower basin of the Guadalquivir River. Founded as Nebritza by the Phoenicians, it was called Nebrixa by the Romans, Nebrisa

nurse shark: …the tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus) and the shorttail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum). They are not related to the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)—a type of sand shark inhabiting the waters above the continental shelves in most warm and temperate regions—which is sometimes referred to as the gray nurse…

Lebrija, city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. It is located south of the city of Sevilla in the lower basin of the Guadalquivir River. Founded as Nebritza by the Phoenicians, it was called Nebrixa by the Romans, Nebrisa

Nephthys, Greek form of the name of the Egyptian goddess Nebtho. She seems to have been artificially created in apposition to Isis to be a second sister to the god Osiris and wife to his brother Set (Setekh). She plays practically no part outside the myth of Osiris, in which her only function is to

Nebuchadrezzar I was the most famous Babylonian king (reigned 1119–1098 bce) of the 2nd dynasty of the Isin. In revenge for earlier humiliating conquests and defeats that the Elamites had inflicted on Babylonia, Nebuchadrezzar led a grand campaign that resulted in the capture of Susa, the capital

Nebuchadnezzar II was the second and greatest king of the Chaldean dynasty of Babylonia (reigned c. 605–c. 561 bce). He was known for his military might, the splendour of his capital, Babylon, and his important part in Jewish history. Nebuchadnezzar II was the eldest son and successor of

Nebuchadrezzar I was the most famous Babylonian king (reigned 1119–1098 bce) of the 2nd dynasty of the Isin. In revenge for earlier humiliating conquests and defeats that the Elamites had inflicted on Babylonia, Nebuchadrezzar led a grand campaign that resulted in the capture of Susa, the capital

Nebuchadnezzar II was the second and greatest king of the Chaldean dynasty of Babylonia (reigned c. 605–c. 561 bce). He was known for his military might, the splendour of his capital, Babylon, and his important part in Jewish history. Nebuchadnezzar II was the eldest son and successor of

nebula, any of the various tenuous clouds of gas and dust that occur in interstellar space. The term was formerly applied to any object outside the solar system that had a diffuse appearance rather than a pointlike image, as in the case of a star. This definition, adopted at a time when very

Nebula Award, any of various annual awards presented by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA). Although the SFWA is open to writers, editors, illustrators, agents, and others, only “active members” (published writers) are eligible to vote for the awards, which are currently

accretion disk, a disklike flow of gas, plasma, dust, or particles around any astronomical object in which the material orbiting in the gravitational field of the object loses energy and angular momentum as it slowly spirals inward. In astrophysics, the term accretion refers to the growth in mass

astronomy: Laplace: …what is now called Laplace’s nebular hypothesis, a theory of the origin of the solar system. Laplace imagined that the planets had condensed from the primitive solar atmosphere, which originally extended far beyond the limits of the present-day system. As this cloud gradually contracted under the effects of gravity, it…

T Tauri star, any of a class of very young stars having a mass of the same order as that of the Sun. So called after a prototype identified in a bright region of gas and dust known as the Hind’s variable nebula, the T Tauri stars are characterized by erratic changes in brightness. They represent

nebulium, hypothetical chemical element whose existence was suggested in 1868 by the English astronomer Sir William Huggins as one possible explanation for the presence of unidentified (forbidden) lines (at 3,726, 3,729, 4,959, and 5,007 angstroms wavelength) in the spectra of gaseous nebulae. In

Labour Party: Policy and structure: …conference is to elect the National Executive Committee (NEC), which oversees the party’s day-to-day affairs. Twelve members of the NEC are elected by trade union delegates, seven by CLPs, five by women delegates, one by youth delegates, and one by delegates from affiliated socialist societies.

NEC Corporation, major Japanese multinational corporation, producer of telecommunications equipment and related software and services. Headquarters are in Tokyo. Nippon Electric Company, Ltd. (NEC; officially NEC Corporation in 1983), was founded in 1899 with funding from the Western Electric

Czech Republic: History of the Czech Republic: …appointed a fellow Civic Democrat, Petr Nečas, as prime minister. Nečas headed a new coalition government comprising the Civic Democratic Party and two other right-of-centre parties. Although the Czech Social Democratic Party had garnered the most votes in the parliamentary elections held in late May, the three centre-right parties together…

İsa Necati was the first great lyric poet of Ottoman Turkish literature. Necati was probably born a slave; while still very young, he went to the city of Kastamonu and began to develop his skill in calligraphy and his reputation as a poet. About 1480, he journeyed to the Ottoman capital,

Turkish literature: Modern Turkish literature: Behçet Necatigil chose a distinct poetic path, eventually creating poems that are models of brevity and wit; they occasionally refer obliquely to the Ottoman culture of the past. Sevgilerde (1976; “Among the Beloveds”) is a collection of his earlier poetry. Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca wrote modernist…

hookworm: …parasitic worms of the genera Necator and Ancylostoma belonging to the class Nematoda (phylum Aschelminthes) that infest the intestines of humans, dogs, and cats.

hookworm disease: …in its adult stage, and N. americanus has plates in its mouth rather than teeth.

C.K. Stead: The Necessary Angel (2017) follows academics in Paris. Stead reminisced about his own early life in South-West of Eden: A Memoir, 1932–1956 (2010). His next autobiography, You Have a Lot to Lose (2020), covered events from 1956 to 1986.

condition: … is said to be a necessary condition for P. Thus, a severed spinal column is a sufficient, but not a necessary, condition for death; while lack of consciousness is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for death. In any case in which P is both a necessary and a…

Colin Wilson: Among his works are Necessary Doubt (1964), The Mind Parasites (1967), A Casebook of Murder (1970), Starseekers (1980), The Quest for Wilhelm Reich (1981), and Poltergeist! (1981).

Christianity: The ontological argument: This hinges upon “necessary existence,” a property with even higher value than “existence.” A being that necessarily exists cannot coherently be thought not to exist. And so God, as the unsurpassably perfect being, must have necessary existence—and therefore must exist. This argument, however, has been criticized as failing…

Noam Chomsky: Politics of Noam Chomsky: As he wrote in Necessary Illusions (1988):

Lisbon: City layout: Farther west, toward Belém, Necessidades Palace houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

formal logic: Alternative systems of modal logic: …theorem so is Lα (the rule of necessitation). The intuitive rationale of this rule is that, in a sound axiomatic system, it is expected that every instance of a theorem α will be not merely true but necessarily true—and in that case every instance of Lα will be true.