Adrienne Rich: Background and early work: Her fourth volume, Necessities of Life: Poems 1962–1965 (1966), was written almost entirely in free verse.

criminal law: Mitigating circumstances and other defenses: …himself to be acting under necessity. The doctrine of necessity in Anglo-American law relates to situations in which a person, confronted by the overwhelming pressure of natural forces, must make a choice between evils and engages in conduct that would otherwise be considered criminal. In the oft-cited case of United…

necessity, in logic and metaphysics, a modal property of a true proposition whereby it is not possible for the proposition to be false and of a false proposition whereby it is not possible for the proposition to be true. A proposition is logically necessary if it instantiates a law of logic or can

Henry Kissinger: Early life, academic career, and initial government service: That book and The Necessity for Choice (1960), in which Kissinger limited his concept of flexible response to conventional forces and warned of a “missile gap” between the Soviet Union and the United States, had a significant impact on the activities of the Kennedy administration.

Percy Bysshe Shelley: …to admit Shelley’s authorship of The Necessity of Atheism. Hogg submitted to his family, but Shelley refused to apologize to his.

Battle of Fort Necessity: The fight at Fort Necessity occurred on the heels of the Battle of Jumonville Glen (May 28), often cited as the opening battle of the French and Indian War. In the earlier skirmish, Washington and his Native American allies had ambushed Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville…

Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev was a Russian revolutionary known for his organizational scheme for a professional revolutionary party and for his ruthless murder of one of the members of his organization. During 1868–69 Nechayev participated in the student revolutionary movement in St. Petersburg

Nechako River, major tributary of the Fraser River, in central British Columbia, Canada. It originates at Kenney Dam and flows eastward for nearly 150 miles (240 km), draining the Nechako Plateau into the Fraser at Prince George, B.C. Stuart River, a 258-mile- (415-kilometre-) long tributary, joins

Necho II was a king of Egypt (reigned 610–595 bce), and a member of the 26th dynasty, who unsuccessfully attempted to aid Assyria against the Neo-Babylonians and later sponsored an expedition that circumnavigated Africa. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho began the construction of a

Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev was a Russian revolutionary known for his organizational scheme for a professional revolutionary party and for his ruthless murder of one of the members of his organization. During 1868–69 Nechayev participated in the student revolutionary movement in St. Petersburg

Necho I was the governor of Sais, a city of the Egyptian Nile delta, under the Assyrians and ancestor of the 26th dynasty; he survived the frequent changes of political fortune in Lower Egypt between 670 and 660. Necho’s ancestor was probably a prince of Libyan descent of the 24th Egyptian dynasty.

Necho II was a king of Egypt (reigned 610–595 bce), and a member of the 26th dynasty, who unsuccessfully attempted to aid Assyria against the Neo-Babylonians and later sponsored an expedition that circumnavigated Africa. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho began the construction of a

Ivan Levitsky was a Ukrainian Realist novelist of the postserfdom reform period. He drew upon his background as a seminary student and, later, a provincial teacher, to depict the educated and lower classes in some of the earliest social novels in Ukrainian literature. His works include Prichepa

Ivan Levitsky was a Ukrainian Realist novelist of the postserfdom reform period. He drew upon his background as a seminary student and, later, a provincial teacher, to depict the educated and lower classes in some of the earliest social novels in Ukrainian literature. His works include Prichepa

Nechung oracle, oracle-priest of Tibet who, until the conquest of Tibet in 1959 by the People’s Republic of China, was consulted on all important occasions. The priest chosen to be the Nechung oracle was the chief medium of Pe-har, a popular folk divinity incorporated into Buddhism, and resided at

Ivan Levitsky was a Ukrainian Realist novelist of the postserfdom reform period. He drew upon his background as a seminary student and, later, a provincial teacher, to depict the educated and lower classes in some of the earliest social novels in Ukrainian literature. His works include Prichepa

neck, in land vertebrates, the portion of the body joining the head to the shoulders and chest. Some important structures contained in or passing through the neck include the seven cervical vertebrae and enclosed spinal cord, the jugular veins and carotid arteries, part of the esophagus, the larynx

stringed instrument: Morphology: At the top of the neck is the nut, which is grooved to take the strings, keeping them correctly spaced apart and slightly raised over the fingerboard. The neck is raked back at an angle with the plane of the belly, so that the fingerboard rises with the strings toward…

head and neck cancer, any of a group of malignant diseases that originate variously in the oral cavity (including the lips and the mouth), the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, the larynx (voicebox), the pharynx (throat), or the salivary glands. Incidence rates for head and neck cancer vary

capital punishment: Historical considerations: …be known as the “neck verse” (for its power to save one’s neck). To ensure that an offender could escape death only once through benefit of clergy, he was branded on the brawn of the thumb (M for murder or T for theft). Branding was abolished in 1779, and…

Portland, city, seat (1760) of Cumberland county, southwestern Maine, U.S. The state’s largest city, it is the hub of a metropolitan statistical area that includes the cities of South Portland and Westbrook and the towns of Falmouth, Cape Elizabeth, Cumberland, Freeport, Gorham, Scarborough,

Alexander Neckam was an English schoolman and scientist, who was a theology instructor at Oxford, and, from 1213, was an Augustinian abbot at Cirencester, Gloucestershire. His textbook De utensilibus (“On Instruments”) is the earliest known European writing to mention the magnetic compass as an aid

Neckar River, river, a right-bank tributary of the Rhine in southwestern Germany; it is 228 miles (367 km) long, rising in the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) near Schwenningen am Neckar, near the headwaters of the Danube River. The Neckar flows north and northeast, along the northwestern edge of the

Baden-Württemberg: The fertile Neckarland region is one of the most densely populated areas of Germany. There is a profusion of vineyards along the Neckar and its many tributaries. Other produce grown in the region includes potatoes, sugar beets, and a variety of fruits and vegetables, together with some…

illusion: Visual perceptual illusions: …and object reversibility is the Necker cube, which may seem to flip-flop. Some studies have suggested that younger people tend to perceive these reversals more readily than do their elders.

Albertine-Adrienne Necker de Saussure was a Swiss woman of letters and author of a long-influential study on the education of women. She was the daughter of a distinguished Swiss naturalist, and she married a noted botanist who was the nephew and namesake of Louis XVI’s finance minister, Jacques

Oceanic art and architecture: Polynesia: …resembles small stone figures from Necker Island, the most northerly of the Hawaiian group. These are posed frontally, have circular faces with clumsily delineated features, and may date from about the 10th century. They would seem to be representative of an ancestral Polynesian carving style and are the earliest sculpture…

Germaine de Staël was a French-Swiss woman of letters, political propagandist, and conversationalist, who epitomized the European culture of her time, bridging the history of ideas from Neoclassicism to Romanticism. She also gained fame by maintaining a salon for leading intellectuals. Her writings

Jacques Necker was a Swiss banker and director general of finance (1771–81, 1788–89, 1789–90) under Louis XVI of France. He was overpraised in his lifetime for his somewhat dubious skill with public finances and unduly deprecated by historians for his alleged vacillation and lack of statesmanship

Suzanne Necker was a Swiss hostess of a brilliant Parisian salon and the wife of Jacques Necker, the finance minister under King Louis XVI of France. At first she was engaged to the English historian Edward Gibbon, but his father broke off the match. In 1764 she married Necker, then a banker, and

encyclopaedia: Three stages of development: …fully appreciated: the English scholar Alexander Neckham, in his early 13th-century De naturis rerum (“On the Natures of Things”), hoped that by imparting knowledge he might help to lift or lighten the human spirit, and to this end he tried to maintain a simple and admirably clear text. Neckham’s near-contemporary…

materials testing: Measures of ductility: …steel, for example, may “neck” (assume an hourglass shape) in response to stress. If the material is ductile, this local deformation is permanent, and the test piece does not assume its former shape if the stress is removed. With sufficiently high stress, fracture occurs.

Why Do Giraffes Have Long Necks?: …social behavior, particularly in “necking” contests between males, which establish dominance and mating rights. In fact, some scientists have proposed that giraffes’ long necks arose because of sexual selection relating to these competitions and not because of advantages they may confer in food competition with fellow herbivores.

order: …order) of three parts; the necking, which is a continuation of the shaft but which is set off from it visually by one or more narrow grooves; the echinus, a circular block that bulges outward at its uppermost portion in order to better support the abacus; and the abacus itself,…

human sexual activity: Social control of sexual activity: Petting among most preliterate societies is done only as a prelude to coitus—as foreplay—rather than as an end in itself. In some parts of sub-Saharan Africa, however, petting is used as a premarital substitute for coitus in order to preserve virginity and avoid pregnancy. There…

jewelry: Egyptian: Necklace beads—generally made of gold, stones, or glazed ceramic—are cylindrical, spherical, or in the shape of spindles or disks and are nearly always used in alternating colours and forms in many rows. The necklaces have two distinct main forms. One, called menat, was the exclusive…

carpet shark: Taxonomy and notable characteristics: …in the order are the necklace carpet shark (Parascyllium variolatum), the ornate wobbegong (Orectolobus ornatus), and the zebra shark. The tasseled wobbegong (Eucrossorhinus dasypogon) has an especially unusual appearance, with fringed lobes of skin on its head and a similar beard of lobes on its chin.

combinatorics: Polya’s theorem: …is required to make a necklace of n beads out of an infinite supply of beads of k different colours. The number of different necklaces, c (n, k), that can be made is given by the reciprocal of n times a sum of terms of the type ϕ(n) kn/d, in…

Affair of the Diamond Necklace, scandal at the court of Louis XVI in 1785 that discredited the French monarchy on the eve of the French Revolution. It began as an intrigue on the part of an adventuress, the comtesse (countess) de La Motte, to procure, supposedly for Queen Marie-Antoinette but in

short story: French writers: …“Ball of Tallow”) and “The Necklace” (1881) the plot is too contrived, the reversing irony too neat, and the artifice too apparent. In other stories, like “The House of Madame Tellier” (1881), Maupassant’s easy and fluid prose captures the innocence and the corruption of human behaviour.

baneberry, (genus Actaea), any of about eight species of perennial herbaceous plants in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae); they are all native to north temperate zone woodlands. The white baneberry (A. pachypoda; sometimes A. alba), which is native to North America, is 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18

Jan Švankmajer: …film, Něco z Alenky (1988; Alice), is a sinister adaptation of Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865). The film combines animation, puppetry, and live action to evoke a fantasy-like quality while distorting these elements to create an ominous atmosphere.

velvet crab, any of certain species in the swimming crab (q.v.)

checkered beetle: The red-legged ham beetle (Necrobia rufipes) feeds on stored meats. Some Trichodes and Hydnocera species are pollen eaters. The predatory larvae feed mainly on wood- and bark-boring beetles and are therefore beneficial to man.

necrosis: …tissue, which is known as necrobiosis. Necrosis is further distinguished from apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which is internally regulated by cells, plays a critical role in embryonic development, and serves as a protective mechanism against disease and other factors.

necrobotics, use of dead organisms as robots to perform tasks. Spiders are repurposed for necrobotics because of their hydraulic pressure-operated motion. Such necrobots function as small-scale “grippers” designed to lift small items. The process to engineer a necrobot is thus far specific to

Humfry Payne: …archaeologist noted for the publication Necrocorinthia (1931), in which a vast body of important information on archaic vase painting and other arts practiced at Corinth was gathered and classified.

primate: Eocene: …represented by the European species Necrolemur antiquus, found in the Quercy deposits of France, and Afrotarsius chatrathi, from the Fayum of Egypt, are likely to contain the ancestor of the modern genus Tarsius. The tarsier is indeed a “living fossil” (in the best sense of that overworked term), and teeth…

necromancy, communication with the dead, usually in order to obtain insight into the future or to accomplish some otherwise impossible task. Such activity was current in ancient times among the Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Etruscans; in medieval Europe it came to be

science fiction: The world of science fiction: Lovecraft, who invented the famous Necronomicon, an imaginary book of knowledge so ferocious that any scientist who dares to read it succumbs to madness. On a more personal level, the works of Philip K. Dick (often adapted for film) present metaphysical conundrums about identity, humanity, and the nature of reality.…

Osman Hamdi Bey: …Bey’s account of the excavation, Une Nécropole royale à Sidon (“A Royal Necropolis at Sidon”), cowritten by Théodore Reinach, was published in 1892.

necropolis, (from Greek nekropolis, “city of the dead”), in archaeology, an extensive and elaborate burial place of an ancient city. In the Mediterranean world, the necropolis was customarily outside the city proper and often consisted of a number of cemeteries used at different times over a period

autopsy, dissection and examination of a dead body and its organs and structures. An autopsy may be performed to determine the cause of death, to observe the effects of disease, and to establish the evolution and mechanisms of disease processes. The word autopsy is derived from the Greek autopsia,

necrosis, death of a circumscribed area of plant or animal tissue as a result of disease or injury. Necrosis is a form of premature tissue death, as opposed to the spontaneous natural death or wearing out of tissue, which is known as necrobiosis. Necrosis is further distinguished from apoptosis, or

death: Cell death: …which affect aggregates of adjacent cells or functionally related cohorts of cells, are seen in a variety of contexts produced by accident, injury, or disease. Among the environmental perturbations that may cause cell necrosis are oxygen deprivation (anoxia), hyperthermia, immunological attack, and exposure to various toxins that inhibit crucial intracellular…

necrotizing fasciitis, rapidly spreading infection of the underlying skin and adipose (fat) layers caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, principally Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as the group A streptococcus. Popularly known as the flesh-eating disease, necrotizing fasciitis is an

connective tissue disease: Necrotizing vasculitides: The disorders included in this category are characterized by inflammation of segments of blood vessels, chiefly small and medium-sized arteries. Clinical manifestations depend upon the site and severity of arterial involvement.

Nectanebo I was the first king (reigned 380–362 bce) of the 30th dynasty of Egypt. He successfully opposed an attempt by the Persians to reimpose their rule on Egypt (373). When Nectanebo came to the throne, a Persian invasion was imminent. A powerful army, gathered by a previous king, Achoris

Nectanebo II was the third and last king (reigned 360–343 bce) of the 30th dynasty of Egypt; he was the last of the native Egyptian kings. Nectanebo, with the aid of the Spartan king Agesilaus II, usurped the throne from Tachos. A rival pretender almost succeeded in overthrowing the new king, but

nectar, sweet viscous secretion from the nectaries, or glands, in plant blossoms, stems, and leaves. Nectar is mainly a watery solution of the sugars fructose, glucose, and sucrose but also contains traces of proteins, salts, acids, and essential oils. Sugar content varies from 3 to 80 percent,

nectary, a plant gland in many angiosperms that secretes nectar. Floral nectaries are usually located at the base of the flower stamens (male structures), which draw animal visitors, such as hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies, into contact with the pollen to be transferred for pollination.

coloration: Interspecific signals: …of the flower, called the nectar guide, which orients the insect toward the proper pollinating location (see photograph ). Bees show a strong preference for flowers with intricate shapes and colorations. Intricate radial patterns seem to be the most attractive; in fact, bees cannot be trained to prefer a simple…

Kamala Markandaya: Literary career: Her first novel, Nectar in a Sieve (1954), an Indian farmer’s narrative of her difficult life, remains Markandaya’s most popular work. She transports her readers to a remote village in Tamil Nadu state, where life seems to be at a standstill for the protagonist, Rukmani, and her husband,…

nectar: Some insects, known generally as nectar robbers, bypass the sexual organs of the flowers to obtain nectar, often by penetrating the outside of the flower rather than entering it. In this way, nectar robbers “steal” the nectar reward without facilitating pollination.

Ramakrishna: …Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita (1902–32; The Nectar-Speech of the Twice-Blessed Ramakrishna), best known to English readers as The Gospel of Ramakrishna, a remarkable text based on conversations with Ramakrishna from 1882 to 1886. Moreover, his disciple and successor Narendranath Datta (died 1902) became the world-traveling Swami Vivekananda and helped establish…

nectary, a plant gland in many angiosperms that secretes nectar. Floral nectaries are usually located at the base of the flower stamens (male structures), which draw animal visitors, such as hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies, into contact with the pollen to be transferred for pollination.

nectarine, (Prunus persica), smooth-skinned peach that is grown throughout the warmer temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. A genetic variant of common peaches, the nectarine was most likely domesticated in China more than 4,000 years ago. The expression of a recessive

Nectariniidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of the sunbirds and spider hunters, approximately 130 species of small, brilliantly coloured birds widespread throughout the warmer forests of Africa and Asia. Members range in size from 9 to 22 cm (3.5 to 8.5 inches) long. They have

community ecology: Community structure and the spread of mutualism: …that feed on nectar (nectarivores) and have life spans longer than the flowering time of one plant species have mutualistic relationships with a succession of pollinating species in order to survive.

nectary, a plant gland in many angiosperms that secretes nectar. Floral nectaries are usually located at the base of the flower stamens (male structures), which draw animal visitors, such as hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies, into contact with the pollen to be transferred for pollination.

water shrew: The elegant water shrew (Nectogale elegans) of continental Southeast Asia is the most specialized for aquatic life. Only occasionally emerging from the water, it eats only aquatic insect larvae and nymphs. This species lacks external ears entirely and is blind, its eyes covered by skin. Its…

cnidarian: Reproduction and life cycles: …pneumatophores, pulsating, locomotory structures called nectophores, and flattened, protective individuals called bracts or phyllozooids.

frog and toad: Annotated classification: …development, or live birth (Nectophrynoides only); worldwide, except the eastern part of the Indo-Australian archipelago, Polynesia, and Madagascar; Bufo marinus introduced into Australia and some Pacific islands; 27 genera, about 360 species; adult size 2 to about 25 cm (1 to 10 inches). Family Centrolenidae No fossil record; 8…

amphibian: Annotated classification: †Order Nectridea (nectrideans) Lower Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae; elongate body with reduced well-differentiated limbs; fan-shaped neural and haemal spines on caudal vertebrae. †Order Microsauria (microsaurs) Lower Pennsylvanian to Middle Permian. Lepospondylous vertebrae,

mud puppy, any of five species of entirely aquatic salamanders in a genus (Necturus) belonging to the family Proteidae (or Necturidae), in the order Caudata. Their popular name derives from the mistaken belief that they are able to bark. They are found in lakes, rivers, and swamps of eastern North

Ivan Levitsky was a Ukrainian Realist novelist of the postserfdom reform period. He drew upon his background as a seminary student and, later, a provincial teacher, to depict the educated and lower classes in some of the earliest social novels in Ukrainian literature. His works include Prichepa

A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, (NED), the title of the original edition (1884–1928) of The Oxford English Dictionary (q.v.), which was the revised and corrected edition published in 1933. (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American

Patricia Grace: …later work of nonfiction is Ned & Katina: A True Love Story (2009). It relates the true story of a Māori soldier who during World War II falls in love with, marries, and returns to New Zealand with the woman from Crete whose family rescues him. The novel Chappy (2015)…

Tony Richardson: …credits included the Australian western Ned Kelly (1970), starring Mick Jagger; A Delicate Balance (1972), an adaptation of Edward Albee’s play; and Joseph Andrews (1977), based on another Fielding novel. He also directed The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), from a novel by John Irving.

Austin Butler: Teen sitcoms and other early credits: …as an extra on Nickelodeon’s Ned’s Declassified School Survival Guide. Butler went on to appear in 41 episodes from 2005 to 2007. During this time he also appeared on two episodes (2006, 2007) of Hannah Montana, a Disney Channel series that starred Miley Cyrus. Other teen sitcoms followed as Butler…

nuclear weapon: Selecting a weapon design: …1943 a Project Y physicist, Seth Neddermeyer, proposed the first serious theoretical analysis of implosion. His arguments showed that it would be feasible to compress a solid sphere of plutonium by surrounding it with high explosives and that this method would be superior to the gun method both in its…

rocket and missile system: The first ICBMs: …exploded during a test, killing Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin, chief of the Strategic Rocket Forces, and several hundred observers.

Sebastian Cornelius Nederburgh: …the Charter of 1801, or Nederburgh’s Charter, which established Dutch colonial policy after the government’s takeover of the Dutch East India Company.

Sebastian Cornelius Nederburgh was a conservative Dutch statesman who was chiefly responsible for the Charter of 1801, or Nederburgh’s Charter, which established Dutch colonial policy after the government’s takeover of the Dutch East India Company. Nederburgh became a lawyer for the company in

Dutch Reformed Church, South African denomination that traces its beginnings to the Reformed tradition of the first white settlers who came to South Africa from the Netherlands in the mid-17th century. It is the main church of the Afrikaans-speaking whites, and its present membership covers a large

Dutch Reformed Church in Africa, denomination formed in 1859 by the all-white Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa for its black African mission congregations. It has the same structure, doctrine, traditions, and customs as the mother church, which retains extensive control over it by supplying 80

Dutch Reformed Mission Church in South Africa, denomination established in 1881 by three congregations that separated from the white Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa to form the nucleus of a semiautonomous denomination for people of racially mixed parentage (Coloureds). The church parallels

Netherlands, country located in northwestern Europe, also known as Holland. “Netherlands” means low-lying country; the name Holland (from Houtland, or “Wooded Land”) was originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 provinces

Dutch Republic, (1588–1795), state whose area comprised approximately that of the present Kingdom of the Netherlands and which achieved a position of world power in the 17th century. The republic consisted of the seven northern Netherlands provinces that won independence from Spain from 1568 to

Protestant Church in the Netherlands, united Christian church, largest Protestant church in the Netherlands, formed in the merger of three Dutch churches. In May 2004, after nearly 20 years of negotiations, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Nederlands Gereformeerde Kerken; then the second

Netherlands Reformed Church, Protestant church in the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition, the successor of the established Dutch Reformed Church that developed during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. In 2004 it merged with two other churches—the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands

Dutch language, a West Germanic language that is the national language of the Netherlands and, with French and German, one of the three official languages of Belgium. Although speakers of English usually call the language of the Netherlands “Dutch” and the language of Belgium “Flemish,” they are

Dutch East Indies, one of the overseas territories of the Netherlands until December 1949, now Indonesia. This territory was made up of Sumatra and adjacent islands, Java with Madura, Borneo (except for North Borneo, which is now part of Malaysia and of Brunei), Celebes with Sangihe and Talaud

Dutch East Indies, one of the overseas territories of the Netherlands until December 1949, now Indonesia. This territory was made up of Sumatra and adjacent islands, Java with Madura, Borneo (except for North Borneo, which is now part of Malaysia and of Brunei), Celebes with Sangihe and Talaud

Johannes, count van den Bosch: …this experience he based his Nederlandsche bezittingen in Azië, Amerika, en Afrika (1818; “Dutch Possessions in Asia, America, and Africa”), in which he argued against a liberal colonial system and for a strongly paternalistic one, claiming that people unaccustomed to a work ethic needed strong guidance. From 1828 to 1833,…

Indonesia: The Culture System: …formation in 1824 of the Netherlands Trading Society (Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij; NHM)—a company embracing all merchants engaged in the East Indies trade and supported by the government of The Netherlands with the king as its chief shareholder—did not produce the hoped-for commercial expansion. In 1830, however, a newly appointed governor-general, Johannes…

Netherlands Antilles, group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea that formerly constituted an autonomous part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The group is composed of two widely separated subgroups approximately 500 miles (800 km) apart. The southern group comprises Curaçao and Bonaire, which

Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft: In Nederlandse historiën (20 vol., published 1642, a continuation in 1654), the glory of the epic hero, the prince of Orange, is reflected in Hooft’s affection for the commoners who fought for the new democracy in Holland (now part of the Netherlands). Tacitus was his model…

Netherlands: Media and publishing: …access to the airwaves by Netherlands Broadcasting Corporation, which is responsible for news and the programming of unreserved airtime. The government itself exerts no influence on the programming, and advertising is restricted and is controlled by a separate foundation. All public broadcasting is financed by a licensing fee and by…

Utrecht, provincie, central Netherlands, the country’s smallest, with an area of 514 square miles (1,331 square km). It extends southward from the narrow Lake Eem, which separates Utrecht provincie from the South Flevoland polder of Flevoland provincie. Utrecht provincie lies between the provincies